Lesson 1a - Knowing Oneself

Human Development and Self:

Are you human? By Ze Frank:

"Have you ever stared at your phone smiling like an idiot while texting with someone?”

Development:

- progressive series of changes that occur in a predictable pattern as the result of

interactions between biological and environmental factors
- act of process of growing or causing something to grow or become larger or more
advanced

Human Development:

- developing through the many changes that take place in the life of human beings
as a result of many factors
- attempts to understand how humans grow in different aspects: physical, mental,
emotional, social, behavioral, spiritual, etc.

Three Aspects or Domains of Human Development:

1. Physical - growth of the brain, motor and sensory skills, physical health
2. Cognitive - learn, speak, understand, reason, create
3. Psychological - social interactions with other people, emotions, attitude,
self-identity, personality, beliefs, values

How is human development influenced:

● Heredity: inborn traits passed on by the generation of offspring from both sides
of the parents' families

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 ● Environment: world outside of ourselves, experienced that result from our
contact, interaction, with interaction world
● Maturation - natural progression of the brain, body that affects the cognitive,
psychological, social, dimension of a person

Personality vs Personal Development:

● Personality: emotional quantities, ways of behaving (table etiquette, sitting

properly, etc.)
- image enhancement (skin care, make up, etc.)
● Personal Development:
- person reflects upon themselves, who they are, accept they discover about
themselves
- learn or unlearn new sets of values, attitudes, behavior, thinking skills

Defining “Self”:

● Philosophical Terms:
- agent responsible for an individual's thoughts and actions
- intangible entity that directs a person's thoughts and action
● Psychology, Sociology, Religion - essence of a person: thoughts, feelings, actions,
experiences, beliefs, values, principles, relationships
● person's life, purpose, meaning, aspirations
● personality terms (behaviors, feelings, thoughts, motives)

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 Lesson 1b - Knowing Oneself
Personality and Its
Dimensions:
Gordon Allport - personality as “a pattern of habits, attitudes, and traits that determine
an individual’s characteristics, behaviors, traits”

Personality:

● refers to the unique and relatively enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts,
and motives that characterize an individual (Feist and Rosenberg, 2012)
● Two key components of personality:
1. Uniqueness
2. Enduring or consistency

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Factors that Influences Personality:

- Nature (heredity, genetic make-up)

- Nurture (environment)

Five Universal Dimensions of Personality (OCEAN):

- Openness to experience
- imagination, insight, high in this trait also tend to have a broad range of
interests
- more adventurous, creative
- people low at this trait are often much more traditional and may struggle
with abstract thinking
- Consciousness
- high levels of thoughtfulness, good impulse control, goal directed behaviors
- organized, mindful
- Extraversion
- excitability, sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness, high amounts of
emotional expressiveness
- tend to gain energy in social situations
- people who are low in extroversion tend to be more reserved and have to
expend energy in social settings
- Agreeableness
- trust, altruism, kindness, affection, other prosocial behaviors
- tend to be more cooperative
- those low in this trait tend to be competitive or manipulative
- Neuroticism
- sadness, moodiness, emotional instability
- tend to experience anxiety, irritability
- those low in this trait tend to be stable and emotionally resilient

● Trait theories of personality have long attempted to pin down exactly how many
personality traits exist
● Earlier theories have suggested a various number of possible traits
- Gordon Allport - list of 4,000 personality traits

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 - Raymond Cattell - 16 personality factors
- Hans Eysenck - three-factor theory.

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 Lesson 2a - Developing the
Whole Person Holistic
Development:
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Holism Development:

- seeing things as a whole and as something that is bigger than the sum of its parts

Dualism (Rene Descartes)

- theory of duality or understanding the nature of things in a simple, dual mode.

