NAME : Cantika Bayuni

NIM : P00324022144
CLASS : II D Midwifery
SUBJECT : English
LECTURER : Dr.Tambunan, M.Pd

QUESTION LEADING TO DISSCUSION

read the above selection throughly and answer these question

1. Explain The Expresion : “ one-thirtd of all cancers are linked to diet “.

2. What are antioxidants?
3. Why are some cells more susceptible to cancer?
4. What are cancers of the colon, cervixx and eshophagus?
5. Why are dark-green vegetable good for the prevention of cancer?
6. What are allium vegetables? can you name some that are not mentioned in
the text?
7. Are these cancer-inhibiting vegetables available in indonesia?
8. In your opinion, why is this factor not widely known in your country?
9. What do know about alternative cures (penyembuhan) of cancer in your
country?
10. Do you really believe in alternative medicine?
11. Name some alternative methotds of curing disease that you know of.

ANSWER

1. The expression "one-third of all cancers are linked to diet" indicates that
approximately 33% of all cancer cases can be associated with factors related
to a person's diet. This statement underscores the importance of dietary
habits in the development of cancer. Here are some key points related to this
expression:

a. Diet and Health: This statement highlights that what we eat has a
significant impact on our health, including the risk of developing
 cancer. A healthy diet can help reduce the risk of cancer, while an
unhealthy diet can increase it.
b. Diet-Related Factors: Dietary patterns linked to cancer risk involve
factors such as high-fat intake, low fiber consumption, excessive
alcohol consumption, excessive consumption of red meat, and a lack of
fruits and vegetables in one's diet.
c. Importance of Prevention: This statement suggests that by
adopting a healthy diet, an individual can lower their risk of getting
cancer. Prevention through a healthy lifestyle, including good dietary
choices, plays a crucial role in reducing the burden of cancer.
d. Awareness and Education: It also emphasizes the importance of
raising awareness and educating the public about the relationship
between diet and cancer. With a better understanding of how food
affects health, individuals can make wiser food choices.
e. Epidemiological Context: The "one-third" figure is used in
epidemiological contexts to provide a rough estimate of how much diet
can play a role in the occurrence of cancer. This is a figure that can
vary depending on the population and the specific type of cancer.

It's important to remember that the causes of cancer are very complex, and
genetic and environmental factors also play significant roles in its
development. However, a healthy diet remains one of the factors that we can
control to reduce the risk of cancer and improve overall health.

2. Antioxidants are molecules that help protect cells in the body from damage
caused by harmful molecules called free radicals. Antioxidants work by
donating electrons to free radicals, thereby stabilizing them and preventing
them from causing damage to cells and DNA. There are several different
types of antioxidants, and they can be obtained through diet or produced by
the body. Common antioxidants include:

 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

 Vitamin E (Tocopherols and Tocotrienols)
  Beta-Carotene
 Selenium
 Flavonoids
 Polyphenols

Consuming a diet rich in antioxidants from a variety of sources is generally

considered beneficial for overall health because it can help reduce the risk of
chronic diseases and promote healthy aging. However, it's important to note
that while antioxidants play a role in maintaining health, taking excessive
antioxidant supplements may not provide the same benefits and could have
potential risks. It's best to obtain antioxidants through a balanced diet that
includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, and other nutrient-rich foods.

3. Cancer susceptibility can vary among different types of cells and individuals
due to a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Here are
some reasons why some cells may be more susceptible to cancer:

 Genetic Predisposition: Inherited genetic mutations can increase the

risk of cancer. Some individuals may carry genetic mutations that make
their cells more susceptible to cancer development. These mutations
can be passed down through families and are often associated with
specific types of cancer, such as breast cancer (BRCA1 and BRCA2
mutations).
 Accumulation of Mutations: Over time, cells can accumulate genetic
mutations as a result of DNA damage caused by various factors,
including exposure to carcinogens (cancer-causing substances) such as
tobacco smoke, radiation, and certain chemicals. Cells with a higher
mutation burden are more susceptible to becoming cancerous.
 Cell Type: Different types of cells in the body have varying levels of
susceptibility to cancer. For example, rapidly dividing cells, such as
those in the skin or the lining of the digestive tract, are more prone to
accumulating mutations and developing cancer. This is because each
cell division increases the chance of errors in DNA replication.
  Exposure to Carcinogens: Some cells may be more exposed to
carcinogens in the environment or due to an individual's lifestyle
choices. For instance, lung cells are directly exposed to carcinogens in
tobacco smoke, increasing the risk of lung cancer in smokers.
 Immune System Surveillance: The immune system plays a crucial role
in detecting and eliminating cancer cells. Cells with weakened immune
surveillance may be more susceptible to cancer, as they are less likely
to be identified and destroyed by the immune system.
 Hormonal Factors: Hormones can influence the growth and behavior of
certain cells. Hormone-related cancers, such as breast and prostate
cancer, are influenced by hormonal factors, making cells in these
tissues more susceptible to cancer if hormone levels are imbalanced.
 Epigenetic Changes: Epigenetic alterations, which affect how genes are
expressed without changing the underlying DNA sequence, can make
cells more susceptible to cancer. Epigenetic changes can be influenced
by factors like diet, lifestyle, and environmental exposures.
 Age: The risk of cancer increases with age, as cells accumulate more
genetic mutations over time. Older individuals may have cells that are
more susceptible to cancer due to these accumulated mutations.

