Cell - contains DNA in chromosomes

-basic unit of life (46 human chromosomes)

Cytology NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

-study of cell - Cell at rest

Cell theory - if cell is active the chromosomes forming dna

1. Cells-cells (all cells come from existing cells -DNA- hereditary material of all

2.living things - cell ( all living things are made up of Nucleolus

cell)
- inside nucleus
3. The cell is wherw energy produced
- may have 1-3 nucleoli
4. The cell contains heredutary material
-disappears when cell divides
3 basic components of cell
- makes ribosomes that makes protein
1. Cell Membrabe
CYTOSKELETON
2. Cytoplasm
- help cell maintain cell shape
3. Nucleus ( nucleoloid)
- help more organelle around
2 typee of cell
- made of protein
1. Prokaryotes
- microfilament are threadlife and made of ACTIN
- lack a nucleus or membrane bound organelle
- microtubules are tubelike and makde of tubulin
- includes bacteria
CENTRIOLES
- simplest type of a cell
- only in animal cell
- single, circular chromosomes
- paired structures near nucleus
- bacteria and arhaea ( extremphiles)
-made of bundle of microtubules
2. Eukaryote
-appears during cell division forming mitotic spindle
- has a mekbrane bound nucleus
-help to pull chromosomes pairs apart to opposite
- has a membrane bound organelle ends

-more complex type of a cell MITOCHONDRION

- multiple chromosome -powerhouse of a cell

NUCLEUS - generate cellular energy (ATP)

-control organelle - more active cells like muscle

- controll the normal activities -both plant and animal have mitochondria
-site of cellular respiration (burning glucose) -includes nuclesr memvrane connected to ER
connected to cell membrane (transport)
- double membrane
Ribosomes
-DNA
- Protein factory
- Inner membrane called Cristae
-made of proteins and rRNA
-interior called matrix
-protein factories for cell
ATP ( adenosins trioposphate
-join amino acids to make proteins
-energy currency of the body
- process called protein synthesis
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Golgi Bodies
- network of hollow membrane tubules
- stack of flattened sacs
-connects to nuclear envelope and cell membrane
-have a shipping side (transface) and receiving side
- functions in synthesis of cell products and ( cis face)
transport
-receive proteins made by ER
2 kinds of Endoplasmic reticulum : rough and smooth
-Transport vesicles with modified proteins pinch off
Rough ER the ends
- has ribosomes on its surface - look like a stack pancakes
- makes membrane proteins and protein for export - modify, sort and package molecules from ER for
our of cell storage or transport out of cell
- proteins are made by riboosmes on ER surface Golgi Animation
- they are even threaded into the interior of the - materials are transported from rough ER to golgi to
rough ER to be modified and transported the cell membrane by vesicles
Smooth ER Lysosomes
-where lipids are manufactured - contain digestive enzymes
- lacks ribosomes on its surface - break down food, bacteria, and worn out cell parts
- is attached to the end of rough er for cell

- makes cell products that are use inside the cell -programmed for CELL DEATH (AUTOLYSIS)

Functions : makes membrane lipids (steroids) - lyse (breaks open) and release enzymes to break
down and recycle parts
: regulates calcium ( muscle cells)
Lysosome Digestion
: destroys toxic substances ( liver)
-cell take in food by phagocytosis
Endomembrane system
-lysosomes digest the food and get rid of wastes
- site of ribosome
Cilia and Flagella -inner membrane modified into sacs called
thylakoids
-made of protein tubes called Microtubules
-thylakoids in stacks called GRANA and
-microtubules arranged (a+2) interconnected
-functions in moving cells in moving fluids or in small -Stroma-gel like material surrounding thylakoids
particles across the cell surface
-Contain its own DNA
Cilia
-contains enzymes and pigments for photosynthesis
-shorter and more numerous on cells
-never in animal or bacterial cells
Flagella
Photosynthesis - food making process
-longer and fewer on cells
Cell Modifications
Vacuoles
-adapting changes occurred to cell led to specialized
-fluids filled sacks for storage functions
-small or absent in animal cells 1. Apical Modification
-plant cells have a large central vacuole -modification on TOP of a cell
-no vacuoles in bacterial cells 2. Basal Modification
-in plant, they store cell soap - modification on BOTTOM of a cell
-includes storage of sugar, proteins, minerals, lipids, 3. Lateral Modification
wastes, salts, water, enzymes
- modification on SIDE of a cell
Contractile Vacuole
1. Apical Modification
-found in unicellular protist like paramecia
A. Microvilli
-regulates water intake by bumping out excess
(homeostasis) -fingerlike projections

- Keeps the cell from lying (bursting) -folded in surface area for better
absorption
Chloroplast
B. Cilia
-found only in producers (organisms containing
chlorophyll ) -composed of micro filaments

-use energy from sunlight to make own food - motile (move in rythmical wave like
(glucose)
C. Stereocilia
-energy from sun stored in the chemical bond of
sugars - non motile

-surrounded by a double membrane - sensory cells

-outer membrane smooth - help in absorption

 D. Flagella C. Red Blood Cells

- has microtubules - anucleated (absence of nucleus)

-for movement D. Sperm Cells

2. Basal Modification - Has flagella

A. Basal infolding E. Plant Cells

- maintain integrity of a cell, absorption - Chloroplast where photosynthesis occurs

B. Hemidesmosome

- found beneath the adhering junctions

3. Lateral Modification

A. Tight junction

- Zonula occludens

- prevent leakage of fluid from the cell

B. Adhering Junction

- found on top of hemidesmosome

- maintain all integrity

C. GAP Junction

-space found in cell

- cell to cell communication

-allow movement of molecules in and out

of a cell

D. Desmosome

-anchoring junction

-prevents too much stress from shearing

-Commonly found in skin

Special Modifications

A. Nerve Cells

- Axon - dendrites - nucleus

B. Muscle cells

- Actin and myosin