Gestalt:

- something that is made up of many parts and yet is somehow more than or
different from the combination of its parts; broadly, the general quality or
character of something

5 Aspects of Human Development:

● Physiological - physical attributes including the five senses

● Cognitive - intellectual functions of the mind
● Psychological - how thinking, feeling, and behaving interact and happen in a
person
● Social - individual interacts with other individuals or groups
● Spiritual - attributes to beliefs, values, virtues

Lesson 2b - Developing the

Whole Person Affect and
Values:
6 Basic Emotions that human beings experience (Paul Ekman):

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 ● Happiness
● Sadness
● Fear
● Anger
● Surprise
● Disgust

Feelings vs Emotions:

● Feelings - results from the emotions that were experienced

● Emotions:
- Latin verb movare - move or be upset or agitated
- defined by Smith (1973), descriptive term referring to variations in level of
arousal, affective state or mood, expressive moments, and attitudes

Attitudes vs Behavior:

● Attitudes:
- thoughts, feelings, and emotions about another person, object, idea,
situation, behavior
- result of a person's evaluation of an experience with another person, idea,
behavior, or situation based on his or her values and belief system.
● Behavior
- manifestation or acting out of the attitudes an individual has.

Virtues and Values:

● Virtues
- trait or quality that is deemed to be morally good
- descriptions of or adjectives that reflect a value
● Values:

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 - system of beliefs that adhere to the highest ideals of human existence
- create meaning and purpose in a person’s life that often result in personal
happiness and self-fulfillment
- basic and fundamental beliefs that guide or motivate attitudes or actions
- are usually nouns while virtues are the descriptors that usually mirror the
value it represents

Universal Values from UN:

- peace
- freedom
- social progress
- equal rights
- human dignity

10 Common Values of people according to Shalom Schwartz

1. Self-direction - independent thought and action; choosing creating, and exploring

2. Stimulation - excitement, novelty, and challenge in life

3. Hedonism - pleasure and sensuous gratification for oneself

4. Achievement - personal success through demonstrating competence according to

social standards

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5. Power - social status and prestige, and control or dominance over people and
resources

6. Security - safety, harmony, and stability of society, of relationships, and of self

7. Conformity - restraint of actions, inclinations, and impulses that are likely to upset or
harm others and violate social expectations or norms

8. Tradition - respect, commitment, and acceptance of the customs and ideas that
traditional culture or religion provide the self

9. Benevolence - preserving and enhancing the welfare of those with whom one is in
frequent personal contact (the in-group)

10. Universalism - understanding, appreciation tolerance, and protection for the welfare
of all people and of nature

Motivational goals that characterize the 10 values (S. Schwartz):

1. openness to change

2. self-transcendence

3. self-enhancement

4. conservation

Lesson 3a: Developmental

Stages in Middle and Late
Adolescence

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Middle and Late Adolescence

- Adolescence is a crucial period in the development of an individual, it is a major

transition stage that bridges childhood to adulthood.

- Ages 15-21 are in this stage.

- A major hallmark of this period is the quest for identity and individuality through
assertion of independence.

Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development

- Has eight stages of development which defines each stage of human development
with a crisis or conflict.
- The stages are borderless and flowing, not strictly fixed and definite.
- Personality develops in a predetermined order, and builds upon each previous
stage, this is called epigenetic principle.

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> Puberty involves the physical changes that happen during the adolescent stage.

> During puberty, the adolescent body matures sexually

> Cognitive development also happens during adolescence as the brain continues to grow
and develop

> New cognitive skills develop such as reasoning, abstract and hypothetical thinking, and
increased intelligence

> Cognitively, the adolescents are now formal operators (Piaget's Stages of Cognitive
Development)

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Moral Development

> Lawrence Kohlberg believed that in Piaget’s theory and expanded to add complex
comprehension.

> Kohlberg’s stages of moral development has levels with two stages each founded on
Piaget’s theory.

> Morality, is the individuals capacity to know what is right from what is wrong.

> Moral, is “the perceived sense of right that either comes from societal, group, or
personal preferences.”

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development

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Social Development

> Happens during adolescence when adolescence desire for more autonomy and
independence from their family.

