Assignment 1: Introduction to health

research
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2023-08-09, 23:59 IST.

Assignment submitted on 2023-07-28, 19:39 IST

1 point
Which of the following studies dose not involve first hand data collection from human participants?

a) Clinical trials

b) Cohort studies

c) Secondary data analysis of data from national health programmes

d) None of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
c) Secondary data analysis of data from national health programmes
1 point
What is true about confounders?

a) They affect both study variable as well as outcome

b) Their effect can be minimized by proper study design and through stratified analysis

c) Both 'a' & 'b'

d) None of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
c) Both 'a' & 'b'
1 point
Scope of health research can include

a) Human host

b) Surrounding environment and the society

 c) Health care infrastructure and delivery

d) All of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above
1 point
Which of the following statements is not true in case of pilot study?

a) They are conducted for developing and testing adequacy of research instruments

b) They establish whether the sampling frame and technique are effective

c) Ethics committee approves the main study only after successful completion of the pilot study

d) They are small scale studies

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
c) Ethics committee approves the main study only after successful completion of the pilot study
1 point
Any research done in a controlled laboratory setting using nonhuman subjects is known as
__________________

a) Translational Research

b) Bench Research

c) Theoretical Research

d) Preventive Research
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) Bench Research
1 point
The policy makers want to know whether introduction of a new vaccine in the national immunization
programme in order to reduce number of cases attributable to a particular infection. Which of the following
studies will they have to conduct to find an answer?

a) Case-control study

b) Field randomized trial

 c) Ecological study

d) Case-series
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) Field randomized trial
1 point
Which of the following is not a type of study design?

a) Qualitative study

b) Observational study

c) Retrospective study

d) Pilot study
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) Pilot study
1 point
Which of the following statements are correct regarding defining inclusion and exclusion criteria in a study
protocol?

a) They should be vague because this will allow greater and easy enrollment

b) They should be very specific

c) They should be very large in number

d) It is not important to define exclusion criteria in a clinical trial

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) They should be very specific
1 point
Random error can be minimized by

a) Increasing sample size

b) Decreasing sample size

c) Improving quality control laboratory tests

 d) Training of study investigator
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) Increasing sample size
1 point
What is appropriate for sample and sample size?

a) Should be representative of the population [ External validity or generalizability]

b) Should be adequate [Power to draw meaningful inferences]

c) Both 'a' and 'b'

d) Neither 'a' nor 'b'

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
c) Both 'a' and 'b'

Assignment 2: Formulating research

question hypothesis and objectives
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2023-08-09, 23:59 IST.

Assignment submitted on 2023-07-27, 12:05 IST

1 point
A clear research question facilitates the following

a) Choose the most optimal design

b) Identify who should be included

c) Decide on outcomes to be measured

d) All of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above
1 point
The process of refining the "ideas" into research questions begins with general uncertainty about a health issue
and narrows down to a specific, concrete researchable issue

a) True

b) False
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) True
1 point
Will you frame research hypothesis, if research question contains the term 'compared with'?

a) Yes

b) No
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) Yes
1 point
Primary objective of a research study is to estimate the prevalence of a health problem in a community in 2017,
Identify the type of research question this study is addressing

a) Analytical research question

b) Descriptive research question

c) Both of the above

d) None of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) Descriptive research question
1 point
Which of the following is an element of life cycle of research?

a) Identify data needs and spell out the research question

 b) Prepare data collection instrument

c) Draw conclusion and give recommendation to stakeholders

d) All of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above
1 point
A good research hypothesis is stated in advance or a priori

a) True

b) False
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) True
1 point
Characteristics of a good hypothesis include

a) Simple

b) Specific

c) Stated in advance

d) All of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above
1 point
A data need or the problem statement or uncertainty about an issue is translated into a research question in
everyday language?

a) True

b) False
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) True
1 point
Feasibility of a good research question is based on

a) The availability of adequate number of study participants

b) Technical expertise of the research team

c) Resources available

d) All of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above
1 point
Which of the following statements is incorrect?

a) A good research question should be Feasible, Interesting, Novel, Ethics and Relevant

b) A good research question should be in epidemiological terms

c) A good research question facilitates to choose optimal design

d) A good research question will focus on one issue

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) A good research question should be in epidemiological terms

Assignment 3: Literature review

The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2023-08-09, 23:59 IST.

