TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES – MANILA

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

HYDRAULICS ENGINEERING
CE 319

LABORATORY REPORT # 2
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE DEMONSTRATION

RATING

CORPUZ, PRINCESS SOPHIA N.

2110677 SUBMITTED BY: ______________
STUDENT NUMBER SIGNATURE
CE31S5-2
SECTION

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. LARRIZ SAMUDIO

September 13, 2023

DATE SUBMITTED
 Experiment No. 2
Bernoulli's Principle Demonstration

Introduction
Bernoulli's principle is a fundamental concept in fluid dynamics that plays a crucial role
in understanding the behavior of fluids in various scenarios. This principle describes the
relationship between a fluid's pressure, velocity, and elevation. Moreover, it has several practical
applications in hydraulics engineering, such as in plumbing and fluid systems, hydraulics
structures, hydropower systems, pumps and turbine design, etc.

v 12 P 1 v 22 P 2
+ + z 1= + +z 2
2g γ 2g γ
This equation states that the sum of the static pressure, dynamic pressure, and potential
energy per unit volume of fluid remains constant along a streamline. It considers factors such as
fluid velocity, fluid density, and elevation to provide a comprehensive description of fluid
behavior. Based on this equation, as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the
fluid decreases, and vice versa. However, it is essential to note that Bernoulli's principle has
limitations and assumptions. In practical hydraulic systems, factors such as turbulence, viscous
effects, and compressibility of fluids may influence the accuracy of applying Bernoulli's
principle alone. Therefore, these factors and other principles must be considered, such as the
conservation of mass and momentum, to obtain a comprehensive understanding of fluid behavior
in hydraulic systems.
Materials Used
Hydraulics Bench
The Hydraulics Bench is used to regulate the flow of water in this experiment. It can be
connected to the Bernoulli's Principle Demonstrator to adjust the discharge of water according to
the experiment's requirements. It has a pump that can be used to move fluids, and a valve that
can be used to adjust the flow rate.

Bernoulli’s Principle Demonstrator

The Bernoulli's Principle Demonstrator is a device that shows how Bernoulli's principle works
by measuring the head and velocity head of water in a steady flow. It uses a transparent pipe with
a constriction in it to show how the pressure and velocity of a fluid change as it flows through
the pipe.
 Stopwatch
A stopwatch was used to measure the time it took for the liquid to flow through the hydraulics
bench in the Bernoulli's Principle Demonstrator experiment.

Spirit Level
The spirit level is a tool used to ensure that the apparatus is balanced. This is important because
an unbalanced apparatus can lead to errors in the experiment. However, the students did not use
the spirit level in preparing for the experiment because the apparatus had already been set up by
the previous class.
Procedures:
1. Before conducting the experiment, the Bernoulli's Principle Demonstrator was set up by
connecting it to the Hydraulics Bench with a hose. The spirit level was not used, as it was
already level.

2. Once the preparations were complete, the instructor began explaining the important
things to keep in mind while conducting the experiment. The instructor discussed the
different variables that could affect the results, as well as the safety precautions that
needed to be taken. The instructor also adjusted the inlet and outlet valves to the
appropriate settings, and made sure that all other necessary equipment was ready to go.

3. The students first familiarized themselves with the apparatus and the procedure. They
then proceeded to operate the apparatus by adjusting the hypodermic probe at each of the
 measuring points. The probe is a device that is used to measure the pressure head at a
specific point. The students adjusted the probe until it was level with the water surface at
each measuring point.

4. Once the probe was properly adjusted, the students took a reading of the pressure head on
the pressure gauge. After doing it, the students recorded the reading in the datasheet for
each measuring point.
5. After conducting the experiment in the Bernoulli's Principle Demonstrator to measure the
pressure head and total head of a fluid, the students then go to the hydraulic bench, where
they use a stopwatch to measure the time it takes to fill a 10-liter volumetric tank with
water. The volumetric discharge (Q) is calculated by dividing the volume of water (10
liters) by the time it takes to fill the tank (t).

6. After completing the experiment, drain the water in hydraulic bench by opening/ pulling
the valve.

7. After collecting all the necessary data, the students proceeded to analyze the measured
data in order to determine the results.
 8. In order to get the required results, the formulas and tables used are:

hv=htotal−hp

Vmeas=Rv √ 2 ghv

Measuring 1 2 3 4 5 6
Point
Reference 1.0 2.33 0.846 1.70 2.55 3.38
Velocity

For the Velocity Computed from Discharge

10
Q=
t x 1000

Measuring 1 2 3 4 5 6
Point
Area (m^2 3.38 2.33 0.846 1.70 2.55 3.38
x 10 ^-4)

After computing, the students will be able to plot the measured and computed velocity, pressure,
and total head at each measuring point in a diagram.