> The primary influencer is their friends and peers.

Idealism and experimentation are hallmarks of the adolescence stage.

> Beliefs and values are formed at this stage, sometimes even questioning the existing
and accepted norms.

> With puberty, the adolescence also goes into experimentation of their bodies exploring
their sexuality, as well as substances such as alcoholic drinks or drugs, which may result
in addiction or crime.

Self-identity or self-concept

- evolves from an individual's own set of beliefs and value system, in the roles he
has identified for himself, the responsibilities he recognizes and owns, and the
expectations others have on him.

Lesson 3b: Developmental

Tasks of Adolescents
Developmental Tasks for a Filipino Adolescent

1. Developing Occupational Skills - skills that can help the adolescent develop
responsibility as a preparation for gainful employment ahead.
2. Self-reliance - the ability to identify their own skills and knowledge, capabilities,
and resources to engage in meaningful activities and not rely too much on others.

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 3. Ability to manage their finances - be able to discern what’s the difference between
“wants” and “needs” and to learn self-control when handling their finances.
4. Social responsibility - should be able to see beyond themselves, take into
consideration the greater community around them, and see their role in
improving and developing these communities, serving as change agents.
5. Mature work orientation - develop pride in what they do, and raise standard of
excellence in the quality of their work.
6. Personal responsibility - be fully responsible for h\your owon decisions and
actions by owning them.
7. Positive attitude towards work - developing a healthy and positive attitude toward
work menmas that we see work as an expression of our love for people who are
important to us, including ourselves. “Work is love made visible.” (Kahlil Gibran)

Additional list of Developmental Tasks as a Filipino Adolescent should acquire:

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 Lesson 4: The Challenges in
Middle and Late Adolescence
> Attitude plays an important role in facing these challenges.

> If these challenges are taken as necessary stepping stones toward greater maturity, the
adolescent can then transition more smoothly to adulthood with more confidence and
self-esteem.

Challenges During Adolescence

1. Attitudes and behavior toward sexuality and sexual relationships

> Puberty drives the adolescents to experience surges of sexual desires which
often lead to experimentation and exploration.

> Adolescents exploring sexuality should be responsible: limiting sexual

expressions, seeing the future results or consequences of their behaviors.

> Attitude: BE RESPONSIBLE

2. Academic concerns

> The role of a student is the primary role of an adolescent who is still in school

> Attitudes a learner should have responsible, disciplined, open minded,

persevering, diligent, excellent, curious, thinks analytically and critically

>Shows good memory and understanding. cooperation and team work, respecting
other people's opinion and beliefs, social interactions, leaderships and followership

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 3. Group Belongingness

> An adolescent wants to belong.

> Choose your social groupings wisely.

> Healthy and wholesome organizations whose objectives aim to help individuals
develop themselves are better choices. They respect the individuality of each
person and would not lure them into doing something that goes against time
honored human values.

4. Health and Nutrition

> A healthy mind and a healthy body is what every adolescent should strive for.

5. Developing or Regaining Self-esteem

> You should be objective and balanced when viewing yourself; see your strengths
and weaknesses

> Accept your body type.

>Proper grooming and self-care can help improve ane's feeling and attitude about
oneself.

6. Roles

> Adolescents must learn to integrate all their roles and it should be clear that
these roles are related to the tasks expected of them

> Discipline and time managernent can help in balancing the different roles an
adolescent has.

7. Material Poverty

> Some adolescents struggle hard to be able to have education.

Ex: Efren Penaflorida, pushcart classroom

Dynamic Teen Company

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 8. Parents working abroad

> React in a positive way

> Identify your support system

9. Career Choice

> In pursuing a career, look at what you love to do and are passionate about

10. Relationships

> Maintaining a healthy relationship require a certain level of maturity.

11. Values and beliefs

> Ask: What will I fight against?

What can I not afford to lose?

What can I not live without?

12. Other challenges

> depression, peer pressure

GOOD LUCK PO! <3

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