It's important to note that cancer is a complex disease, and often, multiple
factors interact to contribute to its development. While some cells may be
inherently more susceptible to cancer due to genetic or biological factors, the
risk can be modified by lifestyle choices (e.g., smoking, diet, exercise) and
environmental exposures.
4. Cancers of the colon, cervix, and esophagus are three distinct types of cancer
that develop in different parts of the body. Here's a brief overview of each:

 Colon Cancer (Colorectal Cancer):

o Location: Colon cancer primarily affects the colon, which is the

large intestine. It can also occur in the rectum, which is the
lower part of the large intestine.
o Risk Factors: Risk factors for colon cancer include a family
history of the disease, a personal history of polyps
(precancerous growths) in the colon or rectum, a diet high in
red and processed meats, smoking, heavy alcohol consumption,
and certain genetic conditions.
o Symptoms: Common symptoms may include changes in bowel
habits (e.g., diarrhea or constipation), blood in the stool,
abdominal pain or discomfort, unexplained weight loss, and
fatigue.
o Screening: Regular screenings, such as colonoscopies, can help
detect and prevent colon cancer by identifying and removing
precancerous polyps.

 Cervical Cancer:

o Location: Cervical cancer originates in the cervix, which is the

lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina.
o Risk Factors: Risk factors for cervical cancer include infection
with high-risk strains of human papillomavirus (HPV), a
weakened immune system, smoking, multiple sexual partners,
and a lack of regular cervical cancer screenings (Pap tests).
o Symptoms: Early-stage cervical cancer often doesn't cause
symptoms, which is why regular screenings are essential. As the
disease progresses, symptoms may include abnormal vaginal
bleeding, pelvic pain, and pain during sexual intercourse.
 o Prevention: HPV vaccination, regular Pap tests, and safe sexual
practices can help prevent cervical cancer.

 Esophageal Cancer:

o Location: Esophageal cancer develops in the esophagus, which

is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach.
o Risk Factors: Risk factors for esophageal cancer include chronic

acid reflux (gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD), smoking,

heavy alcohol consumption, obesity, a diet low in fruits and
vegetables, and conditions like Barrett's esophagus.
o Symptoms: Symptoms may include difficulty swallowing
(dysphagia), chest pain or discomfort, unintentional weight loss,
and persistent heartburn or indigestion.
o Types: There are two main types of esophageal cancer:
squamous cell carcinoma (linked to smoking and alcohol use)
and adenocarcinoma (often associated with GERD and Barrett's
esophagus).

5. Dark-green vegetables are often considered good for the prevention of cancer
due to their rich nutrient content, including vitamins, minerals, fiber, and
various phytochemicals. These components work together to provide several
potential mechanisms for reducing the risk of cancer.

6. Allium vegetables are a group of vegetables that belong to the Allium genus,
which is part of the Amaryllidaceae family. These vegetables are known for
their distinctive flavors and are characterized by their bulbous roots, which
are composed of layers, and their pungent aroma and taste. Allium
vegetables are commonly used in cooking and are appreciated for their
culinary versatility.

The allium vegetables mentioned in the text are garlic, shallots and scallions.
And what is not mentioned in the text is Chives (Allium schoenoprasum):
 Chives are famous for their mild onion or garlic flavor and are often used as a
garnish for various dishes, including salads, omelets and baked potatoes.

7. Yes, Cancer-fighting vegetables are generally available in many parts of the

world, including Indonesia. These vegetables are rich in antioxidants,
vitamins, and other compounds that may help reduce the risk of cancer. Here
are some cancer-inhibiting vegetables that are commonly available and can
be found in Indonesia:

 Broccoli: Broccoli is widely available in Indonesia and is known for its

cancer-fighting properties due to its high content of sulforaphane, a
compound with potential anti-cancer effects.
 Cauliflower: Like broccoli, cauliflower is available in Indonesia and
contains similar cancer-fighting compounds.
 Cabbage: Cabbage is a common vegetable in Indonesian cuisine and is
rich in antioxidants and phytonutrients that may help prevent cancer.
 Carrots: Carrots are readily available and are a good source of beta-
carotene, which is believed to have cancer-preventive properties.
 Spinach: Spinach and other leafy greens are often found in Indonesian
markets and are packed with vitamins and minerals that support
overall health.
 Tomatoes: Tomatoes are used in Indonesian cooking and contain
lycopene, which is associated with a reduced risk of certain types of
cancer.
 Garlic and Onions: These aromatic vegetables are commonly used in
Indonesian cuisine and are believed to have cancer-inhibiting
properties.
 Turmeric: Turmeric, in the form of fresh turmeric root or ground
turmeric powder, is used in Indonesian dishes and contains curcumin,
a compound with potential anti-cancer effects.
 Ginger: Ginger is widely available and is used both as a spice and for
its potential health benefits, including cancer prevention.
  Bell Peppers: Bell peppers, including red, green, and yellow varieties,
are used in Indonesian cooking and are rich in vitamins and
antioxidants.

8. In my opinion, the reasons why is this factor not widely known in my country
can be attributed to several factors:

a. Lack of Awareness: Many people in Indonesia may not be aware of the

link between diet and cancer prevention. There may be a lack of public
education and awareness campaigns about the role of specific foods in
reducing cancer risk.
b. Cultural Diet: Indonesian cuisine is rich and diverse, and traditional
diets may not always align with the recommendations for cancer
prevention. Some cancer-preventive foods might not be commonly
included in traditional dishes, making it less likely for people to
consume them regularly.
c. Limited Access: Access to a variety of fresh and healthy foods can be
limited in certain regions or among lower-income populations in
Indonesia. This can restrict people's ability to incorporate cancer-
preventive foods into their diets.
d. Misinformation: There may be misinformation or misconceptions about
cancer and its causes in the society. People might not understand the
role of diet in cancer prevention and may rely on alternative or
unproven methods instead.
e. Influence of Commercial Interests: The food industry can have a
significant influence on dietary habits. In some cases, the promotion of
processed or unhealthy foods may overshadow the importance of
cancer-preventive foods.
f. Lack of Government Initiatives: Government health agencies may not
prioritize cancer prevention through dietary recommendations, which
can result in a lack of official guidance and resources.
9. What I know regarding alternative medicine in Indonesia is In Indonesia, as
in many other countries, there may be individuals or organizations that
promote alternative or traditional remedies as cancer cures. These treatments
can range from herbal remedies and dietary changes to spiritual or energy-
based therapies. However, it's essential to exercise caution and skepticism
when considering these alternative treatments because they are not
supported by scientific research.

10. In my opinion, I don't really believe in alternative medicine because

Alternative medicine encompasses a wide range of therapies and treatments
that often fall outside the scope of conventional medicine. Some alternative
therapies may have benefits for certain individuals, particularly in managing
symptoms or promoting general well-being. However, it's crucial to
differentiate between therapies that have undergone rigorous scientific
testing, have demonstrated effectiveness, and are considered complementary
to conventional medicine, versus those that lack empirical support or may
even be harmful.

11. Alternative treatments encompass a wide range of therapies and approaches

that are used as alternatives or complements to conventional medicine. Here
are some examples of alternative treatments:

 Acupuncture: This therapy involves the insertion of thin needles into

specific points on the body to address various health issues, including
pain, stress, and sleep disorders.
 Reflexology: Reflexology is a therapy that claims that points on the
feet, hands, or ears correspond to organs in the body, and by
massaging or applying pressure to these points, it can help alleviate
symptoms and improve well-being.
 Herbal Therapy: The use of various herbal plants and supplements
as treatments for various health issues.
 Cupping Therapy: Cupping involves creating suction on the skin,
typically through the use of glass or silicone cups, to stimulate blood
flow and reduce pain. It is a traditional practice used in some cultures.
 Holistic Therapy: Holistic therapy takes a comprehensive approach to
health, addressing physical, emotional, and spiritual aspects. It can
include practices such as meditation, yoga, and stress reduction
techniques.
 Homeopathy: Homeopathy is a system of medicine that relies on
highly diluted natural extracts to stimulate the body's immune system.
It is a controversial practice in the medical community.
 Energy Healing: Therapies such as Reiki and Qi Gong aim to channel
energy through the body to enhance health and well-being.
 Dietary Therapy: Some individuals may choose to adopt specific
diets, such as veganism, gluten-free diets, or ketogenic diets, to
address health issues or improve their well-being.
 Manipulative Therapy: This includes therapies like chiropractic and
osteopathy, which focus on physical manipulation to address health
issues, particularly spine and muscle-related problems.
 Aromatherapy: Aromatherapy uses the scents and aromas of
essential oils to promote relaxation and potentially address various
health concerns.
 Magnetic Therapy: Magnetic therapy involves the use of magnets or
magnetic fields for pain relief and other health benefits, although
scientific evidence is limited.
 Mind-Body Practices: These include practices like mindfulness
meditation, tai chi, and qigong, which aim to improve mental and
physical well-being through a mind-body connection.