Assignment submitted on 2023-07-27, 12:06 IST

1 point
Why should we need to do a Literature Review?

a) Saves yourself from work

 b) Know the subject matter better

c) Suggest new research topics, questions and methods

d) All of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above
1 point
Appropriate places to do a literature search

a) Pubmed/Google Scholar/Scopus

b) Library

c) HON Certified Sites

d) All of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above
1 point
The ability to apply principles of analysis to identify those studies which are unbiased and valid is called as

a) Critical appraisal

b) Information seeking

c) Information management

d) Systematic Review
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) Critical appraisal
1 point
A collection of articles, abstracts, scientific proceedings, books, citation etc. that is organized for easy access
during literature review is called

a) Data base

b) Critical appraisal
 c) Hard disk

d) None of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) Data base
1 point
Critical appraisal is done in an organized and systematic manner

a) True

b) False
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) True
1 point
What is the order of doing a literature search systematically?

a) Organise the information, identify the lacunae, develop the research question and synthesis the results

b) Organise information, synthesis the results, identify the lacunae and develop the research question

c) Identify the lacunae, develop the research question, synthesis the results, organise the information

d) Develop the research question, synthesis the results, organise the information and identify the lacunae
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) Organise information, synthesis the results, identify the lacunae and develop the research question
1 point
In the National Library of Medicine (NLM), MeSH means

a) Medical Services Heading

b) Medical Subject Heading

c) Medical Subject Helpline

d) Medical Services Helpline

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) Medical Subject Heading
1 point
Which of the following is unethical while writing a literature review?

a) The contents from the studies should be presented honestly

b) The contents from the studies should be not be distorted

c) It is not necessary to address the weakness of the study in a scholarly manner

d) Sources should be accurately documented

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
c) It is not necessary to address the weakness of the study in a scholarly manner
1 point
In the Boolean search strategy, NOT is a term that tells database to include records with certain words from
your search

a) True

b) False
No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) False
1 point
Which of the following about PUBMED is not true

a) PubMed comprises more than 25 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science
journals, and online books

b) Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites

c) PubMed is a free resource that is developed and maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology
Information (NCBI), at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), located at the National Institutes of Health
(NIH)

d) PUBMED is a paid service provider for doing literature search

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) PUBMED is a paid service provider for doing literature search
Assignment 5: Descriptive study
designs
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2023-08-09, 23:59 IST.

Assignment submitted on 2023-08-03, 12:17 IST

1 point
In cross-sectional survey we can observe one or more outcomes

a) True

b) False
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) True
1 point
Disease etiology can be studied in cross sectional survey

a) True

b) False
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) False
1 point
Which of the following is wrong about descriptive study designs?

a) Describe the study outcome for 1 group

b) Compare the study outcomes for 2 group

c) Calculate the incidence for surveillance data

d) Calculate prevalence for cross-sectional study

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) Compare the study outcomes for 2 group
1 point
Descriptive epidemiology study design can answer all of the following questions EXCEPT:

a) Who?

b) When?

c) Where?

d) Why?
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) Why?
1 point
Which one of the following study designs dose not employ comparison groups to answer the primary study
objective?

a) Cross-sectional study

b) Cohort study

c) Ecological study

d) Case-control study
No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Cross-sectional study
1 point
Prevalence is usually estimated from this study design

a) Cross-sectional study

b) Cohort study

c) Ecological study

d) Case-control study
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) Cross-sectional study
1 point
We do not have any comparison group in case series.
 a) True

b) False
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) True
1 point
Cross-sectional study is a type of

a) Descriptive study

b) Qualitative study

c) Analytical observational study

d) Analytical interventional study

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) Descriptive study
1 point
Advantage of an ecological study is

a) Relate rate of disease and exposure

b) Useful to study the etiology

c) Useful to study the rare diseases

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Relate rate of disease and exposure
1 point
Unit of observation in the cross-sectional study

a) Individual

b) Group

c) Both 'a' and 'b'

d) None of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Individual

Assignment 6: Analytical study designs

The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2023-08-09, 23:59 IST.

