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MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Total Sessions – 07
SESSION –1
AIM:
✓ Definition of Matrix
✓ Various types of Matrices
✓ Equality of Matrices

EXPLANATION:
1] Matrix: A rectangular arrangement (or array) of numbers, real or complex, is called a
Matrix. In other words, A matrix is a collection of real or complex numbers arranged in a
fixed number of rows and columns. Here a line of numbers aligned Horizontally form a
row and those aligned vertically form a column.
The numbers that make up a matrix are called its elements.
1 −3 0 8
Ex:[ ] is a 2 x 4 matrix, where 2is the number of rows and 4 is the number
−2 4 4 8
of columns.
So, if we have a matrix with m –rows and n – columns, the matrix is denoted as
1≤𝑖≤𝑚
[𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 Where
1≤𝑗≤𝑛

2] Various types of Matrices:

a) Row Matrix: A matrix which has only one row is called a Row A Matrix
Ex:[2 0 −1] is a 1 x 3 matrix
A Row matrix can be represented as[𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑙×𝑛
b) Column Matrix: A matrix which has only one column is called a column Matrix
1
Ex:[ 0 ] is a 3 x 1 matrix
−6
A column Matrix can be represented as[𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑙
c) Square Matrix: For a Matrix A, if the number of rows is equal to the number of
columns then A is said to be a Square Matrix. If Matrix A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 is a square matrix,
then m = n
1 2
Ex:[ ] is a 2 x 2 square matrix
−3 0

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1 2 7
[5 4 −1]is a 3 x 3 square matrix.
0 −5 0
Note: *Capital letters are usually used to name (or represent) a Matrix.
* If for A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 , m ≠ n, then A is called a Rectangular Matrix
d) Null Matrix: A matrix ′ 𝐴′ is called a null matrix if all its elements are zero.
That is, if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 ∀ I and j then A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 is a Null matrix.
0 0 0
Ex:[0 0 0] is 2 x 3 Null matrix Null matrices are denoted by O
0 0 0

Principal diagonal of a matrix

In a square matrix, the collection of elements aij where (i) = j forms the principal
diagonal. In other words, the principal diagonal of a square matrix is formed by the line
joining the first element of the first row (top– left corner) to the last element of the last
row ( bottom – right corner)
−1 2 7
Ex:[ 5 2 −3] principal diagonal
6 5 9
e) Diagonal matrix: A square matrix A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 is said to be a Diagonal Matrix if
aij = 0 ∀ i≠ simply, a square matrix in which all the elements outside the principal
diagonal are zero is called a diagonal Matrix
−1 0 0
Ex:[ 0 5 0]
0 0 6
The diagonal matrix in the above example can be represented as
Diag [1, 5, 6] or Diag ( –1, 5, 6)
f) Upper Triangular Matrix: A square matrix M = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 where aij = 0 ∀ i > j is called an
upper Triangular Matrix. We can also say that, in a square matrix if all the elements to
the left of principal diagonal are zero then it is an upper triangular matrix.
2 −3 8
Ex:[0 5 −7]; Here aij = 0∀ i > j
0 0 6
g) Lower Triangular Matrix: A square Matrix N =[𝑑𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 where dij = 0 ∀ i< j is said to be a
lower Triangular Matrix ie., if all the elements to the right of the principal diagonal in a
square matrix are zero then it is a lower Triangular Matrix
4 0 0
Ex:[1 2 0 ], Here aij = 0 ∀ i < j
7 9 −1

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h) Triangular Matrix: If a square matrix is either an upper triangular matrix or a lower

triangular matrix then it is called a Triangular matrix.
i) Scalar Matrix: A diagonal matrix whose elements of the principal diagonal are equal is
said to be a scalar matrix.
9 0 0
Ex:[0 9 0]
0 0 9
j) Identify (or) Unit Matrix: A square matrix in which all the principal diagonal elements
( i.e. aij where i = j)are equal to 1 and all other elements are zero is called an Identify
matrix (or) Unit Matrix. Identify Matrix is denoted by I
1 0 0 0
1 𝑜 0 1 0 0
Ex: I 2 =[ ] I 4 =[ ]
0 1 2×2 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 4×4
3] Equality of Matrices:
Two matrices A=[𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 and B = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]𝑝×𝑞 (are said to be equal)
i) m = p and n = q; that is both A and B are of same type and ii) All the corresponding
elements of A and B are equal.
Ex:For 2x 2 matrices
𝑎 𝑏 𝑝 𝑞
If A =[ ] and B = [ ] then A = B iff a = p, b = q, c =r and d = s
𝑐 𝑑 𝑟 𝑠

SOLVED EXAMPLES:
Ex.1: Find the values of a and b if [𝑎 1] =[7 1]
2 3 2 𝑏
Sol: Since corresponding elements must be equal for two matrices to be equal, a = 7 and b =
3
1 2 2 3
Ex.2: Is [3 4]=[4 5]?
5 6 6 1
Sol: No, because the corresponding elements are not equal.
7 0
7 2 0
Ex.3: If A = [ ] and B = [2 1] then, are A and B equal?
0 1 5
0 5
Sol: No, because A and B differ in dimensions and hence are not of the same type.

CLASS EXERCISE:
1] Which of the following matrix (or Matrices) is /are triangular

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1 0 1 9 0 6 1 −1 0
a)[1 4 0] b)[0 4 0] c)[0 2 1] d) none
5 3 0 0 0 7 0 0 7
𝑎𝑏 1 8 1
2] If [ ]=[ ]find the values of a & b
𝑐 𝑎/𝑏 2 2
3] Which of the following is diag [–1, 1, 4] ?
−1 0 0 −1 1 4 −1 0 0 4 0 0
a) [ 1 0 0] b)[ 0 0 0] c)[ 0 1 0] d)[0 1 0]
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 −1
4] Which of the following statements (s) is /are correct?
a) Every diagonal matrix is a scalar matrix
b) Every scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix
c) If Am x n = B2 x 1 then m = 2 and n = 1
d) Identify matrix has all principal diagonal elements equal to 1
5] Which of following statements are incorrect?
a) Row matrices have only one row
b) Every identify matrix is a square matrix
1 1 1
c)[1 1 1]is a unit matrix
1 1 1
1 0 0
d) [0 1 0]is a triangular matrix.
1 1 0

HOME EXERCISE:
1] If A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 then
a) m is the number of rows b) m is the number of columns
c) n is the number of columns d) n is the number of rows
𝑎 0 0
2] If[0 𝑏 0] is a scalar matrix the
0 0 𝑐
a)a = b = c b) a ≠ b≠c
c) a = b = c = 1 is possible d) a + b + c = 64161 is possible
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 0 0 5 0 0
3] Find a, b & c if[ 0 𝑎𝑏 0]=[0 3 0]
𝑎+𝑏−𝑐 0 0 3 0 0
log 𝑦 𝑥/𝑦 0 0 −1 0 0
4] If [ 0 0 𝑦/𝑧] [ 0 0 2]= x> 0 y > 0 find x 2 + y2 + z 3
2 0 9 0
0 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑧 0
𝑒𝑥 0 0
5] If [ 0 sin 𝑦 0 ] is an identify matrix, the value of cos(x + y + z) is
0 0 𝑧+1

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a) 1 b) 0 c) –1 d) none of these
6] If a matrix has 11 elements, its possible dimension(s) is/are
a) 10 x 1 b) 11 x 1 c) 1 x 10 d) 1 x 11

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SESSION – 2 & 3
AIM:
✓ Operations on Matrixes
i) Matrix addition and its properties
ii) Matrix Multiplication and properties
iii) Transpose of a Matrix

EXPLANATION:
Operations on Matrices
A] Matrix addition and its properties:
If A and B are two matrices of the same order (or dimension) then the matrix addition is
performed by adding the corresponding elements of A and B. The resulting sum is
represented as A + B and is of the same order as A and B.
Therefore, if A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 and B = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 then A + B = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 + 𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛
1 2 8 7 1+8 2+7 9 9
Ex:If A = [ ] and B =[ ] then A + B = [ ]=[ ]
3 4 6 5 3+6 4+5 9 9

Properties of Matrix addition:

(i) Matrix addition is commutative i.e., A + B = B + A
(ii) Matrix addition is associative. ie., A + ( B +C) = ( A + B) + C
(iii) If A is m x n matrix then Om x n (null matrix of dimension m x n ) is its additive
Identify.
ie., O + A = A + O = A
(iv) If A + B = D and A + C = D then B = C
*Few more properties of matrix addition will be taught after “multiplication of matrices
by a scalar”

B) Matrix Multiplication:
i) Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar (scalar multiplication)
If A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 is the given matrix and if ‘K’ is a real or complex constant, then
kA = K [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 = [𝑘𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛
1 −1
Ex: If K = – 1 and A =[ ] find – A
−2 4
Sol: – A = (– 1) A
1 −1 (−1) × 1 (−1) × (−1)
=(–)[ ]= [ ]
−2 4 (−1) × (−2) (−1) × 4

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−1 1
– A =[ ]
2 −4

i) Few more properties of Matrix addition:

(i) A + (– A) = ( –A) + A = 0 ie., – A is the additive inverse of A
(ii) K ( A + B) = KA + KB
(iii) If A + B = C then A = C – B

ii) Multiplication of two matrices (Matrix Multiplication):

Let A is a m x n matrix and B is a n x p matrix, then the product C of A and B is a m x p
matrix
C = AB = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 = [𝑐𝑖𝑘 ]𝑚×𝑝
Here Cik = ∑𝑛𝑗=𝑖(𝑎𝑖𝑗 )(𝑏𝑗𝑘 )
Note: If A and B are two matrices, their product AB exists if and only if the number of columns
of A is equal to number of rows of B.

Corollary: If AB exists it is not necessary that BA should exist.

0 1 2 0 1
Ex: Let A =[ ] and B = [ ] find AB
−1 7 6 2 9
Sol: AB does not exist because number of columns of A (3) is not equal to rows of B ( 2)

1 −1
1 0 −3
Ex: If A =[ ] and B =[ 2 0 ] find AB
−1 2 1
−1 5
Sol: A is a 2 x 3 matrix and B is a 3 x 2 matrix. Hence, matrix multiplication is possible and
the resultant is a 2 × 2 matrix.
1 −1
1 0 −3
AB = [ ][ 2 0]
−1 2 1
−1 5
Sum of products of corresponding elements of Sum of products of corresponding elements
of first row of A with first column of B first row of A with second column of B
(1 × 1) + (0 × 2) + (−3 × −1) (1 × −1) + (0 × 0) + (−3 × 5)
=[ ]
(−1 × 1) + (2 × 2) + (1 × −1) (−1 × −1) + (2 × 0) + (1 × 5)
Sum of Products of corresponding of second row of ASum of products of corresponding
With first column of Belements of second row of A with second column of B
1 + 0 + 3 −1 + 0 − 15 4 −16
=[ ]=[ ]
−1 + 4 − 1 1+0+5 2 6
4 −16
∴ 𝐴𝐵 = [ ]
2 6

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Properties of Matrix Multiplication:

i) Matrix multiplication is not necessarily commutative ie. AB is not necessarily equal to BA
even if both of them exist.
ii) Matrix Multiplication is associative  A(BC) = ( AB) C

(𝐴. 𝐴. 𝐴 … 𝐴)
iii) (A)n =exists iff A is a square matrix.

n times
iv) (𝐴𝑝 )𝑞 =𝐴𝑝𝑞
v) AP. Aq = A p + q
vi) Matrix multiplication is distributive over matrix addition
ie., A (B + C) = A B + AC
vii) If A is a square matrix of order m x m then Im( Identify Matrix of order m x m ) is its
multiplicative identify.
ie.,AI = IA = A
viii) If A is a m x n matrix then, AIn = ImA = A
Identify matrix of order n x n
Identify matrix of order m x m
ix) If A is the diagonal matrix given by
A = diag [a1, a2, a3….an] then Am is given by
Am = diag [a1m, a2m, a3m,a……..anm]

C) Transpose of a Matrix:
Let A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 be a matrix. Then, the transpose of A denoted by A T, is obtained by
interchanging its rows and columns.
Therefore AT = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑛×𝑚
1 3 0
1 4 7 −11
4 19 −1
Ex: Let 𝐴 [3 19 0 2 ] then AT =[ ]
7 0 5
0 −1 5 8
−11 2 8
Properties
(i) (AT)T = A
(ii) ( A + B)T = AT + BT ( also ( A – B) T = AT – BT)
(iii) (AB)T = BT AT
(iv)(KA) T = KAT( K is a scalar).

