EXPERIMENT NO.

02

SCHO0L OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

KIIT DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY

COMMUNICATION ENGG. LAB.

SUBJECT CODE: EC-2094
 EXPERIMENT No- 2
FREQUENCY MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
Aim
I. To generate frequencv modulated signal and determine the modulatiorn index.
2
Todemodulate the Frequency Modul ated signal using PLL(phase locked loop).
Equipment /Components Required
S. No EQUIPMENT / Quantity
Range
COMPONENTS
REQUIRED
Frequency modulation and
Demodulation
Trainer kit
2 Function Generator (0-3) MHz 1
CRO. (0-30)
MHz
4 Patching Chord Required

Theory of FM mnodulator
In frequency modulation instantaneous frequency oi is varied linearly with a
x(t) about an unmodulated carrier frequency oc. That means the message or base band signal
instantaneous value of the angular
frequency oi will be equal to the carrier frequency oc plus a time varying component
baseband signal x(t). Instantaneous frequency is given by: proportional to the
oi = 0c + kf x(t) kf = frequency sensitivity
The shift in frequency compared with the amplitude of the modulating voltage is
ratio.
called the deviation
The deviation ratio is also called the deviation constant and it defines
howmuch the carrier
frequency will change for a given input voltage level. The units are kHz/V
General expression for FM wave:
S(t) = A cos[oct + kf Jx(t) dt]
The modul ation index for FM is defined as

m,
max frequency deviat ion
modulating frequency Jm

Modulat ng Signal

Wideband FM
Integrator Narrow Band PM Frequency
Multiplier

Crystal Oscillator

fe

Block diagram of FM Generation

 Amplitude

Modulating signal (audio)

Time
Carrier frequency

Time

FM signal

Time

FM Waveform

Circuit Diagram of FM modulator

0.001 F
|13 14

XR-2206 OoUTPUT
10
3
34.7KA aKQ
l uf
10 KS2
S4,7KF0uF

SiNE

100K9y 00 KQ
22 Uf
R
FM Demodulator:
The process of getting a modulating or baseband signal from a frequency modulated signal is called
demodulation or detecthon of signal The electronic circuits which perform the demodulation process are
called FNM demodulation or detectors Ih converts the FM signal into acorresponding AM signal with the
help of frequency dependent ciTCuits, 1e the circuits whose output voltage depends on the input frequeney.
These circuts are known as frequency d1scriminators. A phase locked loop (PLL) 0s used in tracking ne
phase and frequency o1 the carner component of an incoming FM Signal. PLL 1s also uselu
demodulat1ng FM Signals in presence of large noise and low signal power. PLL is a negative feedba*
system It consists of amultiplier, a loop filter and voltage controlled oscillator (VCO).

Demodulated
FM input output
Phase
detector Low pass Amplsfier
filter

Voltage
controlled
OScillator

FM Demodulator block diagram

Circuit Diagram of FM demodulator

+12V

FM INPUT
R2

XR-2206! 2
565
4
AUDI0
OUTPUT

S60

-12V
 Procedure for Modulation
1 Switch on the frequency modul ation trainer kit.
2 Connect oscilloScope to the FM op i.e pin2 of the
IC-XR2206 (output) and GND SWItcn
on the trainer & observe the carrier frequency
without any SINE INPUT
3 Apply a 1 KHz(4Vp-p) sine wave (AF) to
the SINE INPUT of frequency modulator
4 Patch the circuit according to the wiring d1agram.
5. Now observe the frequency-modulated o/p on the CRO and adjust the
amplitude of the
AF signal to get clear frequency modulated waveform.
6. Vary the modulating signal frequency fm and amplitude & observe the effects on the
modulated WAVEFORMS
Procedure for Demodulation:
1. Connect the FM output to the input of the FM demodulator and patch the circuit
according to the wiring diagram
2. Now observe the output of the demodulator on the C.RO. (Vary the potentiometer
provided in the demodulator section).

POWER FM MODULATOR FM DEMODULATOR USING PLL

ON FM DUTPUT FM INPUT
DEMODULATED O/P

CFF SUNE
INPUT
7 1. 0.01.F
7
9.002F 0.1LF

15V XR 2206 10K

8
100K

+5V 22F

10
+5V
NE 565 10
1
5V
100K
470PF

GND GND

GND GNO

Wiring Diagram of FM trainer Kit

ENWvform

35

2 3 3

35

hemoduaon

500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Observations

FM Modulation

Freq M
SL. Modulating Carrier Change In Dey =Freq
No. Signal Freq Freq (KHz) dev/fm
Voltage (V) (KHz) (KHz)

FM Demodulation

SL. Modulating Modulating Demodulating Demodulating

Signal
No. Signal Signal Signal Frequency
Voltage (V) Frequen Voltage

(KHZ)
 Lab Assignment
, Generate PM
output using Frequency modul ation
Observe the spectrum and calculate BW
:
Demodulate FM using slope detector method
Lab viva Questions
1Define Modulation Index
2Define Frequency Deviation?
: When the amplitude of
deviation? modulating signal increases then what is the effect on freq
4 Compare AM & FM
5Compare NBFM & WBFM.
6.What are applications of FM?
Result

The process of frequency modulation and

deyiation and modulation index is calculateddemodulation
is demonstrated and the frequency