1. introduction to system program computer that can accept input, store data, and retrieve, process and output ymputer is a machine that can be programmed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automaticaly. fn electronic machine that can store, ind and arrange information, calculate amounts and-control other machines. + A.computer program in its human-readable form is called source code + Source code needs another computer program to execute because computers can only execute their native machine instructions Therefore, source code may be translated to machine instructions using the language's complier. + Assembly language programs are translated using an assembler. generations of programming language 1. first generation: is machine language. Machine language requires the programmer to enter instructions using instruction numbers called machine code. ex add operator of instruction code 24576 2.second generation:- is assembly language,. Assembly language allows the programmer to use mnemonics instructions instead of remembering instruction numbers. assembler translates each assembly language mnemonic info its machine language number 5. third generation uses compilers and interpreters to execute computer programs. third generation language i Rs independence from particular hardware 4, fourth generation:- emphasizes what output results are desired, rather than how programming statements should be constructed. popular fourth generation language is called Structured Query Language (SQL) 1.1 distinguish between system program and application program introduction to system program System programs communicate and coordinate the activities and Functions of hardware and software of a system and also controls the operations of the ea vr User 3 fig User n hardware.. System software runs when the system is turned Compiler Text Eater ‘Assomblor Database Systom ‘on and stops when the system is turned off While SYSTEM AND APPLICATION PROGRAMS application software runs as per the user's request The system program serves as a part of the operating system. It traditionally lies between the OPERATING SYSTEM user interface and the system calls COMPUTER operating system is one of the examples of system software, Programming tools such as compilers, HARDWARE assemblers, UO routines, interpreters, scheduler. loaders and linkers introduction to system programming the act of bang Systeme Sofware exhgSpstem Programming Langusgas involves the development of the individual pieces of software that allow the entire system to function as a single unit. designing and writing computer programs that allow the computer hardware to interface with the programmer and the user, leading to the effective execution of application software on the computer system essential and important foundation in any computer's application development, and always evolving to accommodate changes in the computer hardware System programming leads to the development of computer system The system programming enhances or extends the functions of an operating system and may comprise components such as drivers, utilities and updates enable efficient management of hardware resources such as memory, file access VO operations, device management and process management such as process administration and multi-tasking introduction to application program an application (app), an application program. or application software software, is a computer software package that performs a specific function directly for an end user or, in some cases, For another application. {An application can be self-contained or a group of programs. An application program isa comprehensive, saltcantained program that performs a particular Function direct For the user System software includes programs running in the background, which enable application programs to Function. ex Email,Web browsers Games,Word processors,Enterprise software,Accounting software,Graphics softwareMedia players,Oatabase managementsystem software. ‘System Software maintains the system resources and gives the path for application software to run. application software ‘Application software is built For specific tasks. Low-level languages are used to write the system software. It is general-purpose software. While high-level languages are used to write the application software. While it's a specific purpose software. Without system software, the system stops and can’t System software runs when the system is turned on and stops when the system is turned off. ‘System software is an operating system, etc.. ‘System Software programming is more complex than application software. While Without application The software system always While application software runs as per the user's request. ‘Application software is Photoshop, VLC player, ‘Application software programming is simpler in comparison to system software. The Software that is designed to control, integrate and manage th individual hardware components and application software is know as system software. ‘A set of computer programs installed in the user's system and designed to perform a specific task is known as application software. ‘A system software operates the system in the background until the shutdown of the computer. ‘Application software run: the user's request. the front end according to The system software has no interaction with users. It serves as an interface between hardware and the end user ‘Application software connects an intermediary between the user and the computer System software runs independently Memory Management ,Disk Management, Controlling Devices,£xecution and Loading ‘Application software is dependent on system software because they need a set platform for its functioning. data Manipulation, Resource coordination, Information| management visuals construction 1.3 Programming Environment - Editors, Debugger, Translators, Device drives and Operating systems, Linker and Loaders 1, editor:- Editors or text editors are software programs that enable the user to create and edit text files In the field of programming, the term editor usually refers to source code editors that include many special Features for writing and editing code The term editor is commonly used to refer to a text editor, a software program that allows users to create or manipulate plain text computer files. They are used in the field of computer programming. Examples of text editors « Notepad and WordPod - Microsoft Windows included text editors -TextEdit -Apple computer text editor Emacs - Text editor for all platforms that is a very powerful text editor once you've learned all its commands and options. + Vi and Vim. Other great editors primarily used with Linux but also available with multiple platforms. + Word Word Processor for Windows and Apple computers. Microsoft Edit - MS-DOS text editor. -NEdit - A graphical text editor. + Pico. A console-based text editor. sNotepad++ Our favorite free text editor. Notepadt+, is a ‘powerful alternative to Windows Notepad. + Textpad - Our favorite Shareware text editor Bie Lt Famat Wer Hp | “Tite Bor Maximize C08 eee 2. debugger Debugging is the process of Finding and fixing errors or bugs