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D) More types of Matrices:

(i) Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix A is said to be a symmetric matrix if,
AT = A, ie., [aij] = [aj i]
4 −2 0 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Ex:[−2 9 6];[𝑏 𝑑 𝑒 ]
0 6 1 𝑐 𝑒 𝑓
(ii) Skew – symmetric Matrix:
If AT = –A where A is a square matrix then A is said to be a skew symmetric Matrix. ie.,
[aij]= – [aji]
0 −2 1 0 𝑎 𝑏
Ex:[ 2 0 −3]; [−𝑎 0 −𝑐 ]
−1 3 0 −𝑏 𝑐 0
* In a skew – symmetric matrix, the principal diagonal elements are all zero.
* Let Abe a symmetric matrix, then An is also a symmetric matrix∀ n Z+
* Let A be a skew – symmetric matrix, then An is a symmetric matrix if n is an even integer
and An is a skew – symmetric matrix if n is an odd integer.
𝐴+𝐴𝑇 𝐴−𝐴𝑇
* Let A be a square matrix, then is a symmetric matrix and is a skew– symmetric
2 2
𝐴+𝐴𝑇 𝐴−𝐴𝑇
matrix and + =A
2 2
* Skew – symmetric matrices are sometimes refer to as anti – symmetric matrices.
(iii) Idempotent Matrix:
If A2 = A, then A is called an Idempotent matrix. Here, A must be a square matrix.
(iv) Orthogonal Matrix:
A square matrix A is called an orthogonal matrix if A. AT = AT. A = I
(v) Conjugate of a matrix
Let A be a matrix then𝐴𝐴̅ is called its conjugate and is obtained by replacing the
elements of A by their corresponding complex conjugates.
2 + 3𝑖 𝑖 2 − 3𝑖 −𝑖
Ex: Let A = [ ] ⇒ 𝐴̅ = [ ]
7 −4 − 3𝑖 7 −4 + 3𝑖
(vi) Conjugate Transpose of a matrix:
Transpose of a conjugate matrix is called conjugate transpose of the matrix. Let A be a
matrix, then, 𝐴̅ is the conjugate matrix and (𝐴̅)T is the conjugate transpose of A and is
represented as A*
i.e., (𝐴̅)T = ̅̅
𝐴̅̅
𝑇 [𝑎 ̅𝑇
𝑗𝑖 A* = [𝐴] = 𝐴
̅̅̅] 𝑇

* If A = A* then A is said to be a Heronitian matrix. i.e., [aij] = [𝑎

̅̅̅]
𝑗𝑖

* If A = – A* or A* = – A then A is said to be a skew – hermitian (or) Anti – hermitian

matrix. ie.,[aij] = [𝑎
̅̅̅]*
𝑗𝑖 Diagonal elements of a hermitian matrix must be real

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(vii) Nilpotent Matrix: Let A be a square matrix. If An = 0 for some n Z+ then A is called a
Nilpotent matrix. The least value of n that makes An = 0 is called its Index.
(viii) Commuting Matrices:
In general, matrix multiplication is not commutative. But, if there exists matrices A and
B such that AB = BA, then A and B are said to commute (or) to be commuting) Now, if AB
= BA then
(i) (A ± B)2 = A2± 2 AB + B2
(ii) (A + B) (A – B) = A2 – B2
(iii) (A± B)3 = A3±3A2B + 3AB2±B3
(iv) A3± B3 = (A ±B) (A2∓ AB + B2)

SOLVED EXAMPLES:
1 1
1 1 0 −1
0 1 −1 0 0
Ex.1: Let A =[ ] B =[0 1 −1 0 ]and C = [ ]. Find A (BC)
1 0 1 −1 0
1 1 0 0
1 0
Sol: A (BC) = (AB) C
1 1 0 −1
0 1 −1
Let us first find AB; AB = [ ] [0 1 −1 0 ]=
1 0 1
1 1 0 0

(𝟎 × 𝟏) + (𝟏 × 𝟎) + (−𝟏 × 𝟏) (𝟎 × 𝟏) + (𝟏 × 𝟏) + (−𝟏 × −𝟏) (𝟎 × 𝟎) + (𝟏 × −𝟏) + (−𝟏 × 𝟎)(𝟎 × −𝟏) + (𝟏 × 𝟎) + (𝟏 × 𝟎)

[ ]
(𝟏 × 𝟏) + (𝟎 × 𝟎) + (𝟏 × 𝟏) (𝟏 × 𝟏) + (𝟎 × 𝟏) + (𝟏 × 𝟏) (𝟏 × 𝟎) + (𝟎 × −𝟏) + (𝟏 × 𝟎)(𝟏 × 𝟏) + (𝟎 × 𝟎) + (𝟏 × 𝟎)
1 1
−1 0 −1 0 ; Now (AB) C = [−1 0 −1 0 ] [ 0 0
].
∴ [ 2 2 0 −1] 2 2 0 −1 −1 0
1 0
(−1 × 1) + (0 × 0) + (−1 × −1) (−1 × 1) + (0 × 0) + (−1 × 0) + (0 × 0)
AB = C =[ ]
(2 × 1) + (2 × 0) + (0 × −1) + (−1 × 1) (2 × 1) + (2 × 0) + (0 × 0) + (−1 × 0)
−2 −1
A(BC) = (AB) C = [ ]
1 2

2 𝑖 3 − 2𝑖
Ex.2: If A =[ ] find A *
0 1 −𝑖
Sol: A * = (𝐴̅)T
2 −𝑖 3 + 2𝑖
Now 𝐴̅ = [ ]
0 1 𝑖
2 0
A* = [ −𝑖 1]
3 + 2𝑖 𝑖

𝑖 0 106
Ex.3. Let A = [ ] where i= √−1, find A
0 𝑖

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𝑖 0
Sol: Given A = [ ]= diag [ i, i]
0 𝑖
But An = diag [in, in]
Here , n = 106  A106 = diag [ i106, i106]1 = diag [‘ – 1, – 1]
−1 0
∴ A106 = [ ]
0 −1

2 0
Ex.4. If A = [ ], then A9 = 512 I ; True or false
0 2
2 0
Sol: Given A = [ ],
0 2
1 0
We can write, A = 2 [ ], = 2I
0 1
∴ A9 = 29. I9= 29. I
∴ A9 = 512 I .Hence True.

CLASS EXERCISE:
1] If S is an anti – symmetric matrix of dimension n x n and C is a n x 1 column matrix, then
CTSC is a
a) Unit matrix b) null matrix c) Scalar matrix d) diagonal matrix
1 0 1
2] The values of K for which the matrix𝑀 = 𝑘 [1 01 −1] is orthogonal is
0 𝑘 0
a) ± 1/2 b) ± 1 c) ± 1/√3, d) ± 1/√2
1 2 1
3] If A =[0 1 −1] then A3 – 3A2 – A – 9I =
3 −1 1
a) I b) O c) A2 d) A
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝐴𝑥
0 0
4] If A = [ ] show that lim 𝑥 is O = [ ]
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑥→∞ 0 0
1 3 − 2𝑖 7 + 9𝑖
5] Let A = [3 + 2𝑖 0 −𝑖 ] the A is
7 − 9𝑖 𝑖 2
a) Hermitian b) Symmetric c) Skew – symmetric d) Skew – Hermitian
0 1 0
6] If A = [0 0 1]show thatA3 = xI + yA +zA2, where I is an identify matrix of dimension 3 x
𝑥 𝑦 3
3
1 2 3 𝑎 4 −2
2
7] If [3 1 2] [𝑏 ]= [ 0 −6] [ ] the a, b,c =
1
2 3 1 𝑐 −1 2
a) a = b = 2, c = – 4 b) a = – 4, b = c = 2
c) a = c = – 4, b = 2 d) a = b = c = 2

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3 1
8] Let A = [ ] then A2 – 5A + 7 I is
−1 2
a) unit matrix b) null matrix c) A d) none of these

HOME EXERCISE:
3 −2
1] If A = [ ] and A2 +2 I = kA find K
4 −2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝜃
2] If A = [ ] Show that An = [ 𝑛 ] for all n ∈ Z +
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝜃
𝑖 0
3] If A =[ ] where i = √−1, A2011 is
0 𝑖
a) A b) 0 c) –A d) A*
2 3
1 −2 3
4] If A =[ ] and B = [4 5] show that AB ≠ BA
−4 2 5
2 1
3 −4
5] Let A = [ ]then An is
1 −1
1+𝑛 −4 1 + 2𝑛 −4𝑛 1 + 2𝑛 4𝑛 1 − 2𝑛 −4𝑛
a) [ ] b)[ ] c)[ ] d)[ ]
1 1−𝑛 𝑛 1 − 2𝑛 −𝑛 1 − 2𝑛 𝑛 1 − 2𝑛
5 3
6] Show that A = [ ]satisfies x2 – 3x – 7 =0
−1 −2
2
7] If A = [ 𝑎𝑏2 𝑏 ] then A is
−𝑎 −𝑎𝑏
a) idempotent b) Nilpotenet with index 2
c) Nilpotent with index 3 d) Identify matrix
8] If the order of A is 4 x 3 and B is 4 x 2 and that of C is 5 x 3 find the order of
D = (ATB)TCT
a) 2 x 5 b) 5 x 2 c) 3 x 5 d) 5 x

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SESSION –4
AIM:
✓ Trace of a matrix
✓ Determinant of a square matrix

EXPLANATION:
1] Trace of a matrix: The sum of elements, that constitute the principal diagonal of a
square matrix, is called the trace of that matrix.
If A is a square matrix then the trace of A is denoted as trA

Properties of trace of Matrix:

(i) tr (A + B) = tr A + trB
(ii) (ii) tr (A – B) = trA – tr B
(iii) tr(KA) = K . tr A
(iv) tr (AB) = tr( BA) ( If both AB and BA exist ) (v) tr(AB)≠ tr A. tr B
(v) If A, B, C are three matrices of order n then, tr (A BC) = tr (BCA) = tr (CAB) = tr ( ACB) =
tr(BAC) = trC(BA)

2] Determinant of a Matrix: a 2 x 2 matrix

𝑎 𝑏
Let A = [ ] be the matrix. The determinant of A is a value represented by det (A) or
𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏
det A and denoted as [ ] and is equal to ad – bc
𝑐 𝑑
∴ det A = ad – bc
Note: Determinants are usually associated with square matrices only.
b) 3 x 3 matrix:

(i) Minor: Let A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]3×3, where aij represents the element which is in the ith row and jth
column.The determinant, obtained by removing the ith row and jth column, of the
matrix is called the minor of aij. It is denoted by Mij.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝑎22 𝑎23
If A =[ 21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ] then M11 =[𝑎
𝑎 ]= a 22 a 33 – a32 a 23
32 𝑎33
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝑎11 𝑎13
Similarly M22 =[𝑎 ] = a11 a33 – a31 a13
31 𝑎33

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(ii) CO – factor: If A = [ aij] is a matrix such that Mij is the minor of aij, the ( – 1) i + jMij is
the
co – factor of aij. It is denoted by Aij.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
Let A = [𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ]
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
We have M11 = a 22 a33 – a32 a23
 A11 = (– 1) 1+1 (a22 a33 – a32 a23)
= a22 a33 – a32 a33
Similarly
M23 = (a11 a32 – a31 a12)
 A23 = (– 1) 2+3 (a11 a32 – a31 a12) = – 1 (a11 a32 – a31 a12)

(iii) Determinant of a 3 x 3 matrix

The determinant of a 3 x 3 matrix is equal to the sum of the products of the elements of a
single row ( or column) with corresponding cofactors. It is denoted by Δ
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
If A = [𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ]
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
Then Δ=[ 21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ]
𝑎
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
Δ= a11A11 + a12A12+ a13 A13
(or)
Δ= a21 A21 + a22 A22 + a23 A23
(or)
Δ= a31 A31 + a32 A32 + a33 A33
(or)
Δ= a11 A11 + a21 A21+ a31 A31
(or)
Δ= a12 A12 + a22 A22 + a32 A32
(or)
Δ= a13 A13 + a23 A23 + a33 A33

Solved examples:
1 2 3
Ex.1: Find the trace of A = [4 1 0 ]
5 1 −1
Sol: tr A = sum of elements of principal diagonal

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tr A = 1 + 1 + (– 1) = 1
1 3 1 2 1 0
Ex.2: If A= = [−1 0 4] and B = =[−1 0 1 ] show that tr (A +B) = tr A + tr B
7 1 2 1 0 −1
1+2 3+1 1+0 3 4 1
Sol: A + B = [−1 − 1 0 + 0 4 + 1] =[−2 0 5]
7+1 1+0 2−1 8 1 1
Tr (A + B ) = 3 + 0 + 1 = 4 ………………………(i)
Tr A = 1 + 0 + 2 = 3
Tr B = 2 + 0 – 1 = 1
tr A + tr B = 3 + 1 = 4 Tr (A + B) = Tr (A) + Tr(B)……….(ii)
1 1 0
Ex.3: Find A23, A13 for A =[2 0 1]and A22. A33
1 0 3
Sol: A23= (– 1) 2 + 3, M23 = (– 1)5 (1.0 – 1.1) = (– 1) (– 1) = 1
A13 = (– 1) 1+3. M13 = (– 1)4 (2.0 – 1.0) = (– 1) (0) = 0
∴ A23 = 1 and A13 = 0
A22 = (– 1) 2 + 2 (1.3 – 1.0) = 3; A33 = (– 1) 3+3 (1.0 – 2.1) = – 2
∴A22. A33 = 3. (– 2) = – 6
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Ex.4: Find det A if A = [ ]
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Sol: det A = [ ] = sin2𝜃 – (– Cos2𝜃)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
det A = sin2𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 = 1

𝑥 𝑎 1
Ex. 5: Find Δ if A = [1 𝑥 𝑎]
1 1 𝑥
𝑥 𝑎 1
Sol: Δ= [1 𝑥 𝑎 ] = x ( x .x – a.1) – a ( 1. x – 1.a) + 1 ( 1.1 – 1.x)
1 1 𝑥
= x (x 2 – a)– a (x – a) + 1 (1 – x)
= x3 – ax – ax + a2 + 1 – x
∴ Δ = x3 – x ( 2a + 1) + a2 + 1.

