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Experiment 2 - Universal Gates

The document describes an experiment to realize logic gate functions using universal gates. It explains that NAND and NOR gates are universal as any logic function can be implemented using only these gates. It provides the circuit diagrams and truth tables to realize NOT, AND, OR, NOR, XOR and XNOR gates using both NAND gates alone and NOR gates alone. The objective is to understand how different logic gates can be represented using a single universal gate.

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14K views6 pages

Experiment 2 - Universal Gates

The document describes an experiment to realize logic gate functions using universal gates. It explains that NAND and NOR gates are universal as any logic function can be implemented using only these gates. It provides the circuit diagrams and truth tables to realize NOT, AND, OR, NOR, XOR and XNOR gates using both NAND gates alone and NOR gates alone. The objective is to understand how different logic gates can be represented using a single universal gate.

Uploaded by

Prr Prr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Experiment No: 2

UNIVERSAL GATES
AIM:

To realize logic gate functions with the help of universal gates.

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the experiment, the student should be able to

1) List the Universal gates.


2) Implement all logic gate functions using either NAND gate or NOR gate alone.

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

S. No. Name Type Quantity


1 NAND gate (2 input) IC 7400 2
2 NOR gate (2 input) IC 7402 2
3 Digital IC trainer kit 1
4 Connecting Wires

THEORY:

Logic gates are electronic circuits which perform logical functions on one or more inputs
to produce one output. There are seven logic gates. When all the input combinations of a logic
gate are written in a series and their corresponding outputs written along them, then this input/
output combination is called Truth Table. NAND gate and NOR gate are the universal gates as
any logic can be implemented using only NAND or NOR gates alone.

1. NAND gate as Universal gate:

NAND gate is actually a combination of two logic gates i.e. AND gate followed by NOT
gate. So its output is complement of the output of an AND gate. This gate can have minimum
two inputs. Output is always one. By using only NAND gates, we can realize all logic functions:
AND, OR, NOT, NOR, XOR and XNOR.

1.1. NAND gate as NOT gate:


If we connect all the input pins of a NAND gate together and give a common
input, then the output will be complement of input. If A is the input and Y is the output,
̅̅̅̅̅ ̅
1.2. NAND gate as AND gate:
A NAND gate produces complement of AND gate. So, if the output of a NAND
gate is inverted, overall output will be that of an AND gate.
(̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅)
1.3. NAND gate as OR gate:
From De Morgan’s theorems:
̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ ̅
If we invert the inputs,
̅̅̅̅̅
̅ ̅ ̅ ̅
So, give the inverted inputs to a NAND gate, to obtain OR operation at output.
1.4. NAND gate as NOR gate:
NOR gate is OR gate followed by NOT gate. First create OR gate using NAND
gate, then give the output of OR gate to a NOT gate (using NAND gate). And the overall
output will be that of a NOR gate.
1.5. NAND gate as XOR gate:
The output of XOR gate is given by:
̅ ̅
̅ ̅
̅ ̅ ̅ ̅
( ̅ ̅) ( ̅ ̅)
(̅̅̅̅̅) (̅̅̅̅̅ )
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(̅̅̅̅̅ ) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(̅̅̅̅̅)
This equation is implemented using NAND gates to obtain XOR gate.
1.6. NAND gate as XNOR gate:
XNOR gate is XOR gate followed by NOT gate. First create XOR gate using
NAND gate, then give the output of XOR gate to a NOT gate (using NAND gate). And
the overall output will be that of a XNOR gate.

2. NOR gate as Universal gate:

NOR gate is actually a combination of two logic gates i.e. OR gate followed by NOT gate.
So its output is complement of the output of an OR gate. This gate can have minimum two
inputs. Output is always one. By using only NOR gates, we can realize all logic functions: AND,
OR, NOT, NAND, XOR and XNOR.

2.1. NOR gate as NOT gate:


If we connect all the input pins of a NOR gate together and give a common input,
then the output will be complement of input. If A is the input and Y is the output,
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅
2.2. NOR gate as OR gate:
A NOR gate produces complement of OR gate. So, if the output of a NOR gate is
inverted, overall output will be that of an OR gate.
(̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅)
2.3. NOR gate as AND gate:
From De Morgan’s theorems:
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ ̅
If we invert the inputs,
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅ ̅ ̅ ̅
So, give the inverted inputs to a NOR gate, to obtain AND operation at output.
2.4. NOR gate as NAND gate:
NAND gate is AND gate followed by NOT gate. First create AND gate using
NOR gate, then give the output of AND gate to a NOT gate (using NOR gate). And the
overall output will be that of a NAND gate.
2.5. NOR gate as XOR gate:
First XNOR gate is created using 4 NOR gates in the same way as XOR gate
using 4 NAND gates. Then the output of XNOR gate is inverted to get XOR gate.
2.6. NOR gate as XNOR gate:
XNOR gate is created using 4 NOR gates in the same way as XOR gate using 4
NAND gates.

PROCEDURE:

1) Test all the components using a digital IC tester.


2) Verify the pin out of IC and ensure that the ICs have been perfectly plugged into the
breadboard or sockets before feeding the inputs
3) Connect Vcc = 5V & GND to the respective pin numbers.
4) Connect the universal gates (NAND or NOR) for any of the logic gate functions to be
realized.
5) Connect the inputs of first stage to switches block of the trainer kit and output of the
last gate to LED indicators of the trainer kit.
6) Apply various input combinations and observe output for each one.
7) Verify the truth table for each input/output combination.
8) Repeat steps 4 to 7 for all logic gate functions.

RESULT:

Realized the logic gate functions of

(i) NOT, AND, OR, NOR, XOR and XNOR gates using NAND gates alone.
(ii) NOT, OR, AND, NAND, XOR and XOR gates using NOR gates alone.
LOGIC GATE FUNCTIONS - IMPLEMENTATION USING NAND GATES:

1. NOT gate using NAND gate:

Circuit: Truth Table:

2. AND gate using NAND gate:

Circuit: Truth Table:

3. OR gate using NAND gate:

Circuit: Truth Table:

4. NOR gate using NAND gate:

Circuit: Truth Table:


5. XOR gate using NAND gate:

Circuit: Truth Table:

6. XNOR gate using NAND gate:

Circuit: Truth Table:


Inputs Output
A B
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

LOGIC GATE FUNCTIONS - IMPLEMENTATION USING NOR GATES:

1. NOT gate using NOR gate:

Circuit: Truth Table:

2. OR gate using NOR gate:

Circuit: Truth Table:


3. AND gate using NOR gate:

Circuit: Truth Table:

4. NAND gate using NOR gate:

Circuit: Truth Table:

5. XOR gate using NOR gate:

Circuit: Truth Table:

6. XNOR gate using NOR gate:

Circuit: Truth Table:


Inputs Output
A B
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

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