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Lecture 5 - EB Introduction

This document discusses energy balances and heat transfer concepts related to thermodynamics. It introduces the first law of thermodynamics which states that energy is neither created nor destroyed. It then defines sensible heat as heat transferred without a phase change, which changes the temperature, and latent heat as heat transferred during a phase change, which does not change the temperature. The document provides an example of calculating the heat required to change the temperature of water from 30°C to 180°C. Finally, it discusses specific heat capacity, heat capacity, and enthalpy in the context of constant volume and constant pressure processes.

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David Rivera Arjona
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43 views16 pages

Lecture 5 - EB Introduction

This document discusses energy balances and heat transfer concepts related to thermodynamics. It introduces the first law of thermodynamics which states that energy is neither created nor destroyed. It then defines sensible heat as heat transferred without a phase change, which changes the temperature, and latent heat as heat transferred during a phase change, which does not change the temperature. The document provides an example of calculating the heat required to change the temperature of water from 30°C to 180°C. Finally, it discusses specific heat capacity, heat capacity, and enthalpy in the context of constant volume and constant pressure processes.

Uploaded by

David Rivera Arjona
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

Why Energy “Balances” ?

 In an endothermic reaction:
How much heat do I have to supply to the reactor to sustain
the reaction?

 In an exothermic reaction:
How much heat is generated? I need to remove this heat
for ex. for safety reasons (explosion)
Can I use this heat somewhere else in the plant (so I don’t
waste this energy)

Typical problem
How much heat is required to convert 2000 kg of water at
30 C to steam at 180 C?

Learn skills to deal with energy balances in 2 nd year


First Law of Thermodynamics (CP102)

 "Energy is neither created nor destroyed."

In any system:

 Energy input – Energy output = Accumulation of


energy
Sensible Heat:
 no phase change happening

 heat that must be transferred to raise or lower

temperature of substance
 temperature of the substance changes

Latent Heat:
 phase change (e.g. melting, freezing, evaporation)

 heat supplied/removed during a phase change

 temperature does not change

Today we will talk about sensible heat


Specific Heat Capacity, c

Q = m c ΔT c=Q/(m ΔT)
Specific Heat Capacity - amount of heat per unit mass
required to raise temperature by one degree

Units of Specific Heat Capacity:


Imperial: S.I.:

cal Btu J kJ
= ,
g
O
C lb F
O
kg K kg K

You are expected to know the definition of calorie (see CP102) and the conversion
factor between joule and calorie
Specific Heat Capacity, c J
kg K
Q  mcT
Specific Heat Capacity - amount of heat per unit mass
required to raise temperature by one degree

J
Heat Capacity, C (=mc)
K

Q  dQ 
Q  CT C C  
T  dT 
Heat Capacity - amount of heat required to raise
temperature by one degree
Heat (Q) is transferred to a gas:

- The temperature of the gas increases


- The internal energy (U) of the gas
increases (gas molecules will move faster,
higher kinetic energy)

Consider two scenarios:


1) Constant volume 2) Constant pressure
(the lid does not move) (the lid moves up)

Gas is now at Gas is now at


temperature T1 temperature T2

Q goes all into U Q goes into U and Work


a) T1 < T2
Which one is correct : b) T1 = T2
c) T1 > T2

c) As the gas is doing some work (which is a form of energy): not


all Q goes into U, but part has been used as Work (to move the lid)
Therefore, the Heat (Q) transferred is equal to

At Constant volume At Constant pressure

Change in Internal energy (U) Change in … “something else”


which is equal to (U+work):

Enthalpy (H)

Q  U Q  H

 dQ 
C  
 dT 
 dU   dH 
Cv    CP   
 dT   dT 
Heat Capacity

 For Liquids and Solids (volume does not change much


with T and P):
CP  C V

 For Ideal Gas (see CP102):


CP = CV +R

 Non ideal gas - complex & will not be covered


Heat Capacity
Most processes in chemical industry do not involve
material at fixed volume therefore:
 concentrate on CP to relate heat/energy input to T
(Heat = Enthalpy change)
 CP and CV are physical properties
 Tabulated in standard references
 ‘specific heat’ sometimes used to denote specific heat
capacity expressed on a per-unit-mass basis e.g. J/g oC
Specific Heat Capacity
 Function of temperature
 Frequently expressed as polynomial:

CP = a + bT + cT2 ……. + yTn

 Values of a, b, c are taken from tables

Let’s look at examples of calculating C P


Heat Capacity: Worked Example
Calculate the heat capacity CP for water vapour at 25 C:
CP = a + bT + cT2 + dT3 (T in C)

The coefficients a, b, c and d are as follows:-


a 33.46
b 0.688 x 10-2
c 0.7604 x 10-5
d -3.593 x 10-9

The units for CP are J/mol C (this is a molar heat capacity).


Heat Capacity: Worked Example
Calculate the heat capacity CP for water vapour at
25 C. The coefficients a, b, c and d are as follows:

CP = 33.46 + 0.688 x 10-2 T + 0.7604 x 10-5T2


-3.593 x 10-9 T3

Using T = 25 oC

CP = 33.46 + 0.688 x 10-2 (25) + 0.7604 x 10-5(25)2


-3.593 x 10-9 (25)3
= 33.636 J/mol oC
= 33.636 J/mol oC x (1/(18 g/mol))
= 1.868 J/g oC
Compare with data from: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/water-vapor-d_979.html

Class Activity – Page 68


What is Enthalpy

Enthalpy, H is the thermodynamic function that accounts


for heat flow in processes occurring at constant pressure
when no forms of work are performed other than P-V work:
H = U + PV

At constant pressure, a change in enthalpy equals the


change in internal energy plus the product of the constant
pressure times the change in volume.
ΔH = ΔU + P ΔV
If you are interested in finding out more about
First Law of Thermodynamics, Internal Energy,
Heat:
 http://hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/heat.html

 http://crescentok.com/staff/jaskew/isr/chemistry
/class18.htm
Class Activity Solution

Compare with data from: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/nitrogen-d_977.html


Class Activity Solution

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