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CLASS EXERCISE:
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 2𝑎 𝑎 𝑏
1] If[ 𝑐 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 2𝑎 𝑏 ] = k (a + b + c)2 then K=_____
𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 + 𝑎 + 2𝑏
a) 2 (a + b+ c) b) 2 abc c) 2 (a + b + c)2 d) 2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
2] If a, b, c are roots of x3 + px + q = 0 then[𝑏 𝑐 𝑎] =
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
a) p b) q c) 0 d) p2 – 2q
1 log 𝑧 𝑦 log 𝑥 𝑧
3] Show that [log 𝑦 𝑥 1 log 𝑦 𝑧]= 0
log 𝑧 𝑥 log 𝑧 𝑦 1
3 4
4] If A = | |then A + A2 + A3…..+ A99 =
1 1
a) 1 b) – 1 c) 0 d) none of these
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
5] The number of distinct real roots of|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥| = 0 in the interval –4  x is
4
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
a) 0 b) 2 c) 1 d) 3
−𝑎 2𝑏 0
6] If A = | 0 −𝑎 2𝑏 |= 0 then
2𝑏 0 𝑎
a) 1/b is a cube root of unity b) a is one of the cube roots of unity
𝑎
c) b is one of the cube roots of 8 d) 𝑏is a cube root of 8
−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 −𝑥 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
7] Let f (x) =| 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −𝑥 2 2𝑥 |then lim 𝑥 =
𝑥→0
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 −𝑥 1
a) 1 b)– 2 c) 3 d) 4
𝑘 𝑘+2 𝑘+3
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦𝑧+𝑥𝑦+𝑥𝑧
8] Show that k = – 1 if|𝑦 𝑘 𝑦 𝑘+2 𝑦 𝑘+3 |=(x – y) ( y – z ) ( z – x )( 𝑥𝑦𝑧 ).
𝑧𝑘 𝑧 𝑘+2 𝑧 𝑘+3

HOME EXERCISE:
1 1 0
𝑚 𝑚+3 𝑚+6
1] | 𝐶1 𝐶1 𝐶1 |= 2a 3 b5c, then a + b + c
𝑚 𝑚+3 𝑚+6
𝐶2 𝐶2 𝐶2
a) 5 b) 3 c) 7 d) 4
2009 2010 2011
2] |2010 2011 2012|=
2011 2012 2013
a) 1 b) – 1 c) 0 d) none of these

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3] If 𝛼, 𝛽 and 𝛾 are the angles of a triangle and

1 1 1
| 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾 |=0 then The triangle is a / an
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛾
a) equilateral b) isosceles c) right angled d) none of these
−(𝑥+𝑦)
𝑧 −1 𝑧 −1 𝑧2
If Δ = || | then
−(𝑦+𝑧)
4] 𝑥 −1 −1
𝑥 |
𝑥2
−𝑦(𝑦+𝑧) 𝑥+2𝑦+𝑧 −(𝑥+𝑦)
𝑥2𝑧 𝑥𝑧 𝑥𝑧 2
a) Δ = 0 b) Δ is independent of x
c) Δdepends only on z d) Δis independent of y
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
5] If a, b ,c are in A.P. with common difference d then |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎|
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
a) depends on a b) depends on d c) is a constant d) none of these
𝑥−1 5𝑥 7
6] If|𝑥 2 − 1 𝑥 − 1 8| = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d , the value of c is
2𝑥 3𝑥 0
a) 12 b) 17 c) – 1 d) 0
𝛼 2
7] Let A =[ ]. If |A3| = 125, 𝛼 is
2 𝛼
a) + 3 b) – 3 c) 0 d) none of these
1 1 0 0 1 0
8] If A =|0 1 1| B = | 1 0 −1|; then roots of 4x2 – Ax + B = 0 are
0 −2 4 −2 4 0
1 1 1 1
a) 1,2 b) – 1, c) 1, d)– 1,
2 2 2

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SESSION –5
AIM:
✓ Properties of Determinant

EXPLANATION:
1] Properties of Determinant:
a) det (A) = det (AT)ie., if we interchange the rows and columns of a matrix the value of the
determinant remains same.
b) If two rows (or columns) of a matrix are equal (identical) or proportional then
determinant is zero.
c) If a pair of rows (or columns) are interchanged then the sign of determinant change.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏 𝑎 𝑐
Eg. If |𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 | = Δ then|𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 | |𝑒 𝑑 𝑔| = −Δ
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 ℎ 𝑔 𝑖
d) If all the elements of a row (or column) are multiplied by a scalar K then the
determinant of the resultant matrix is K times the determinant of the original matrix.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎𝑘 𝑏𝑘 𝑐𝑘 𝑎𝑘 𝑏 𝑐
Eg. If A = |𝑑 𝑒 𝑓| and Δ = |𝑑 𝑒 𝑓| the | 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 | = |𝑑𝑘 𝑒 𝑓| = 𝑘Δ
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑔𝑘 ℎ 𝑖
e) If Ktimes a row ( column) is added to another row ( column) then the determinant of the
resultant matrix is same as the determinant of the original matrix.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 + 𝑘𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 + 𝑘𝑔 𝑏 + 𝑘ℎ 𝑐 + 𝑘𝑖
Eg. If |𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 | = Δ then |𝑑 + 𝑘𝑒 𝑒 𝑓| = | 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 |=Δ
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑔 + 𝑘ℎ ℎ 𝑖 𝑔 ℎ 𝑖
f) When each element in a row (or column) is a sum of two terms then its determinant can
be expressed as a sum of two determinants of two square matrices of same dimension.
𝑎+𝑥 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑥 𝑏 𝑐
Eg.If |𝑑 + 𝑦 𝑒 𝑓 | = Δ then Δ = |𝑑 𝑒 𝑓| + |𝑦 𝑒 𝑓|
𝑔+𝑧 ℎ 𝑖 𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑧 ℎ 𝑖
g) If A is a n x n triangular matrix ( upper or lower) thendet (A) = a11 a22 ………… ann
ie., Determinant is equal to the product of the elements of principal diagonal.
h) det (AB) = det (BA) = det (A). det (B)

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Corollary: If det (AB) = 0 then either det A = 0 or det B = 0

i) Sum of the products of the elements of a row ( or column) with the cofactors of the
corresponding elements of any other row ( or column) is zero
𝑎11 𝐴11 + 𝑎12 𝐴22 + 𝑎13 𝐴23 = 0
𝑎11 𝐴31 + 𝑎12 𝐴32 + 𝑎13 𝐴33 = 0
𝑜𝑟
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎121 𝐴11 + 𝑎22 𝐴21 + 𝑎32 𝐴31 = 0
For eg. IfΔ = | 21
𝑎 𝑎22 𝑎23 |then 𝑎12 𝐴13 + 𝑎22 𝐴23 + 𝑎32 𝐴33 = 0
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 .
.
.
{ .
j) If A is a n x n matrix then det (cA) = cn det A where C is a constant.
10 20 1 2 10 20 1 2
Eg: If A =[ ] = 10 [ ] = 10A then| |= 102| | = 100 ( 4 – 6) = – 200
30 40 3 4 30 40 3 4
k) If |A| = 0 then A is said to be a singular matrix
If | A| ≠ 0 then A is said to be a non – singular matrix.
NOTE:
* det (A + B) is not necessarily equal to det A + det B
1 0
Ex: If A = B = [ ]
0 1
Then det (A + B) = and det A = det B = 2
* Determinant of a unit matrix is 1
* Determinant of a skew symmetric matrix of dimension 3 x 3 is zero.

CLASS EXERCISE:
0 4 −6
1] [−4 0 −1]=?
6 1 0
a) 1 b) 0 c) –1 d) None of these
2 1 7 𝑎 1 7 𝑏 1 7
2] If find |4 −1 4| = |𝑏 −1 4| + | 𝑐 −1 4| a, b, c
6 2 1 𝑐 2 1 𝑎 2 1
a) a = b = c = 1 b) a = 2, b = 1, c = 4 c) a = 2 b = 0 c = 4 d) a =
0,b= 2, c = 4

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5 0 0
3] |0 1 0| =?
0 1 2
a) 5 b) 10 c) 1 d) 2
1 0 0 5 0 6
4] If A = [0 1 0] 𝐵 = [0 1 0]find det (AB)
0 0 5 0 0 1
a) 10 b) 25 c) 50 d) 30
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑓 𝑒 𝑑
5] |𝑑 𝑒 𝑓| = 𝑘 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 | 𝑐 𝑏 𝑎 |is
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑖 ℎ 𝑔
a) –k b) k c) 0 d) k2
1 3 0 0
6] A=[ ]B=[ ] find det (AB)
2 4 1 3
a) 1 b) 6 c) 0 d) –2
3 7 2 1 4 9
7] A=[1 2 −1 ] B = [ −1 8 7] find det (AB)
21 49 14 2 5 1
a) 0 b) 63 c) 12 d) – 14
sin 𝑥 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
8] C = [sin 2𝑥𝑥
cos sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥 ] then
cos 𝑥 cot 𝑥
2

a) | C | = 0 b) C is nonsingular c) | C| = 1 d) C is singular

HOME EXERCISE:
2 4 6 5 0 0 𝑎 1 1
1] |8 16 24| = |0 1 0| |1 2 1|then a is
6 12 18 0 0 3 1 1 1
a) 1 b) – 1 c) 0 d) 2
1 12 1 7
0 2 𝑎 −1
2] If A = [ ] and | A| = – 36 then a is
0 3 0 3
0 0 0 6
a) 1 b) – 1 c) – 2 d) 2
1
𝑎2 𝑏𝑐
𝑎
3] |1 𝑏2 𝑐𝑎 || =
|𝑏
1
𝑐2 𝑎𝑏
𝑐

a) 1 b) 2 c) 0 d) –b

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𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎2 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐
4] If |2 3 4| = D then | 4 6 8 | is
𝑝 𝑞 𝑟 𝑝𝑞 𝑞2 𝑟2
a) D b) 2aq D c) 2apD d) O
𝑎 1 1
5] Let A = [𝑏 1 1] then 2b (a – c) =
𝑐 1 1
a) 0 b) 1 c) abc d) ab
log 𝑎𝑛 log 𝑎𝑛+1 log 𝑎𝑛+2
6] If a 1, a2, a3….. are in G.P. then the value of |log 𝑎𝑛+3 log 𝑎𝑛+4 log 𝑎𝑛+5 | is
log 𝑎𝑛+5 log 𝑎𝑛+7 log 𝑎𝑛+3
a) 1 b) – 1 c) 0 d) none of these
2𝑥 + 7 𝑥 + 4 𝑥+3
7] If | 𝑥 + 4 2𝑥 + 6 𝑥 + 2 | = 0, the possible values of x are
𝑥+3 𝑥 + 2 2𝑥 + 5
a) 2, 3, 4 b) – 2, 3, 4 c) – 2, – 3, 4 d) – 2, – 3, –4
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
8] | 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 | =
cot 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥
a) 1 b) – 1 c) 0 d) none of these

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SESSION – 6
AIM:
✓ Adjoint Matrix
✓ Inverse of a Matrix