Data and Results

Measured Data
Measuring Pressure Head, Total Head, Velocity Head, Measured
Points hp (mm) htotal (mm) hv (mm) Velocity (m/s)
1 265 282 17 0.5775
2 255 280 25 1.6318
3 65 278 213 1.7295
4 185 255 70 1.9923
5 210 243 33 2.0519
6 215 238 23 2.2705
Table 1: Measured Data
The table above shows the measured data from an experiment that was conducted to test
Bernoulli's principle. The four parameters that were measured are the pressure head (hp), total
head (htotal), velocity head (hv), and measured velocity (Vmeas). The pressure head is the height
of a column of water that would have the same pressure as the water at the measurement point.
The total head is the sum of the pressure head, velocity head, and elevation head (the height of
the water above a reference point). The velocity head is the height of a column of water that
would have the same kinetic energy as the water at the measurement point. The measured
velocity is the actual speed of the water at the measurement point.The velocity head was
calculated using the formula hv = htotal - hp. The measured velocity was calculated using the
formula Vmeas = Rv√2ghv, where Rv is a constant that depends on the shape of the probe and g
is the acceleration due to gravity.

The table shows that the velocity head and measured velocity are directly proportional to each
other. This means that as the velocity head increases, the measured velocity also increases. This
is because the higher the velocity head, the more kinetic energy the water has, and therefore the
faster it will flow. The table above also shows that the pressure head and velocity head are
inversely proportional to each other. This means that as the velocity head increases, the pressure
head decreases. This is because the higher the velocity head, the more kinetic energy the water
has, and therefore the less potential energy it has.

Computed Data
Measuring Area (m^2 x Time t, (s) Discharge Computed
Points 10^-4) (m^3/s) Velocity, Vcomp
(m/s)
1 3.38 0.4938
2 2.33 0.7163
59.92 1.6689x10^-4
3 0.846 1.9727
4 1.7 0.9817
5 2.55 0.6545
6 3.38 0.4938
Table 2: Computed Data
The table shows the data from an experiment that measured the velocity of fluid flow through a
tube at different points along the tube. The area of the tube cross-section was different at each
point, and the time and discharge of the fluid were the same at all points. The results of the
experiment showed that the area of the tube cross-section is directly proportional to the velocity
of the fluid flow. This means that as the area of the cross-section decreases, the velocity of the
fluid flow increases. This is because the same volume of fluid must flow through the tube in a
given amount of time, so if the area of the cross-section decreases, the velocity of the fluid must
increase in order to maintain the same flow rate.
 Plott ed Points for Pressure, Velocity
and Total Head
300
282 280 278
265 255 255
250 243 238
213 210 215
200
185
150

100
65 70
50
25 33 23
17
0

Pressure Head Total Head Velocity Head

Graph 1: Plotted Points for Pressure, Velocity, and Total Head

The graph shows that the pressure head and velocity head initially increase as the fluid flows.
However, after the third measuring point, the pressure head starts to decrease while the velocity
head continues to increase. This is because the frictional losses in the pipe start to increase as the
fluid velocity increases. The total head has a minimal decrease of value from the first measuring
point up to the last. This is because the increase in velocity head is offset by the decrease in
pressure head. The diagram also shows that as the velocity head increases, the pressure head
decreases. This is because the pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy as the fluid flows.
The diagram above shows that the pressure head, velocity head, and total head are all
interrelated. The changes in one head can affect the changes in the other heads.

Plott ed Points for V Measured and V

Computed
2.5
2.2705
2 1.9727 1.9923 2.0519

1.6318 1.7295
1.5

1 0.9817
0.7163 0.6545
0.5 0.5775
0.4938 0.4938

V Measured V Computed
Graph 2: Plotted Points for V measured and V computed
The graph shows the measured velocity and the computed velocity over time. The two lines start
off close together, but the measured velocity line increases more rapidly than the computed
velocity line but changed. This is especially evident at the third point, where the computed
velocity line makes a significant jump. However, the computed velocity line then decreases at the
fourth point, while the measured velocity line continues to increase. The graph suggests that the
measured velocity is greater than the computed velocity, and that the object is accelerating at a
faster rate than was initially calculated.

Conclusion:
After completing the activity, the students achieved the experiment's goal of evaluating
Bernoulli's principle's relevance in steady water flow through a tube with a decreasing cross-
section. The students are able to calculate the static head and velocity head of water in a steady
flow. This was accomplished through the use of laboratory apparatus with the assistance of the
instructor and the laboratory handbook. The students have determined the relationship between
the two parameters of Bernoulli’s Principle. The pressure head and the velocity head are
inversely proportional to each other. This was supported by the data in Table 1: Measured Data,
stating that if the pressure is higher, the velocity of the water is slower. It is also concluded that if
a fluid has a steady flow in a pipe with a wider area, the velocity of the flow of fluid will be
slower than in a pipe with a small area which is also supported by the data in Table 2: Computed
Data.
The Bernoulli’s principle equation has been a crucial discovery, especially in engineering.
It is the reason for various innovation in engineering which is related to fluid. Using the equation
has solved uncounted amounts of engineering problems and it created and opportunity to
improve what has done. The Bernoulli’s equation helps engineers to understand all of the
relationship between its parameters.