LAB Re

Submitted To:
Submitted To: Prof. Dr Kalsom Rahim

Submitted By:
Name: Abdul Moiz Rao
G
Reg No: 20-ME-72 UNIVERISTY OF ENGINEERING
A Section: D AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA
Subject: Applied Physics Lab
Dept. : Mechanical Eng.
 (Experiment No 8)
Topic: Logic gate using diodes
Introduction:
Logic operations can be performed using any non-linear device that has at least two
distinct regions of operation. Obvious choices for the electrical engineer are the
semiconductor diode and the bipolar junction transistor. Particular voltage levels
are assigned to logic levels 0 and 1.
While many voltage level assignments are possible, one common assignment is:

logic1 ---- ~5V

logic0 ---- ~0V.

Diode logic elements, the use of the characteristics of a semiconductor

diode and conditions forward or reverse bias.
Diode-transistor logic gates using diodes in the input, and a bipolar
(manic-depressive also, as a final step. The output of the BJT is in the
sewing in between its clipping and saturation regions, in order to create a
logical 1's and 0's, respectively,
Transistor-transistor-logic is usually found in the relatively low speed of
the program. IF using the bipolar transistors in the input and output
in "OHMS". The Input diode is replaced by a BJT structure of multiple
sources and switching between BJT modes of operation.

A current is directly
proportional to voltage. When
a resistance is at stable, is
consider to be
following the Ohm’s Law. The
symbol for ohm or unit is Ω,
and this is representing the re-
sistance. Now, in order to
comprehend Ohm’s Law is to
imagine like a liquid circuit, we
have our pump (battery;
voltage), then it is flowing and
meets it’s resistance. This is the
im-
portant part of Ohm’s law and
the resistance, is that if the
resistance is bigger, then less
wa-
ter will flow back. Therefore,
given voltage, and depending
how big the resistance is, then
it
will depend how the current
will flow through the
resistance.
A current is directly
proportional to voltage. When
a resistance is at stable, is
consider to be
following the Ohm’s Law. The
symbol for ohm or unit is Ω,
and this is representing the re-
sistance. Now, in order to
comprehend Ohm’s Law is to
imagine like a liquid circuit, we
have our pump (battery;
voltage), then it is flowing and
meets it’s resistance. This is the
im-
portant part of Ohm’s law and
the resistance, is that if the
resistance is bigger, then less
wa-
ter will flow back. Therefore,
given voltage, and depending
how big the resistance is, then
it
will depend how the current
will flow through the
resistance.
A current is directly
proportional to voltage. When
a resistance is at stable, is
consider to be
following the Ohm’s Law. The
symbol for ohm or unit is Ω,
and this is representing the re-
sistance. Now, in order to
comprehend Ohm’s Law is to
imagine like a liquid circuit, we
have our pump (battery;
voltage), then it is flowing and
meets it’s resistance. This is the
im-
portant part of Ohm’s law and
the resistance, is that if the
resistance is bigger, then less
wa-
ter will flow back. Therefore,
given voltage, and depending
how big the resistance is, then
it
will depend how the current
will flow through the
resistance.
A current is directly
proportional to voltage. When
a resistance is at stable, is
consider to be
following the Ohm’s Law. The
symbol for ohm or unit is Ω,
and this is representing the re-
sistance. Now, in order to
comprehend Ohm’s Law is to
imagine like a liquid circuit, we
have our pump (battery;
voltage), then it is flowing and
meets it’s resistance. This is the
im-
portant part of Ohm’s law and
the resistance, is that if the
resistance is bigger, then less
wa-
ter will flow back. Therefore,
given voltage, and depending
how big the resistance is, then
it
will depend how the current
will flow through the
resistance.

Experimental Procedure:
 First of all open the
https://de-iitr.vlabs.ac.in/exp/truth-table-gates/simulation/OR/Simulator.ht
ml website.
 Connect the power supply (+5 v) of the circuit.
 Click on the login button, the "A" and "C").
To change the AVAILABILITY of the state, and the switch to the OFF state

 The lamp is not bright, if one or both of the switches (2) and (3) is SMALLER,
and the light is on only if both of the switches (2 and 3) IS set to ON.