EXPLANATION:
1] Adjoint Matrix:
Let A = [ aij] be a square matrix and Aij is the cofactor of aij. Then transpose of the
matrix [Aij] is called the adjoint of A. It is denoted as adj A (or) Adj A
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
Let A = [ 21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ]
𝑎
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝐴11 𝐴12 𝐴13
Now [Aij] = [ 21 𝐴22 𝐴23 ] is the cofactor matrix
𝐴
𝐴31 𝐴32 𝐴33
𝐴11 𝐴21 𝐴31
adj A = [𝐴12 𝐴22 𝐴32 ]
𝐴13 𝐴23 𝐴33
1 2 1
Ex.1. Find the adjoint of A = [2 1 1]
1 1 2
(1.2 − 1.1) −(2.2 − 1.1 ) (2.1 − 1.1) 1 −3 1
Sol: Cofactor Matrix = [−(2.2 − 1.1) (1.2 − 1.1) −(1.1 − 1.2)] = [−3 1 1]
(2.1 − 1.1) −(1.1 − 1.2) (1.1 − 2.2) 1 1 −3
1 −3 1 𝑇
Now Adj A =[−3 1 1]
1 1 −3
1 −3 1
Adj A = [−3 1 1]
1 1 −3

1. Properties of Adjoint Matrix:

a) Adj (AB) = (Adj B) (AdjA)
b) Adj AT = (Adj A)T
c) If ′𝐶′ is a constant Adj (CA) = cn – 1 Adj A, n is the order of the square matrix A
2
d) |(Adj A)| = |A| (n – 1) and | Adj (Adj A)| = |𝐴|(𝑛−1) similarly |Adj Adj Adj A| =
3
|𝐴|(𝑛−1)
e) If A is singular then A. (Adj A) = (Adj A) A = O
f) If |A| = O |Adj A| = O
g) If A is symmetric then Adj A is also symmetric

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h) Adj (Adj A) = | A| n – 2 A
2. Inverse of a Matrix:
A square matrix A is said to be invertible if there exists a square matrix B such that AB =
BA = I then B is called the inverse of A.
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴
If A is a non – singular matrix then the Inverse of A is A – 1 = det 𝐴
a) 2 x 2 matrix:
𝑎 𝑏 1 𝑑 −𝑏
Let A be a 2 x 2 matrix and if A = [ ] then A – 1 = .[ ]
𝑐 𝑑 𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐 −𝑐 𝑎
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴
b) 3 x 3 matrix: A – 1of a 3 x 3 matrix can be found using A – 1 =det 𝐴

Note:
* Every square matrix is not necessarily Invertible
* Rectangular matrices are not Invertible
* Every Invertible square matrix has a unique Inverse.

Properties of Inverse of a Matrix:

(i) If A is invertible then (A – 1) –1 = A
(ii) I – 1 = I, I is the Identify matrix
(iii) If A and B are two invertible matrices of same dimension (AB) – 1 = B – 1 A – 1
Corollary: (A1, A2, A3,………An) – 1 = A – 1n. A – 1n – 1 …………A – 13, A – 12, A – 11
(iv) If A is invertible, so is AT and (AT)– 1 = (A – 1) T
1
(v) det A – 1 = det 𝐴
𝐴
(vi) (Adj A) – 1 = |𝐴| = Adj ( A– 1)
(vii) If a matrix A exists such that A2 = I then A is said to be a Involuntary matrix. Here, A is
the inverse of itself
(viii) If A is a symmetric matrix then A – 1 is also symmetric
(ix) If A is a diagonal matrix the A – 1 is also a diagonal matrix

1 2
Ex. 2: A = [ ] find A– 1
3 4
1 4 −2
Sol: A – 1 = 1.4 – 3.2 [ ]
−3 1
1 4 −2
= − [ ]
2 −3 1
−2 1
A – 1 = [ ]
3/2 −1/2

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1 2 3
Ex.3: If A = [0 4 5] then find A – 1
1 0 6
24 5 −4
Sol: The cofactor matrix of A = [−12 3 2]
−2 −5 4
24 −12 −2
 Adj A = | 5 3 −5| = det A = 1(4.6 – 0.5) – 2 (0.6 – 1.5) + 3 (0.0 – 1.4)
−4 2 4
= 24 + 10 – 12 = 22
24 −12 −2 12/11 −6/11 −1/11
– 1 1
A = [ 5 3 −5] = [ 5/22 3/22 −5/22]
22
−4 2 4 −2/11 1/11 2/11

CLASS EXERCISE:
1 −1 1 4 2 2
1] Let A = [2 1 −3] and 10 (B) = [−5 0 𝛼 ] If A – 1 = B find 𝛼
1 1 1 1 −2 3
a) 5 b) – 5 c) 0 d) 2
cos 𝛼 − sin 𝛼 0
2] [ sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼 0]then (Adj A) – 1 =
0 0 1
a) A b) I c) 1 d) 0
4 0 0
3] If A is a square matrix such that A (Adj A) = [0 4 0] then det (adj A) =
0 0 4
a) 64 b) 16 c) 4 d) 256
4] If A is a non – singular square matrix such that it satisfies A2 – A + 2I = 0 then A – 1
1 1
a) I – A b) I + A c) 2 (I – A) d) (I + A)
2
5] A and B are invertible matrices of same order, then adj (AB) is equal to
a) adj (B) adj (A) b) |B| |A| B – 1 A – 1 c) |B| |A| A – 1 B – 1 d) |A||B|(AB) – 1
6] If B = –A – 1 BA then
a) AB + BA = O b) (A + B) 2 = A2 + B2
c) (A + B)2 = A2 + B2 + 2AB d) (A +B)2 = A +B
7] If A is invertible and A2 – 3A + 8I = 0 then I =
1 3 1 3 1 8 1 8
a) 8 A –8A– 1 b) 8A + 8A– 1 c) 3A + 5A– 1 d) 3A –3A– 1
1 2 2
8] If 3A = [ 2 1 –1
−2] then A =
−2 2 −1
1 T
a) AT b) 2AT c) A d) 3AT
2

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HOME EXERCISE:
12 22 32
1] If A = [22 32 42 ] then |adj A |=
32 42 52
a) 6 b) 8 c) 64 d) 256
−1 −2 −2
2] Let A = [ 2 1 −2] and if Adj A = x AT, x =
2 −2 1
a) – 3 b) – 2 c) 2 d) 3
3] A has dimensions n x n , if A2 + A + 2I = 0, then
1
a) A is singular b) A ≠ 0 c) |A| ≠0 d)A – 1= –2 (A + I)
4] If A and B are 3 x 3 matrices and | A|≠ 0 then
a) |AB | = 0  |B| = 0 b) |AB|  0  | B |  0
c) | A – 1| = |A| – 1 d) | 2A| = 2 |A|
1 0 0
5] If A = [0 1 1], 6 A – 1 = A2 + cA + dI, then (c, d ) is
0 −2 4
a) (– 11, 6) b) (– 6, 11) c) (6, 11) d) (11, 6)
2 2 1
6] If A = [1 3 1] then A – 1 + (A – 5I) (A – I) 2 =
1 2 2
4 2 −1 4 −2 −1 4 2 −1 4 −2 −1
1 1 1 1
a) 5 [−1 3 1 ] b) 5 [−1 3 −1] c)3 [−1 3 1 ] d)3 [−1 3 −1]
−1 2 4 −1 −2 4 −1 2 4 −1 −2 4
7] 2
If A + I = 0 ; If I is the Identify matrix then A =
a) diag [– i, – i] b) diag [– i, i] c) diag [i, – i] d) all of the above
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 0
8] If A = f (x) = [− sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 0] then A – 1 =
0 0 1
a) f (x) b) – f (x) c) f (– x) d) –f (– x)

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SESSION – 7
AIM:
✓ Simultaneous linear equations
a) Matrix Representation
✓ Matrix Method of solving
a) Elementary transformations
b) Cramer’s Rule
✓ Rank of a matrix

EXPLANATION:
1] Simultaneous Linear equation
a) In two variables:
Linear equations in two variables may be expressed as
a1 x + b1 y = c1 anda2 x + b2 y = c2. Here the two variables are x and y.
If c1 = c2 = 0 then the set of linear equations become a 1 x + b1 y = 0 and a2x + b2 y = 0,
these are treated as Homogenous equations. While solving these, if x = 0 and y = 0 then
the solution is called a Trivial solution or zero solution, otherwise the solution is called a
nontrivial solution.
b) In three variables:
Linear equations in three variable may be expressed as
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
and a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
Hence the Homogenous equations will be
a1x + b1y + c1z = 0
a2x + b2y + c2z = 0
and a3x + b3y + c3z = 0
Again, if x = 0, y = 0 and z = 0 the solution is said to be a trivial ( or zero) solution, else
if is called a non – trivial solution
c) Matrix Representation:
A set of simultaneous linear equations can be represented in matrix form as Ax = B; Let
us see them in detail.
i) In two variables:
If a1 x + b1 y = c1 and a2x + b2y = c2 are the set of linear equations in two variable, then
they can be represented in matrix form as
Ax=B

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𝑎 𝑏1 𝑥 𝑐1
Where A = [ 1 ], X =[𝑦], B = [𝑐 ] coefficient Matrix
𝑎2 𝑏2 2

ii) In Three variable:

When a1x + b1 y + c1z + d1, a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 and a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 form the system on
linear equations in three variables, then they can be represented using the matrix
notation
Ax=B
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑑1
Where A =[ 2
𝑎 𝑏2 𝑐2 ] , x = [𝑦], B = [𝑑2 ] Coefficient matrix
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑧 𝑑3

Matrix Methods of solving:

a) Elementary transformation:
(i) Switching of two rows (or columns)
(ii) Addition of scalar multiples of elements of a row (or column) to the corresponding
elements of other row ( or column)
(iii) Multiplying every element of a row ( or column) with a scalar
These transformations are applied to get a simpler but equivalent matrix.
b) Echelon form of a matrix:
A matrix A is said to be in echelon form if
a) Rows of A which has all elements zero lies under all rows which have a non – zero
element
b) The first non – zero entry (element) is every non – zero row is 1
c) The number of zeroes before the first non – zero element of a row is less than the
numberof zeros in the next row.A matrix can be brought into its equal echelon form by
using theelementary transformations.
c) Cramer’s rule
(i) Two variables:
A system of simultaneous linear equations in two variables if written in matrix form,
we have
𝑎 𝑏1 𝑥 𝑐1
[ 1 ] [𝑦 ] = [𝑐 ]
𝑎2 𝑏2 2

Cramer’s rule says that

𝑐 𝑏1 𝑎1 𝑐1
| 1 | |𝑎
𝑐2 𝑏2 𝑐2 |
X= 𝑎1 𝑏1 and y= 2
𝑎1 𝑏1
| | | |
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑐 𝑏 −𝑏 𝑐 𝑎1 𝑐2 −𝑐1 𝑎2
i.e., x = 𝑎1𝑏2 −𝑎1 𝑏2 and y =
1 2 2 1 𝑎1 𝑏2 −𝑎2 𝑏1

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(ii) Three variables:

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑑1
If [𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ] [𝑦] = [𝑑2 ]
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑧 𝑑3
Then according to cramers rule
𝑑1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑑1 𝑐1
|𝑑2 𝑏2 𝑐2 | |𝑎2 𝑑2 𝑐2 |
𝑑3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑑3 𝑐3
X= 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 y= 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
|𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 | |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 |
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑑1
|𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑑2 |
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑑3
And z = 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
|𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 |
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3

d) Augmented Matrix:
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
If [𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ] is the coefficient matrix for the system of linear equations,a 1x + b1 y + c1
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
z = d1
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑑1
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 and a3x + b3y + c3z = d3then [𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑑2 ] is
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑑3
called the Augmented Matrix
1 0 0 𝛼
i) The Augmented matrix can be reduced into the form [0 1 0 𝛽 ] using the elementary
0 0 1𝛾
operations, then x = 𝛼, y = 𝛽, z = 𝛾
𝑒1 𝑒2 𝑒3 𝑒4
ii) The Augmented Matrix can also be reduced into the echelon form [ 0 𝑒5 𝑒6 𝑒7 ] by using
0 0 𝑒8 𝑒9
elementary transformations. The echelon form can be used for solving the equations

Important points about solutions of equations:

* Every homogeneous system has at least one solution, known as trivial solution if |A|  0
where A is the co – efficient matrix. If |A| = 0 then the system either has infinite number
of (non– trivial) solutions.
* Every non – homogenous system of linear equations has a unique non – trivial solution if
| A | ≠ 0. If |A| = 0 then the system either has no non – trivial solution or has an infinite
number of solutions. If the system of linear equations Ax = B has a solution then the
system of linear equations is said to be consistent.
* Similarly, if Ax = B has no solution, then the system of linear equations is inconsistent.