in the source code of any software, When software does not work as expected, computer programmers study the code to determine why any errors occurred. -Debugging is the process of identifying and resolving errors, (or bugs, in a software system. It is an important aspect of software engineering because bugs can cause a software system to malfunction, and can lead to poor performance or incorrect results. Debugging can be a time-consuming and complex task, but it is essential for ensuring that a software system is functioning correctly= Syntax error Runtime error standard. ing the wrong Function + Logic error + Disregarding adopted conventions in the coding fariable name in the wrong place «Failing to initialize a variable when absolutely required - Skipping a check for an error return Challenges of debugging The debugging process can be quite difficult and require as much work ...if not more than writing the code to begin with. 1. The negative effect of the coding error is clear, but the cause is not Zhe negat 3Dependencies are not clear, so fi parts of the program. 3.Translators effect of the coding error is difficult to reproduce. for example when web content contains drop-down menus ixing a coding error in one part of the program accidentally introduces new errors in other generic term that can refer to a comple, assembler, oF interpreter-anything that converts language into another, ‘ample. These include translations between high-level and human-readable computer languages Compiler language processor that reads the complete source program written in high-level language as a whole in one go and translates it into an equivalent Program in machine language is called a Compiler. in a compier, the source code is translated to object code successfully is Free of errors. The compiler specifies the errors at the end of the compilation with line numbers when there are any errors in the source code. assembler The Assembler is used to translate the program written in Assembly language into machine code. The source program is an input of fan assembler that contains assembly language instructions. The output generated by the assembler is the object code or machine code understandable by the computer. Assembler is basically the 1st interface that is able to communicate humans with the machine. We need an Assembler to fill the gap between human and machine so that interpreter translation of a single statement of the source program into machine code is done by a language processor and executes immediately before moving on to the next line is called an interpreter. The interpreter moves on to the next line for execution only after the removal of the error. ‘An Interpreter directly executes instructions writte programming or scripting language without previously converting them to an object code or machine code. they can communicate with each other. in interpreter translates one line code written in assembly language is at a time and then executes Se SESE. some sort of mnemonics(instructions) sas ae Sie) ouson bg 4, Device driver Drivers are OS Specific: Windows, Linux, or macOS ‘ekernel device drivers consist of some generic hardware loaded with the operating system (0S) as part of the 0S. Example: Motherboards, processors, and BIOS ‘*User-mode device drivers - external devices that they bring to use, such as external plug-and-play devices , Example: Printer, Scanner device driver is a computer program that operates or controls a particular type of de automaton. driver provides a software interface to hardware devices, enabling OS and other computer programs to access hardware Functions without needing to know precise details about the hardware being used. driver communicates with the device through the computer bus or communications subsystem to which the hardware connectsm Drivers are hardware dependent and operating-system-specific. 5. Operating system Operating System (0S) is an interface between a computer user and computer hardware. ~An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware and controls. the execution of all kinds of programs software which performs all the basic tasks like file management, memory management, process management, handling input and output. and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers software that enables applications to interact with a computer's hardware. ~An Operating System is the low-level software that supports a computer's basic Functions, such as scheduling tasks and controlling peripherals. ~system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs =-The software that contains the core components of the operating system is called the kernel important functions of an operating System >Memory Management >Processor Management >Device Management >>File Management Network Management >-Security >Control over system performance > job accounting >Error detecting aids >Coordination between other software and users that is attached to a computer orSource ‘Application ‘Softwares loadi loader is a vital component of an operating system th: Data 4 oe yn i t - ——+ Data flow Object <== Control flow Modules Binary Program ‘Schematic Execution of the Program 6. linker and loader linker is an important utility program that takes the object files, produced by the assembler and compiler, and other code to join them info a single executable file. There are two types of linkers, dynamic and linkage. is accountable for 1g programs and libraries, Absolute, Direct Linking, Bootstrap and Relocating are the Fypes of loaders linker ‘The main function of Linker is to generate executable files. The linker takes input of object code generated by compiler/assembler. king can be defined as process of combining various 2 of codes and source code to obtain executable code. pi Linkers are of 2 types: Linkage Editor and Dynamic Linke Another use of linker is to combine all object module: inker is also responsible for arranging objects in program's address space. loader main objective of Loader is to load executable memory. 's to main the loader takes input of executable files generated by linker. Loading can be defined as process of loading executable codes to main memory for Further execution. Loaders are of 4 types: Absolute, Relocating, Direct Linking, Bootstrap. helps in allocating the address to executable codes/files. Loader is also responsible for adjusting references which are used within the program. 1.4 Hybrid system Hybrid operating system may allow one operating system to fulfil requirements and the other operating system to Fulfil the rest. -In a hybrid operating system, two operating system may execute on a single device. This can be done by dividing the memory and the processor between the operating systems. All the system resources would be shared between them ~Both the operating systems in the hybrid environment may be aware of the other operating system and share resources with each other. For example: one of the operating systems may provide user interface, applications monitoring etc. while the other oper operating system. ing system may be a high-performance operating system that does not provide the same services as the first