4.1 TO DETERMINE RESISTIVITY OF TW O/T! OF POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE VERSUS ete Dae eee Resistance 1s eines as the property of a conductor to resist the flow of charges through it, Ohm's law gives a relation tetween potential difference and current and res rs tance is proportionality constant, There is alin potential diffrence and current, Slope ofthe graph between current an penta fers relationship between giv es resistance of conductor. Aim Jo determine resi of twolthree wires by plotting a graph of potential difference versus current Materials Required fe DC voltmeter © Resistance wire Ammeter © Rheostat_ —@ Battery © Plug key e Connecting wires Metre scale @ A piece of sand paper @ Screw gauge Theory Ohm's Law According to Ohm's law, electric current I through a given conductor is dietly proportional to potential difference {across its end; if other conditions remain constant. Other conditions include; temperature and pressure. ‘Ohm's law can be shown by following equation: Vol Or V=RI Here; Ris the constant of proportionality and is known as the resistance ofthe conductor, The S.1. unit of resistance is Ohm which is denoted by the Greek Battery Key letter Omega (2) Vv --O-wy— 2 I. Rhoostat Rev A R depends upon the nature of material, temperature and dimensions (length Resistance wire and diameter) of the conducting wire. NY ‘A graph between potential difference and current is « straight ine Slope of —@— this graph gives value of resistance for the conductor slope = tan = 2 = Resisance Circuit diagram to find resistance of a wire Procedure Setting up the elements of Circuit © Make a circuit with battery, resistor, theostat Voltmeter and ammeter; as shown in the clreult diagram. «Before using the connecting wires, clean thets ac vwith sandpaper so that any insulation could bbe removed Make clean and tight connections while making the cireuit. : Enoure that positive and negative terminals of inter and volumeter are connected (0 IME suitable terminals of the battery.) nt of voltmeter and Battery einator| orballeryMeasurement of Resistance of the Wire sortata measurable curent passes through theresistng i atc diene a Ler respectively © Bystiding the rheostat contact, adjust the r i eter and ammet ps ly. en Wown the value of potential difference and current; from voltin © Note down the value of potentia Shift the rheostat contact slightly to ensure full div reading in fractional divisions. Wire in eating on vlimeer and meter. AV aig © Take at least five sets of observations. Determination of Resistivity of wire the wire a ‘4 © Cut the resistance wire at the ends where it leaves the terminals of the voltmeter. Stretch the wire and Measure iy i re. {ength by using a meter scale and measure the radius by using a screw gaugt © Record your observations. + Rov = Observations Length of the resistance w ‘ire 1= 34 em Ammeter reading I(A) {Voltmeter reading V(V)| Vv and radius of wire() = 0.1 em S Observed | Corrected Observed] Corrected [7 Range of ammeter: current (1,) Ve |V=Vj+q Range of voltmeter: 03 V 1 06 05 05 10 | Least count of ammeter: 0.1. A 2 li 10 10 10 Least count of voltmeter: _0. Iv 3. 16 Is Is 10 Zero ‘error in ammeter: 0.1 A. t 21 ap y 4 a error in voltmeter: 0.0 V 7 7 7 * ; ; -€r0 Correction for ammeter: = Zero correction for voltmeter: ey = — Plotting of Graph Choose appropriate seale and plot a graph between Potential difference O-axs) and curent (y axis) ae CE raarones PotentialCalculation From V-I graph slope can be calculated as: AB_AV 25 slope = tan 0 = —— 18 ae CB. al 25-1015 In AB So tan 0 = tan 45° «, slope = 1.2 Resistance = slop : RA 1x3.14x 0.1)? = Resistivity, p= >= Coe 9.210% Qem =9.2 « 10° Q-m Results ¢ The graph between potential difference and current is a straight line. Hence, potential difference is directly nal to the current, ity of the given wire is 9.2 * 10° Qu A\Precautions\, ‘© Use ammeter and voltmeter of appropriate range. ‘© Wire should be cleaned thoroughly with sand paper before using. © All connections should be tight and neat. © Rheostat should be of low resistance. «Insert the key only while taking observations to prevent heating of resistance. ‘© Check for zero error corrections for voltmeter and ammeter. ‘© Use copper wire to connect different elements and devices. Sources of Error © Non-uniform cross-section of wire. ‘© End resistance of wire may cause some error in result © Loose screws of instrument. © Higher resistance of rheostat. © Resistance of coil may change due to excess heating. Suggested Experiments 1. Find the resistivity of wire of different materials. 2. For constant diameter, find the effect of length of wire on resistance. [VIVA Voce QL. What do you understand by electric current? lowing through a conductor in forward direction in a given time is called current 4 1 Ans. The net amount of charge fi t Where, Lis current, g is charge and 1 is time. Ifthe value of I is negative then its mean current is flowing in backward direction. ‘The SI unit of current is ampere which is usually represented by A. 2, Describe Ohm’s Law. Ans. Ohm's law states that if the temperature of a conductor remains constant then current flowing through the conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference. vel or, V=RI Practical Smius iw PaYsics-12