Off-the bulb can be eaten, but the lights in the eat condition.
 Repeat step 2 to step 3 of introduction of the member states.
Variation of Current with
Voltage when the resistance is
constant.
1. First, set up the following
circuit shown below, using a
power supply, an ammeter (A),
a voltmeter (V) and one 1000-
Ω Resistor (R) from resistor
box.
2. Then, let the instructor check
the circuit.
3. Later, close the switch and
read the voltage and current on
the meters.
4. Next, vary the output voltage
of the power supply from 0 to
12 V in the increment of 1.5
V and record the readings of
the voltage V across the
resistor and corresponding
current
I through the resistor in Table
1.
5. Repeat this procedure for
1200-Ω Resistor (R) from
resistor box.
6. Then, do the graph of the
voltage V (vertical axis) versus
the electric current I (horizon-
tal axis) for each resistor.
7. Next, calculate the percent
error of the actual 1000-Ω
Resistor (R) and the
experimental
1000-Ω Resistor (R).
8. Finally, repeat step 6 and 7
but for 1200-Ω Resistor (R).
Variation of Current with
Voltage when the resistance is
constant.
1. First, set up the following
circuit shown below, using a
power supply, an ammeter (A),
a voltmeter (V) and one 1000-
Ω Resistor (R) from resistor
box.
2. Then, let the instructor check
the circuit.
3. Later, close the switch and
read the voltage and current on
the meters.
4. Next, vary the output voltage
of the power supply from 0 to
12 V in the increment of 1.5
V and record the readings of
the voltage V across the
resistor and corresponding
current
I through the resistor in Table
1.
5. Repeat this procedure for
1200-Ω Resistor (R) from
resistor box.
6. Then, do the graph of the
voltage V (vertical axis) versus
the electric current I (horizon-
tal axis) for each resistor.
7. Next, calculate the percent
error of the actual 1000-Ω
Resistor (R) and the
experimental
1000-Ω Resistor (R).
8. Finally, repeat step 6 and 7
but for 1200-Ω Resistor (R).
1. AND Gate:
"An AND gate is an electrical circuit that combines two signals so that the output is on
if both signals are present.
The output of the AND gate is connected to a base driver which is coupled to the bases
of transistors, and alternately switches the transistors at opposite corners of the
inverter.
An AND gate has two or more inputs and one output, and if the inputs applied to it are
all 1, then the output will be 1.
An AND gate is an electrical circuit that combines two signals so that the output is on if
both signals are present.

 Switch Representation of the AND gate:

AND gate is represented by following given symbol.

 logic implementation:
The diode logic implementation of the AND Gate is given in Fig. a

VCC

R
DA
VA VY
DB

VB

Fig. a. AND Gate Diode Logic Implementation

  Voltage Truth Table and Logic Truth Table of the OR
Gate:

Assuming the diodes are ideal, the voltage truth table as given in Table a is
obtained. The corresponding logic truth table is given in Table b

(a)

(b)

 Data VA(volt) VB (volt) VY(volt) Analysis:

0 0 0
Note:- 0 5 0 Switch 1 will
remain On 5 0 0 in all cases.
5 5 5
CASE 1:
In this case we turned
both switches A B Y Off connected to
circuit and 0 0 0 output shown by the
circuit as a bulb remain off as
0 1 0
shown in fig(a)
1 0 0
1 1 1
• Table

INPUT 2 INPUT 3 OUTPUT

 Off Off Bulb will not glow

 Figure

CASE 2:
In this case we turned 2nd switch On and 3rd Off connected to circuit and bulb
will not glow as shown in fig (b)

 Table

INPUT 2 INPUT 3 OUTPUT

On Off Bulb will not glow

  Figure

Fig (b)

CASE 3:
In this case we turned 2nd switch Off and 3rd switches On connected to circuit
and bulb remain glow as shown in fig(c)

 Table

INPUT 2 INPUT 3 OUTPUT

Off On Bulb will not glow

  Figure

Fig (c)

CASE 4:
In this case we turned both switches On connected to circuit and bulb
remain glow as shown in fig(a)

 Table
INPUT 2 INPUT 3 OUTPUT

On On Bulb will glow

  Figure

INPUT 1 INPUT 2 OUTPUT

Off Off Bulb will not glow
On Off Bulb will not glow
Off On Bulb will not glow
On On Bulb will glow

Fig (a)

Conclusion:
In this lab we learned that if we are operating with OND logic Gate
then if one of 2 or 3rd input switch is turned Off then there will not be any output i.e
nd

output will be equal to 0 if both inputs were 0 then bulb will not glow, otherwise there
will always be a output i.e if both 2nd and 3rd input switches are turned On then output
will be 1.