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3. Rank of a Matrix:
Rank of matrix is equal to the number of non – zero rows in its reduced echelon form
(Or)
The maximum number of linearly independent rows in a matrix is called the rank of a
matrix.
* The rank of matrix A of order n, if |A| ≠0, is n
* The rank of an identify matrix of order n is n
* Let the rank of a coefficient matrix be r, and that of Augmented matrix is r 2. Then,
The system of linear equations Ax = B is inconsistent if r 1 ≠ r2 .The system Ax = B is
consistent and has unique solution if r1 = r2 = n, where n is the order of the coefficient
matrix. If r1 = r2< n then Ax = B is consistent and has infinitely many solutions
* Only a zero matrix has rank zero
* If A is a m x n matrix, then rank (A) ≤ min (m, n)
* A square matrix A of order n is invertible iff rank (A) = n
* rank (A) = rank (AT) = rank (A*)

SOLVED EXAMPLES:
Ex.1. Solve the system of linear equation given below
–x+5y=4
2x + 5y = – 2
Sol: We can represent the given system of equations in matrix from as
Ax = C, where
−1 5 𝑥 4
A =[ ], x =[𝑦]; C = [ ]
2 5 −2
A x = C  X = A–1 C
(A – 1 (AX) = A – 1C  Ix = A – 1 C  X = A – 1C)
| A | = 5 (– 1)–(– 2) ( –5) = – 5 – 10 = – 15
1 5 −5 −1/3 1/3
∴ A – 1 = −15 [ ] =[ ]
−2 −1 2/15 1/15
Using (1)
−1/3 1/3 4 −2
X=[ ][ ] = [ ]
2/15 1/15 −2 2/5
𝑥 −2 2
[𝑦 ] = [ ]  𝑥 = −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 5
2/5
The above system can also be solved using cramer’s rule as follows,
4 5 −1 4
| | | | 20+10 2−8
5 
−2 5
X= −1 5 and y= 2
−1
−2
x= and y =
| | | | −5−10 −5−10
2 5 2 5
30 6 2
 x=− 5
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = − −15  x = – 2 and y = 5

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Ex.2: Solve the following system of linear equations

X + 2y – z = 6
3x + 5y – z = 2
– 2x – y – 2z = 4
Sol: Here, we have A x = C
1 2 −1 𝑥 6
Where A = [ 3 𝑦
5 −1] ; 𝑋 = [ ] 𝑐 = [2]
−2 −1 −2 𝑧 4
Ax=c  X=A–1C
11 5 3
−2 −2
2
We can find that A – 1 = [−4 2 1]
7 3 1
−2 2 2
11 5 3
2
−3 −2 6 22
 X = [−4 2 1 2] [ ] = [ −16]
7 3 1
−2 4 −16
2 2
 x = 22, y = – 16, z = – 16
We can also solve using cramer’s rule as follows
6 2 −1 1 6 −1 1 2 6
|2 5 −1| |3 2 −1| |3 5 2|
X= 4
1
−1
2
−2
−1 ;𝑦 = −2
1
4
2
−2
−1 ;z= −2
1
−1
2
4
−1
|3 5 −1| |3 5 −1| |3 5 −1|
−2 −1 −2 −2 −1 −2 −2 −1 −2
X = 22 y = – 16 z = – 16

Ex.3: Solve
x+y–z=–2
2x – y + z = 5
– x + 2y + 2z = 1
Also find the rank of coefficient matrix
Sol: Let us use a different approach to solve this system
1 1 −1−2
Here, the Augmented Matrix = [ 2 −1 1 5 ]
−1 2 2 1
After apply the transformation R2 ⎯⎯ → 2R1 + R2
1 1 −1−2
We get [ 0 −3 3 9 ]
−1 2 2 1
Now, R3 ⎯⎯ → R3 + R1
1 1 −1−2
We get [0 −3 3 9 ]
0 3 1 −1

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1
Now, R2 ⎯⎯
→ R2 x
3
0 1 −1−2
We get [0 1 −1−3]
0 3 1 −1
1 1 −1−2 1 1 −1 −2
1
→ – 3 R2 + R3 we get [0 1 −1−3] and 𝑅3 → 𝑅3𝑥  [0
Now R3 ⎯⎯ 1 −1 −3]
4
0 0 4 8 0 0 1 2
1 0 0 1
Now R1 ⎯⎯
→ R1 – 𝑅2 [0 1 −1−3] and R2 → R2 + R3
0 0 1 2
1 0 01 1 0 0𝛼
→ [0 1 0−1]this is of the form [0 1 0𝛽 ]
0 0 12 0 0 1𝛾

Where 𝛼 = x ,𝛽 = y and 𝛾 = 3  x = 1, y = – 1 and z = 2

1 1 −1
Here the co – efficient matrix is [ 2 −1 1 ] .
−1 2 2
After applying all the transformations as above we get the row – reduced echelon form =
1 0 0
[0 1 0]
0 0 1
This is an identity matrix of order 3 Hence the rank of the co – efficient matrix is 3.

CLASS EXERCISE:
1] Solve 3x _ 4y + 4z = 7; x _ y _ 2z = 2; 2x _ 3y + 6z = 5.
2] The system of equations p + 2x _ y _ z = 0 q _ x + 2y _ z = 0 r_ x _ y + 2z = 0 has
a) unique solution of p + q + r = 0 b) Infinite number of solutions if p + q + r = 0
c) No solution if p + q + r ≠ 0 d) solution which does not depend on p, q, r
3] Solve x + 2y + 2z = 1; 2x + 2y + 3z = 2; 2x + 2y + z = 3
4] Solve 3x + y = 3; 9x + 4y = 6
5] If x + y + z = 6, x + 2y + pz = 0, x + 2y + 3z = 10 has no Solution. Then p = _____
a) 5 b) 2 c) 4 d) 3
6] The number of solution of 2x + y _ z = 7
x_ 3y + 2z = 1
x + 4y _ 3z = 5 is
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) infinite

7 −7 7
7] The rank of [ 7 7 −7] is
−7 7 7

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a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 0
8] _ _
If bx + cy + az = cx ay bz _

cx + ay = _ bz
ax + by = _ cz forms a system of equations which is consistent. Then,
a) a = b ≠ c b) a = b = c c) a = 2b = 3c d) a + b + c = 0

HOME EXERCISE:
1] If px + qy + rz = 𝛽 – 𝛾; qx + ry + pz = – 𝛼; rx + py + qz =𝛼 − 𝛽 is consistent, then,
a) 𝛼 ≠ 𝛽 ≠ 𝛾 b) 𝛼 = 𝛽 = 𝛾
c) p, q, r are distinct and p + q + r ≠ = 0 d) p = q = r
2] If 3x _ 2y + z = 0, 𝛼 x – 14y + 15 z = 0, x + 2y _ 3z = 0 has non – zero solution.
Then 𝛼 = ____
a) 0 b) 1 c) 3 d) 5
3] The number of non – trivial solutions of x _ y + z = 0; x + 2y _ z = 0; 2x + y + 3z = 0 is
a) 3 b) 2 c) 1 d) 0
0 1 2
4] Rank of [1 2 1] is
2 7 8
a) 1 b) 0 c) 2 d) 3
−1 2 5
5] The Rank of [ 2 −4 𝛼 − 4] is
1 −2 𝛼 + 1
a) 1 if 𝛼 = – 6 b) 2 if 𝛼 = – 6 c) 3 if 𝛼 = 2 d) 3 if𝛼 = 6
6] If x + 2ay + az = 0, x + 3by + bz = 0, x + 4cy + cz = 0 has a non – trivial solution then a, b,
c
a) Satisfy a + 2b + 3c = 0b) are in A.P. c) are in H. P. d) are in G.P.
7] if a, b, c ≠ 1 and ax + y + z = 0, x + by + z = 0; x + y + cz = 0 has a non – zero solution,
then
1 1 1
+ + = __________
1−𝑎 1−𝑏 1−𝑐
a) 1 b) 2 c) _ 1 d) _ 2
8] 𝛼 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝛼 − 1; 𝑥 + 𝛼 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝛼 − 1 ; 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝛼 𝑧 = 𝛼 − 1has no solution then 
is
a) 1 b) either _ 2 or 1 c) _ 2 d) not _ 2

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JEE MAIN
𝑥 + 3 2𝑦 + 𝑥 0 −7
1. If [ ]=[ ], (x+y+z+a) =
𝑧 − 1 4𝑎 − 𝑧 3 2𝑎
1) -1 2) 0 3) 1 4) 8
1 2 3 5
2. [ ] + 2𝑥 = [ ]⇒𝑋=
3 4 5 9
3
2 3 1 2
1) [ ] 2) [ 5]
2 5 1 2
3
−2 −3 1 2
3) [ ] 4) [ 5]
2 5 −1 − 2
9 1 1 5
3. If A = [ ], 𝐵 = [ ]& 3A + 5B + 2X = 0 then X =
4 3 6 11
16 −14 16 14
1) [ ] 2) [ ]
21 −32 −21 −32
−16 −14 16 14
3) [ ] 4) [ ]
−21 −32 21 32
1 −2 −3 3
4. If 𝐴 − 2𝐵 = [ ] and 2𝐴 − 3𝐵 = [ ]then B =
3 0 1 −1
−5 7 −5 7 −5 7 −5 −7
1) ( ) 2) ( ) 3) ( ) 4) ( )
5 1 −5 −1 5 −1 −5 −1
0 −1 0 𝑖
5. If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ] then
1 0 𝑖 0
1) 𝐴2 = 𝐵 2 = 𝐼 2) 𝐴2 = 𝐵 2 = −𝐼
3) 𝐴2 = 𝐼, 𝐵 2 = −𝐼 4) 𝐴2 = −𝐼, 𝐵 2 = 𝐼
2 3
1 −2 3
6. If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [4 5] then
−4 2 5
2 1
1) AB, BA exist and equal
2) AB, BA exist and are not equal
3) AB exists and BA does not exist
4) AB does not exist and BA exists
1 0
7. If 𝐴 = [ ]then 5𝐴3 − 7𝐴2 + 2𝐴 = ........
0 1
−1 0
1) 0 2) 3) A 4) [ ]
0 1
𝑖0 0 −1 0 𝑖
8. If 𝐴 = [ ]𝐵 = [ ] and 𝐶 = [ ] then AB ≠
0 −𝑖 1 0 𝑖 0
1) − 𝐵𝐴 2) − 𝐶 3) 𝐵𝐴 4) 𝐴𝐵
1
1 2 3
9. If 𝐴 = [ ] , 𝐵 = [0] , then 𝐴𝐵 =
4 5 6
5

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1) [1 0 15] 2) [4 0 30]
16
3) [ ] 4) [16 34]
34
0 1 1 0
10. If 𝐴 = [ ]and 𝐵 = [ ], then 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴 =
1 0 0 1
1) A 2) 2A 3) 3A 4) 4A
𝑎 0 0 0
11. If 𝐴 = [ ], 𝐵 = [ ], then 𝐴𝐵 =
𝑎 0 𝑏 𝑏
1) 0 2) 𝑏𝐴 3) 𝑎𝐵 4) 𝑎𝑏 𝐴𝐵
𝑖 0 0 −1 𝑜 𝑖
12. If 𝐴 = [ ]𝐵 = [ ]𝐶 = [ ] then 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 + 𝐶2 =
0 −𝑖 1 0 𝑖 𝑜
1) 2𝐼 2) −2𝐼 3) −3𝐼 4) 3𝐼
0 1
13. If 𝐴 = [ ] then 𝐴5 =
1 0
1) 𝐼 2) O 3) A 4) 𝐴2
𝑎 𝑏 1 0
14. If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐼 = [ ] then
𝑐 𝑑 0 1
𝐴2 − (𝑎 + 𝑑) 𝐴 − ( 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑑 ) 𝐼 =
1) 0 2) I 3) 2I 4) (𝑎 − 𝑑 )
2 0 0
15. If 𝐴 = [0 2 0] , then 𝐴4 = ....
0 0 2
1) 16A 2) 32 3) 4A 4) 8A
𝑥 0 0 𝑎 0 0
16. [𝑦 𝑧 0 ] [ 0 𝑏 0] =
𝑙 𝑚 𝑛 0 0 𝑐
𝑎𝑥 0 0 𝑎𝑥 0 0
1) [𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑧 0 ] 2) [ 0 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑧 ]
𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑏 𝑛𝑐 0 𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑏
𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑙 0 0 𝑛𝑐
3) [ 0 𝑏𝑧 𝑚𝑏] 4) [ 0 𝑏𝑧 𝑚𝑏]
0 0 𝑛𝑐 𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑙
𝑜 𝑐 −𝑏 𝑎2 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐
17. If 𝐴 = [−𝑐 0 𝑎 ] and 𝐵 = [𝑎𝑏 𝑏 2 𝑏𝑐 ] then AB =
𝑏 −𝑎 𝑜 𝑎𝑐 𝑏𝑐 𝑐 2
1) A 2) B 3) I 4) O
2
𝑎 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐
18. If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑏 𝑏2 𝑏𝑐 ]and 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 = 1, then 𝐴2 =
𝑎𝑐 𝑏𝑐 𝑐2
1) A 2) 2A 3) 3A 4) 4A
19. If 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴 and 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐵 then
1) 𝐴 = 2𝐵 2) 𝐴2 = 𝐴 and 𝐵2 = 𝐵
3) 2𝐴 = 𝐵 4) cannot be determined

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20. If A and B are two matrices such that A has identical rows and AB is defined. Then AB has
1) no identical rows 2) identical rows
3) all of its zeros 4)cannot be determinant
1 −3 −4
21. If 𝐴 = [−1 3 4 ] then 𝐴2 =
1 −3 −4
1) A 2) − 𝐴 3) Null matrix 4) 2A
𝑎 ℎ 𝑥
22. If = [𝑥, 𝑦], 𝐵 = [ ] ,𝐶 = [𝑦] then 𝐴𝐵𝐶 =
ℎ 𝑏
1) (𝑎𝑥 + ℎ𝑦 + 𝑏𝑥𝑦) 2) (𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 )
3) (𝑎𝑥 2 − 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 ) 4) (𝑏𝑥 2 − 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑎𝑦 2 )
𝑥
23. If [3𝑥 2 + 10𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑦 2 ] = [𝑥𝑦]𝐴 [𝑦] and A is a symmetric matrix then A =
3 10 10 3 +3 −5 3 5
1) [ ] 2) [ ] 3) [ ] 4) [ ]
10 5 5 10 −5 +5 5 5
𝑥 1 1 4 4 14
24. If [ ][ ]=[ ]= , then (𝑥, 𝑦) =
1 𝑦 2 6 7 22
1) ( 1, −2) 2) ( 2,1) 3) (3,2) 4) (2,3)
25. If 𝐴2 = 𝐴, 𝐵2 = 𝐵, 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝑂 then
(𝐴 + 𝐵)2 =
1) 𝐴 − 𝐵 2) 𝐴 + 𝐵 3) 𝐴2 − 𝐵2 4) 0
1 0 0 1
26. If = [ ] ,𝐸 = [ ] then (𝑎𝐼 + 𝑏𝐸)3 =
0 1 0 0
1) 𝑎𝐼 + 𝑏𝐸 2) 𝑎3 𝐼 + 𝑏 3 𝐸 3) 𝑎3 𝐼 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 𝐸 4) 𝑎3 𝐼 + 3𝑎2 𝑏𝐸
1 0 0 1
27. If 𝐼 = [ ]and 𝐸 = [ ] then (2𝐼 + 3𝐸)3
0 1 0 0
1) 8𝐼 + 18𝐸 2) 4𝐼 + 36𝐸
3) 8𝐼 + 36𝐸 4) 2𝐼 + 3𝐸
10 20 30 1 0 0 𝑋 0 0 1 2 3
28. If = (20 45 60) = (2 1 0) . ( 0 5 0) . (0 1 0)then X =
30 80 91 3 4 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
5 10
1) 5 2) 10 3) 4)
2 3
3 −4 1 2
29. If 𝐴 + 𝐵 = ( ), 𝐴 − 𝐵 ( ) then AB=
2 5 −2 −3
0 −40 0 −40 0 −10 0 40
1) ( ) 2) ( ) 3) ( ) 4) ( )
8 16 4 8 2 4 2 11
2 −1
30. If 𝐴 = [ ] then 𝐴5 =
3 −2
1) I 2)A 3)−𝐴 4)+2
𝑥 𝑥
31. If 𝐴 = [ ]then 𝐴𝑛 =. … . , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁
𝑥 𝑥

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2𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 2𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛
1) [ 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛] 2) [2𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛 2𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛 ]
2 𝑥 2 𝑥 2 𝑥 2 𝑥
𝑛−2 𝑛 𝑛−2 𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛−1 𝑛−1 𝑛−1
3) [2𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛 2𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛 ] 4)[2𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 2𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 ]
2 𝑥 2 𝑥 2 𝑥 2 𝑥
32. If 'n' is a +ve integer and if
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝐴 =[ ] then 𝐴𝑛 =
− sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃
1) [ ] 2) [ ]
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
cos 𝑛𝜃 sin 𝑛𝜃 cos 𝑛𝜃 cos 𝑛𝜃
3) [ ] 4) [ ]
− sin 𝑛𝜃 cos 𝑛𝜃 sin 𝑛𝜃 sin 𝑛𝜃
33. Matrix A is such that 𝐴2 = 2𝐴 − 𝐼 where I is the unit matrix . Then for 𝑛 ≥ 2, 𝐴𝑛 =
1) 𝑛𝐴 − (𝑛 − 1)𝐼 2) 𝑛𝐴 − 𝐼 3) 2𝑛+1 𝐴(𝑛 − 1)𝐼 4) 2𝑛+1 𝐴 − 1
𝑖 𝑜 𝑜
34. [𝑜 𝑖 𝑜]then𝐴4𝑛+𝐼 =. … … . , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁
𝑜 𝑜 𝑖
1 0 0 −1 0 0
1) [0 1 0] 2) [ 0 −1 0 ]
0 0 1 0 0 −1
𝑖 0 0 −𝑖 0 0
3) [0 𝑖 0] 4) [ 0 −𝑖 0 ]
0 0 𝑖 0 0 −𝑖
1 −1
35. If the matrix A = ( ) then 𝐴𝑛+1 =
−1 1
1 −1 1 −1 1 −1 1 −1
1) 2( ) 2) 2n( ) 3) 2n( ) 4) 2n+1( )
−1 1 −1 1 −1 1 −1 1
1 1
36. If A= ( )then n N then An =
1 1
1) 2𝑛−1 𝐴 2) 2𝑛𝐴 3) 𝑛𝐴 4)2𝑛
𝑛
2 −1 1 0
37. ( ) =( )if n is
3 −2 0 1
1) odd 2) any natural number
3) even 4) not possible
1 − tan 𝜃 1 tan 𝜃 𝑎 −𝑏
38. If ( )( )=( )
tan 𝜃 1 − tan 𝜃 1 −𝑏 𝑎
1) 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −1 2) 𝑎 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃, 𝑏 = 0
3) 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = sin2 𝜃 4)𝑎 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃, 𝑏 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃

39. If n is a natural number and

5 −8
A=[ ]then 𝐴𝑛=
2 −3
6 − 𝑛 −2𝑛 − 6 4+𝑛 −8𝑛
1) ( ) 2) ( )
2𝑛 1 − 4𝑛 2𝑛 2 − 5𝑛

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1 + 4𝑛 −8𝑛 6−𝑛 −8𝑛

3) ( ) 4) ( )
2𝑛 1 − 4𝑛 2𝑛 1 − 4𝑛
0 1 −2
40. If 𝐴 = [1 0 3 ]then 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 =
2 −3 0
0 2 0 1 0 0
1) [2 0 0] 2) [0 3 0]
0 0 0 0 0 4
2 0 0 2 0 2
3) [0 2 0] 4) [0 2 0]
0 0 2 0 0 2
𝑟+4 6 5 𝑟+2
41. [ ]=[ ]= then r =
3 𝑟+3 𝑟+5 4
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) −1
1 2
2 6 7
42. 𝐴=[ ],𝐵 = [4 1] then 𝐴 + 3𝐵𝑇=
2 1 3
5 2
5 8
5 18 22 7 22 26 7 8 11
1) [ ] 2) [18 4] 3) [ ] 4) [ ]
8 4 9 8 4 11 22 4 26
22 9
5 𝑥
43. Let 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑇 then
𝑦 0
1) 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 5 2) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5
3) 𝑥 = 𝑦 4) 𝑥 = −𝑦
cos 𝛼 sin 𝛼
44. If 𝐴 = [ ] then 𝐴 . 𝐴𝑇
− sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼
1) Null matrix 2) A 3) 𝐼2 4) 𝐴𝑇
45. (𝐴 + 𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝑋𝐴𝑇 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 =
1) 𝐵𝑇 2) 𝐼 + 𝐵 3) 𝐼 + 𝐵𝑇 4) 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇
46. (𝐴𝑇𝐵𝑇)𝑇 =
1) AB 2) BA 3) 𝐴𝑇𝐵𝑇 4) 𝐴𝐵𝑇
−1 18
7 −10 17
47. If 3𝐴 + 4𝑏𝑇= ( ) and 2𝐵 − 3𝐴𝑇 = ( 4 −6) then B =
0 6 31
−5 −7
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 −3
1) (−1 0 ) 2) (1 0) 3) (−1 0) 4) (1 0)
−2 −4 2 4 2 4 2 4
3 −4
48 If 5𝐴 = ( ) and 𝐴 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐼 then x=
4 𝑥
1)3 2)−3 3)2 4)−2
2 3 4 −5
49. If 2𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 = ( ), 𝐴𝑇 − 𝐵 = ( )then A = ----
4 7 0 1
1 6 3 2 3 1 2 3
1) 3 ( ) 2) ( ) 3) 2 ( ) 4) 0
−1 8 −1 8 −1 8

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50. If A is a symmetric or skew-symmetric matrix then 𝐴2 is

1) symmetric 2) skew-symmetric 3) Diagonal 4) scalar
51. Let A be a square matrix. consider
1) 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 2) 𝐴𝐴𝑇 3) 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 4) 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐴
5) 𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 6) − 𝐴 , Then
1) all are symmetric matrices
2) (2),(4),(6) are symmetric matrices
3) (1),(2),(3),(4) are symmetric matrices &(5),(6) are skew symmetric matrices
4) 5,6 are symmetric
1 6
52. [ ]= 𝑃 + 𝑄, where P is a symmetric & Q is a skew-symmetric then P =
7 2
13 13 1 13
1 1 − 1 −2 0
2 2 2
1) [13 ] 2) [ 13 ] 3) [ 1 ] 4) [13 ]
2 − 2 2 0
2 2 2 2
𝑥 −7
53. 𝐴=[ ]is a skew-symmetric matrix, then (𝑥, 𝑦) =
7 𝑦
1) (1, −1) 2) (7, −7) 3) (0,0) 4) (14, −14)
1 2 3
54. If 𝐴 = (2 4 5) and 𝐴𝑇 = A then x =
𝑥 5 6
1) 3 2) 3 3)2 4)-2
55. If A, B are symmetric matrices of the same order then AB-BA is
1) symmetric matrix 2) skew symmetric matrix
3) Diagonal matrix 4) identity matrix
𝑥 1 4
56. If 𝐴 = (−1 0 7) such that 𝐴𝑇 = −𝐴 then x =
−4 −7 0
1)−1 2)0 3)1 4)4
57. If a matrix A is both symmetric and skew-symmetric then A is
1) I 2)O 3)A 4)Diagonal matrix
58. If 𝐴𝑇 𝐵𝑇 = 𝐶𝑇 then C =
1) AB 2)BA 3)BC 4)ABC
59. If 𝑇𝑟 (𝐴) = 6 ⇒ 𝑇𝑟 (4𝐴) =
3
1) 2) 2 3) 12 4) 24
2
60. If 𝑇𝑟(𝐴) = 2 + 𝑖 ⇒ 𝑇𝑟[ (2 − 𝑖) 𝐴] =
1) 2 + 𝑖 2) 2 − 𝑖 3) 3 4) 5
1 2 3 1 0 0
61. If 𝐴 = [4 5 6] , 𝐵 = [0 3 0] , 𝑇𝑟(𝐵𝐴) =
7 1 0 0 4 5

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1) 40 2) 45 3) 39 4) 5
62. If (𝐴) = 8 , 𝑇𝑟(𝐵) = 6 ⇒ 𝑇𝑟 (𝐴 − 2𝐵) =
1) −4 2) 4 3) 2 4) 11
6 10 100
63. If 𝐴 = [7 1 0 ] then 𝑇𝑟(𝐴𝑇 ) =
0 9 10
1) −17 2) 17 3) −1/17 4) 1/17
64. If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is a scalar matrix of order n × n,such that 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑘 for all 𝑖 = 𝑗, then trace of A
=
𝑛
1) 𝑛𝑘 2) 𝑛 + 𝑘 3) 4) 1
𝑘
𝜆𝜇 𝜇2
65. If 𝐴 = [ ] = then A is
−𝜆2 −𝜆𝜇
1) an idempotent matrix 2) nilpotent matrix
3) an orthogonal matrix 4) symmetric
1 2 − 3𝑖 3 + 4𝑖
66. If 𝐴 = [2 + 3𝑖 𝑂 4 − 5𝑖 ]then A is
3 − 4𝑖 4 + 5𝑖 2
1) Hermitian 2) Skew-Hermitian
3) Symmetric 4) Skew-Symmetric
2 −2 −4
67. If 𝐴 = [−1 3 4 ]then A is
1 −2 −3
1) an idempotent marix 2) nilpotent matrix
3) involuntary 4) orthogonal matrix
1 1
√2 √2
68. Then matrix 𝐴 = ⌊−1 −1⌋ is
√2 √2

1) unitary 2) orthogonal 3) nilpotent 4) involuntary

69. If A is skew-symmetric matrix and n is odd positive integer, then 𝐴𝑛 is
1) a symmetric matrix 2) skew-symmetric matrix
3) diagonal matrix 4) triangular matrix

70. If A is skew-symmetric matrix and n is even positiveinteger , then An is

1) a symmetric matrix 2) skew-symmetric matrix
3) diagonal matrix 4) triangular matrix
71. If A, B are two idempotent matrices and AB = B A = 0 then A+B is
1) Scalar matrix 2) Idempotent matrix
3) Diagonal matrix 4) Nilpotent matrix

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72. If the order of A is 4 × 3, the order of B is 4 × 5 and the order of C is 7 × 3, then the
order of (A'B)'C' is
1) 4 × 5 2) 3 × 7 3) 4 × 3 4) 5 × 7
73. If A is 3 × 4matrix 'B' is a matrix such that 𝐴′𝐵 and 𝐵𝐴1 are both defined then B is of
the type
1) 3 × 4 2) 3 × 3 3) 4 × 4 4) 4 × 3
74. If A and B are two matrices such that 𝐴 + 𝐵 and 𝐴𝐵 are both defined then
1) A and B are two matrices not necessarily of same order
2) A and B are square matrices of same order
3) A and B are matrices of same type
4) A and B are rectangular matrices of same order
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
75. If 𝐴 = [𝑏 𝑐 𝑎]then cofactor of 𝑎21 is
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
1) 𝑏2 − 𝑎𝑐 2) 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏2 3) 𝑎2 − 𝑏𝑐 4) 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎2
12 22 32
76. If = [22 32 42 ] , then the minor of 𝑎22 is
32 42 52
1) −56 2) 51 3) −43 4) 41
1 𝜔 𝜔2
77. If 𝐴 = [ 𝜔 𝜔2 1 ] then minor of𝑎31 is
𝜔2 1 𝜔
1) −1 2) 0 3) 1 4) −1
𝑎 𝑐 𝑏
78. If 𝐴 = [𝑏 𝑎 𝑐 ] then the cofactor of 𝑎32 in 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 is
𝑐 𝑏 𝑎
1) 2𝑎(𝑏 + 𝑐) − (𝑏 + 𝑐)2 2) 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2
3) 𝑎2 − 𝑏𝑐 4) 2𝑎(𝑎 + 𝑐) − (𝑎 + 𝑐)2

𝑎 𝑏 𝑜
79. If 𝐴 = [ 𝑐 𝑑 𝑜] where 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 ≠ 0 then 𝐴−1
𝑜 𝑜 1
1 1
0 𝑑 −𝑏 0
𝑎 𝑏
1
1) [1 1
0] 2) [ −𝑐 𝑎 0 ]
𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐
𝑐 𝑑 0 0 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
0 0 1
3) I 4) A

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1 4 𝑥 𝑦
80. If 𝐴 = [ ] then 𝐵 = [𝑦 𝑥 ] the cofactor of 𝑎21 in AB is
2 8
1) −𝑦 − 4𝑥 2) 𝑦 + 4𝑥 3) 2𝑥 + 8𝑦 4) −2𝑥 − 8𝑦
81. If the product of two non zero square matrices A and B of the same order is a zero matrix
then
1) Both are singular
2) atleast one of A&B is singular
3) A is non-singular, but B is singular
4) A is singular but B is non-singular
82. If 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂, then A and B are ....., when 𝐴 ≠ 𝑂, 𝐵 ≠ 𝑂
1) Non-singular 2) singular
3) one of the two is singular 4) symmetric matrices
2+𝑖 2−𝑖
83. The value of | | is
1+𝑖 1−𝑖
1) A complex quantity 2) real quantity
3) 0 4)cannot be determined
2 45 55
84. det [1 29 32] = ….
3 68 87
1) 45 2) 64 3) 54 4) 32
1) 2 2) −2 3) 0 4) 5
12 22 32
85. det [22 32 42 ] =
32 42 52
21
1) −8 2) −7 3) −6 4) − 4
2
1 𝜔 𝜔
86. | 𝜔 𝜔2 1 |= .....
𝜔2 1 𝜔
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) −1
2 2 2 2
87. |𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 | =. …
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏
1) 2a3 2) 2b3 3) -2a3 4) -2b3
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
88. |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 | =
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
1) 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 2) 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐
3) 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 − 𝑐 3 4) 0
1 𝑎 𝑎2
89. det [1 𝑏 𝑏2] =
1 𝑐 𝑐2

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1) (𝑎 + 𝑏) (𝑏 + 𝑐) (𝑐 + 𝑎) 2) (𝑎 − 𝑏) (𝑏 − 𝑐) (𝑐 − 𝑎)
3) 0 4) 𝑎𝑏𝑐
1 1 1
90. |𝑥 𝑦 𝑧|==
𝑥3 𝑦3 𝑧3
1) (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) (𝑥 + 𝑦) (𝑦 + 𝑧)(𝑧 + 𝑥) 2) (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑦 − 𝑧) (𝑧 − 𝑥)
3) (𝑥 − 𝑦) (𝑦 − 𝑧) (𝑧 − 𝑥) 4) (𝑥 + 𝑦) (𝑦 + 𝑧) (𝑧 + 𝑥)
1 1 1
2
91. |𝑥 𝑦2 𝑧2| =
𝑥3 𝑦3 𝑧3
1) 0 2) (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑦 − 𝑧)(𝑧 − 𝑥)(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥)
3) (𝑥 + 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑧𝑥) (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑦 + 𝑧) (𝑧 + 𝑥) 4) (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)
𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 𝑎2 𝑎2
92. | 𝑏 2 2
𝑐 +𝑎 2
𝑏2 | =
𝑐2 𝑐2 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
1) 𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2 2) 4abc 3) 4𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2 4) 2𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2
𝑎−𝑏−𝑐 2𝑎 2𝑎
93. | 2𝑏 𝑏−𝑐−𝑎 2𝑏 | =
2𝑐 2𝑐 𝑐−𝑎−𝑏
1) 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)3 2) (𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐)3
3) 2(𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐03 4) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)3
𝑏𝑐 𝑏 + 𝑐 1
94. det [ 𝑐𝑎 𝑐 + 𝑎 1] = =
𝑎𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏 1
1) 0 2) (𝑎 − 𝑏) (𝑏 − 𝑐) (𝑐 − 𝑎)
2) 4𝑎𝑏𝑐 4) 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
2𝑐 2𝑐 𝑐−𝑎−𝑏
95. |𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐 2𝑎 2𝑎 | = =
2𝑏 𝑏−𝑐−𝑎 2𝑏
1) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)2 2) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)3
3) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 4) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)4
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑥 𝑦
96. | 𝑧 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 2𝑥 𝑦 |=
𝑧 𝑥 𝑧 + 𝑥 + 2𝑦
1) (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)3 2) 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)3
3) 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 4) (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)2
1+𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
97. | 𝑎 1+𝑏 𝑐 |=
𝑎 𝑏 1+𝑐
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3) 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 4) 1 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐
𝑎2 + 1 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐
98. | 𝑎𝑏 𝑏2 + 1 𝑏𝑐 | =
2
𝑎𝑐 𝑏𝑐 𝑐 +1
1) 𝑎𝑏𝑐 2) 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐
3) 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 4) 𝑎𝑏𝑐(1 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
1 𝑏𝑐 𝑎(𝑏 + 𝑐)
99. |1 𝑐𝑎 𝑏(𝑐 + 𝑎)| =
1 𝑎𝑏 𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑏)
1) 0 2) 1 3) 𝑎𝑏𝑐 4) 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
−𝑎2 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐
100. | 𝑎𝑏 −𝑏 2 𝑏𝑐 |
𝑎𝑐 𝑏𝑐 −𝑐 2
1) 4abc 2) 4𝑎2𝑏2𝑐2
3) 𝑎2𝑏2𝑐2 4) 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐𝑎
101. If A,B,C are the angles of triangle ABC, then
sin 2𝐴 sin 𝐶 sin 𝐵
| sin 𝐶 sin 2𝐵 sin 𝐴 | =
sin 𝐵 sin 𝐴 sin 2𝐶
3√3
1) 1 2) 0 3) −1 4) 8
𝑜 𝑝−𝑞 𝑝−𝑟
102. det [ 𝑞 − 𝑝 𝑜 𝑞 − 𝑟] =
𝑟−𝑝 𝑟−𝑞 𝑜
1) (𝑝 − 𝑞) (𝑞 − 𝑟) (𝑟 − 𝑝) 2) 0
3) 𝑝𝑞𝑟 4) 4 𝑝𝑞𝑟
−𝑏𝑐 𝑏 2 + 𝑏𝑐 𝑐 2 + 𝑏𝑐
103. | 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑐 −𝑎𝑐 𝑐 2 + 𝑎𝑐| =
2 2
𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 −𝑎𝑏
1) (𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎)2 2) (𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎)3
3) (𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎) 4) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)3
(𝑥 − 2)2 (𝑥 − 1)2 𝑥2
104. |(𝑥 − 1)2 𝑥2 (𝑥 + 1)2 | = =
𝑥2 (𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 + 2)2
1) 8 2) 16 3) −8 4) −16
2
𝑎 + 2𝑎 2𝑎 + 1 1
105. | 2𝑎 + 1 𝑎 + 2 1| =
3 3 1
1) (1 − 𝑎)3 2) (𝑎 − 1)2 3) (𝑎 − 1)3 4) (𝑎 + 1)2
𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑐 2
106. |𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 𝑏2 𝑎𝑐 | =
2
𝑎𝑏 𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 𝑐2

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1) 2𝑎𝑏𝑐 2) 8 𝑎𝑏𝑐 3) 4 𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2 4) 2𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2

1 𝑎 𝑏𝑐 𝑎2
1 𝑎
107. If 𝐷1 = |1 𝑏 𝑏 2 | then
𝑐𝑎 | &𝐷2 = |1 𝑏
1 𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝑐2
1 𝑐
1) 𝐷1 = 𝐷22 2) 𝐷1 = 𝐷2
2
3) 𝐷1 = 𝐷2 4) 𝐷1 = 2𝐷2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦
108. If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in G.P. then the value of | 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 | is
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 0
1) 0 2) 1 3) −1 4) ab
𝑥+1 𝑥+2 𝑥+𝑎
109. If a,b,c are in A.P., then |𝑥 + 2 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 + 𝑏 | =
𝑥+3 𝑥+4 𝑥+𝑐
𝑎+𝑏
1) 2) ab 3) 0 4) abc
2
0 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 1 −𝑎 𝑎
110. If | sin 𝑥 0 cos 𝑥 | = |−𝑎 1 𝑎| then a =
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 0 𝑎 𝑎 1
1) sin 𝑥 2) cos 𝑥
3) sin 𝑥 . cos 𝑥 4) sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥
1
𝑎2 −𝑏𝑐
𝑎
111. |1 𝑏2 −𝑎𝑐 || =
|𝑏
1
𝑐2 −𝑎𝑏
𝑐
1) 3abc 2) 0
3) 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 𝑎𝑏𝑐 4) 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
0 𝑐 −𝑏
112. If 𝐴 = [−𝑐 0 𝑎 ] then (𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐2)|𝐴| =
𝑏 −𝑎 0
1) 𝑎𝑏𝑐 2) 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐
3) (𝑎3 + 𝑏3 + 𝑐3) 4) 0
𝑥+𝑦 0 0
113. det [ 0 𝑥−𝑦 0 ] =
0 0 𝑥 + 𝑦2
2

1) 𝑥 8 − 𝑦 8 2) 𝑥 6 − 𝑦 6
3) 𝑥 4 − 𝑦 4 4) 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3
114. 𝐴2 = 𝐼 ⇒
1) |𝐴| = 0 2) |𝐴| = 1 3) |𝐴| = −1 4)|𝐴| = ±1
𝑥 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥3
115. If 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑧 are all different and if |𝑦 𝑦2 1 + 𝑦 3 | = 0 then 𝑥𝑦𝑧 =
𝑧 𝑧2 1 + 𝑧2
1) −1 2) 0 3) 1 4) ±1

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2𝑟−1 2(3𝑟−1 ) 4(5𝑟−1 )

116. 𝐷𝑟 = | 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 | ⇒ ∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝐷𝑟 =
2𝑛 − 1 3𝑛 − 1 5𝑛 − 1
1) 2𝑛 . 3𝑛 . 5𝑛 2) (2𝑛 − 1)(3𝑛 − 1)(5𝑛 − 1)
3) x y z 4) 0

Solved for X :
2 0 0
117. det [4 3 0] = 42then𝑥 =
4 6 𝑥
21
1) 8 2) 7 3) 6 4) 4
1 4 20
118. |1 −2 5 | = 0if𝑥
1 2𝑥 5𝑥 2
1) −1, 2 2) 0,1 3) 1, 3 4) 2, 0
119. If 𝑥 < 1 and
3𝑥 − 8 3 3
| 3 3𝑥 − 8 3 | = 0then𝑥 =
3 3 3𝑥 − 8
1) 2/3 2) −2/3 3) 0 4) 1/3
𝑎+𝑥 𝑎−𝑥 𝑎−𝑥
120. If |𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑥 𝑎 − 𝑥 | = 0 then the non-zero value of x = .............
𝑎−𝑥 𝑎−𝑥 𝑎+𝑥
1) a 2) 3a 3) 2a 4) 4a
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑎3 +𝑏 3 𝑐 3
121. If 𝑎𝑏𝑐 ≠ 0 and if |𝑏 𝑐 𝑎| = 0 then 𝑎𝑏𝑐 =
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
1) 3 2) −3 3) 2 4) −2

122. If each element of a row of square matrix is doubled, the determinant of the matrix is
1) non changed 2) doubled 3) multiplied by4 4) multiply by 1/2
123. (𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴𝑇 ) =
1) (𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴)𝑇 2) 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴 3) 𝐴𝑇 4) 𝐴𝑑𝑗 [𝐴]−1
124. If A is an n x n non-singular matrix, then |𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴| is =
1) |𝐴|𝑛 2) |𝐴|𝑛+1 3) |𝐴|𝑛−1 4) |𝐴|𝑛−2
12 22 32
125. If 𝐴 = [22 32 42 ] then |𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴|
32 42 52
1) 8 2) 16 3) 64 4) 128

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−1 −2 −2
126. If 𝐴 = [ 2 1 −2] then 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴 =
2 −2 1
1) 𝐴𝑇 2) 2𝐴𝑇 3) 3𝐴𝑇 4) 4𝐴𝑇
127. If 𝐴3×3 and det 𝐴 = 6 A = 6, then det (2 adj A)
1) 8 2) 48 3) 288 4) 1/12
2 −3
128. 𝐴𝑑𝑗 (𝐴𝑑𝑗 [ ]) =
4 6
2 −3 6 3 −6 3 −6 −3
1) [ ] 2)[ ] 3) [ ] 4)[ ]
4 6 −4 2 −4 −2 4 −2
129. 𝐴3×3 is a non - singular matrix ⇒ 𝐴2 (𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴)=
1) |𝐴|𝐴 2) 𝐼 3) |𝐴|𝐼 4) |𝐴|2 𝐼
130. If 𝐴3×3 and det 𝐴 = 2, then det 𝐴−1 =
1) 1/2 2) −2 3) 1/4 4) −4
131. (𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴) −1
=
1) 𝐴𝑑𝑗 (𝐴−1 ) 2) 𝐴𝑑𝑗[−𝐴] 3) (𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴)𝑇 4) 𝐴𝑑𝑗 (𝐴𝑇 )
1 − tan 𝜃 1 − tan 𝜃 −1 cos 𝛼 − sin 𝛼 −1
132. If [ ][ ] = [ ] then 𝛼 =
tan 𝜃 1 tan 𝜃 1 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
1) 0 2) 2 3) 4 4) 6
1 0𝑛
133. Inverse of [ ] is
0 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
1)[ ] 2) [ ] 3) [ ] 4)[ ]
0 1 1 0 0 −1 0 1
−1 1 1
134. If 𝐴 = [ 1 −1 1 ] then det(𝐴−1 ) =
1 1 −1
1) 1 2) 1/2 3) 1/3 4) ¼

𝑜 𝑜 𝑎
135. If 𝐴 = [0 𝑏 0], then 𝐴−1
𝑐 𝑜 𝑜
1
𝑜 𝑜 𝑐 𝑎 𝑜 𝑜
1
1) A 2) I 3) 𝑜 𝑏
𝑜 4) [𝑜 𝑏 𝑜]
1 𝑜 𝑜 𝑐
[𝑎 𝑜 𝑜]
1 𝑎 𝑏 1 −𝑎 −𝑏
136. The inverse of [0 𝑥 0] is [0 1 0 ]then 𝑥 =
0 0 1 0 0 1
1) a 2) b 3) 0 4) 1
3 −2 1
137. The inverse of [−4 1 −1]
2 0 1

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−1 −2 1 1 2 1
1 1
1) 3 [ 2 1 −1] 2)− 3 [ 2 1 −1]
−2 −4 −5 −2 −4 −5
1 2 1 0 2 2
3) [2 1 −1] 4) [ 2 1 −1]
2 4 5 −2 −4 5
𝑥 𝑦 1 2 𝑥 𝑦 −1
138. If[ ]=[ ]then [ ] =
2 0 2 0 2 0
1
0 −2 1 0 0 −8 0 2
1) [ ] 2) [ ] 3) [ ] 4) [ 1 −1]
−2 1 0 1 −2 1
2 4
2 2 0 −1
139. If 𝐴 = [ ]𝐵 = [ ] then (𝐵 −1 𝐴−1 )−1 =
−3 2 1 0
2 2 2 −2 2 2 −2 2
1) [ ] 2) [ ] 3) [ ] 4) [ ]
−3 2 2 3 −2 3 2 3
140. A square matrix (Non singular) satisfies 𝐴2 − 𝐴 + 2𝐼 = 0 then 𝐴−1 =
𝐼−𝐴 𝐼+𝐴
1) 2) 𝐼 − 𝐴 3) 4) 𝐼 + 𝐴
2 2
1 4 −1
141. The rank of the matrix 𝐴 = [2 3 0 ] is
0 1 2
1) 3 2) 2 3) 1 4) 0
−1 2 3
142. The rank of the matrix 𝐴 = [ ] is
−2 4 6
1) 3 2) 2 3) 1 4) 0
1 2 3
143. The rank of the matrix 𝐴 = [2 3 4] is
0 1 2
1) 3 2) 2 3) 1 4) 0
1 0 −4
144. The Rank of [ ] is
2 −1 3
1) 1 2) 2 3) 0 4) 3
145. The set of equations +3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 0 ,3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 0, 4𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 8𝑧 = 0
1) Infinite solutions 2) is inconsistent
3) has unique solution 4) has two solutions
146. The set of equations 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0, 7𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 0, 8𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0
1) Infinite solutions 2) inconsistent
3) has unique solution 4) has two solutions
147. 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧not all zeros and the equations 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑦 + 𝑏𝑧, 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑧 + 𝑐𝑥, 𝑧 = 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 are consistent
then a relation among 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 is
1) 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 = 0 2) 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 0
3) 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 1 4) 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 0

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148. The equations 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0, 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0 𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 𝑘 are consistent if 𝑘 =

1) 1 2) −1 3) 0 4) −2
149. 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧not all zeros and the equations 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0,
(1 + 𝑎) 𝑥 + (2 + 𝑎) 𝑦 − 8𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 − (1 + 𝑎) 𝑦 + (2 + 𝑎) 𝑧 = 0 have non-trivial solution
then a =
1) 2 + √15 2) 3 − √15 3) √15 4) −4
150. 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 0, 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0 ,
21𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 = 0has infinity solutions then 𝑎 =
1) −5 2) −4 3) 2 4) 4
151. The system of equations 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 0,2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 11𝑧 = 0 has
..... solutions
1) unique 2) two 3)0 4) infinite
152. The number of solutions of the equations 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 5, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 7 is ....
1) 1 2) 2 3) 4 4) 0
153. The equations 𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 3 have
3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 7
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5
1) a unique solution 2) no solution
3) two solutions 4) infinite solutions
154. The equations 𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 3,3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 7 ,2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5 have
1) a unique solution 2) infinite number of solutions
3) no solution 4) two solutions
155. The equations 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 5, 3𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 2 have
1) unique solutions 2) no solution
3) infinite number of solutions 4) two solutions
156. The value of ′𝑎′ for which the equations 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 = 1, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑎𝑧 =
−1 fail to have unique solution is
1) 7/2 2) −7/2 3) 2/7 4) −2/7
157. Number of solutions of the equations 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 , 3𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 3 is ...
1) 0 2) 1 3) 4 4) infinity
158. The solutions of the equations 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 14, 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 11, 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 11
...
1) 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 4 2) 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 4
3) 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 8 4) 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 3
159. The number of solutions of the equation
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 5, 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5is

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1) one 2) two 3) 0 4) infinity

160. The number of solutions of the equations 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 18, 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 8𝑧 = 13,
5𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 20, is
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) infinity

KEY ANSWERS
SESSION –1
CLASS EXERCISE:
1) b, c 2) a = 4 and b = 2 (or) a = – 4, b = – 2 3) c 4) b,c, d 5) c
HOME EXERCISE:
1) a, c 2) a, c, d 3) a = 3, b = 1, c = 1 or a = 1, b = 3, c = 1
4) x = 1, y = 4, z = 2; 25 5) b 6) b, d

SESSION– 2& 3
CLASS EXERCISE:
1) c, d 2) d 3) b 5) a 7) b 8) b
HOME EXERCISE:
1) 1 3) c, d 5)b 7) b 8) a

SESSION – 4
CLASS EXERCISE:
1) a 2) c 4) b 5) b 6) d 7) b
HOME EXERCISE
1) b 2) c 4) abd 5) ab 6) b 7) a, b 8)a

SESSION – 5
CLASS EXERCISE:
1) a 2) c 3) b 4) b 5) b 6) c 7) a 8)a, d
HOME EXERCIS
1) b 2) d 3) c 4) b 5) a 6) c 7)d 8) c

SESSION – 6
CLASS EXERCISE:
1) a 2) a 3) b 4) c 5) a, b, d 6) a, b 7)c 8) a
HOME EXERCISE
1) c 2) d 3) a, b, c, d 4) a, b, c 5) b 6) b 7)d 8) c

SESSION – 7

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CLASS EXERCISE:
1) Infinite solutions; solution will be an ordered triplet of the form (12z + 1, 10z– 1, z)
2) b, c 3) x = 1, y = 1, z = –1 4) x = 2, y = –3 5) d 6) a 7) c 8) b
HOME EXERCISE
1) b, c 2)d 3) d 4) c 5) a 6) c 7) c 8)c

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JEE MAIN
1) 3 2) 2 3) 3 4)2 5)2 6)2 7) 1
8)3 9)3 10)2 11)1 12)3 13)3 14)1
15)4 16)1 17)4 18)1 19)2 20)2 21)3
22)2 23)4 24)4 25)2 26)4 27)3 28)2
29)3 30)2 31)2 32)3 33)1 34)3 35)3
36)1 37)3 38)2 39)3 40)1 41)1 42)1
43)3 44)3 45)3 46)2 47)3 48)1 49)1
50)1 51)3 52)1 53)3 54)2 55)2 56)2
57)2 58)2 59)4 60)4 61)1 62)1 63)2
64)1 65)2 66)1 67)1 68)3 69)2 70)1
71)2 72)4 73)1 74)2 75)2 76)1 77)2
78)1 79)2 80)1 81)1 82)2 83)1 84)3
85)1 86)1 87)4 88)3 89)2 90)2 91)2
92)3 93)4 94)2 95)2 96)2 97)4 98)3
99)1 100)2 101)2 102)2 103)2 104)3 105)3
106)3 107)3 108)1 109)3 110)3 111)2 112)4
113)3 114)4 115)1 116)4 117)2 118)1 119)1
120)2 121)1 122)2 123)1 124)3 125)3 126)3
127)3 128)1 129)1 130)1 131)1 132)1 133)4
134)4 135)3 136)4 137)2 138)4 139)2 140)1
141)1 142)3 143)2 144)2 145)1 146)1 147)3
148)3 149)1 150)1 151)4 152)1 153)2 154)3
155)2 156)2 157)4 158)4 159)1 160)2

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