Assignment submitted on 2023-08-04, 20:14 IST

1 point
Which one of the following design is useful to measure the Incidence of a particular disease?

a) Cross-sectional study

b) Case-control study

c) Cohort study

d) Experimental study
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
c) Cohort study
1 point
Cohort study is suitable for rare diseases

a) True

b) False
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) False
1 point
Which of the following statement is true about the cohort study

a) It is not suitable for disease with a long latency period

 b) Loss to follow up can introduce bias

c) Both 'a' and 'b'

d) None of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
c) Both 'a' and 'b'
1 point
Relative risk of less than 1 indicates

a) Incidence in unexposed is higher than exposed

b) Incidence in exposed and unexposed are same

c) Incidence in exposed is higher than unexposed

d) None of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) Incidence in unexposed is higher than exposed
1 point
What is an appropriate measure of association in a case-control study?

a) Rate ratio

b) Risk ratio

c) Odds ratio

d) Pearson's correlation coefficient

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
c) Odds ratio
1 point
In case of analytical studies which of the following is wrong?

a) Describe the study outcome for 2 groups

b) Describe the study outcome for 1 group

c) Calculate the relative risk for cohort studies

 d) Calculate odds ratio for case control studies
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) Describe the study outcome for 1 group
1 point
Cohort study is useful in the estimation of

a) Prevalence

b) Incidence

c) Odds ratio

d) None of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) Incidence
1 point
Which of the following is NOT true regarding case-control study

i. Appropriate for study of rare outcomes

ii. More time consuming than cohort study
iii. Multiple exposures can be examined
iv. Relatively expensive compared to cohort study

a) Both (i) and (ii)

b) Both (ii) and (iii)

c) Both (ii) and (iv)

d) Both (iii) and (iv)

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
c) Both (ii) and (iv)
1 point
Exposure is not assigned by the investigator in the following study design

a) Cohort

b) Case-control
 c) Cross-sectional

d) All of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above
1 point
All babies born in a particular year will form a birth cohort

a) True

b) False
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) True

Assignment 7: Experimental study

designs
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2023-08-16, 23:59 IST.

Assignment submitted on 2023-08-09, 13:17 IST

1 point
Which of the following is one of the cornerstones of a RCT?

a) Recruitment

b) Randomization

c) Blinding

d) Sampling
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) Randomization
1 point
Which of the following is/are true in a clinical trial?

a) Sample size determination

b) Approval from regulatory authority

c) Agreement between the investigators and sponsors

d) All of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above
1 point
Key methodological components of a Randomized Controlled Trials are

a) Use of a control to which the experimental intervention is compared

b) Random assignment of participants to intervention

c) Taking informed consent from all study participants

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above
1 point
The purpose of a double blinding or double masking in a clinical trial is to

a) Achieve comparability of all arms of a clinical trial

b) Avoid observer and subject bias

c) Avoid observer bias and sampling variation

d) Avoid subject bias and sampling variation

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) Avoid observer and subject bias
1 point
What is the purpose of randomization in a clinical trial?
 a) Get better power for data analysis

b) Generalizing the study findings to the population which is not studied

c) Achieve balance in baseline characteristics

d) Guarantee that the statistical tests have valid significance levels

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Achieve balance in baseline characteristics
1 point
Which phase of a clinical trial is referred to as post-marketing surveillance?

a) Phase 1

b) Phase 2

c) Phase 3

d) Phase 4
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) Phase 4
1 point
Which of the following interventions can be tested in a clinical trial?

a) New vaccines

b) New drugs

c) New diagnostic kit

d) All of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above
1 point
Single blinding or masking is practiced at the level of

a) Investigator

b) Participants
 c) Analysts

d) None
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) Participants
1 point
A pharmacologically inactive agent that investigators administer to participants in the control group of a trial is
called as

a) Comparator drug

b) Placebo

c) Conjugate

d) None of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) Placebo
1 point
Biased outcome ascertainment happens when

i. Participants may report symptoms or outcomes differently

ii. Physicians or investigators may elicit symptoms or outcomes differently
iii. Participants may report symptoms or outcomes in a similar manner
iv. Physicians or investigators may elicit symptoms or outcomes in a similar manner

Chose the right answer below:

a) 'i' & 'ii'

b) 'ii' & 'iii'

c) 'iii' & 'iv'

d) 'iv' & 'i'

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) 'i' & 'ii'
Assignment 8: Validity of
epidemiological studies
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2023-08-16, 23:59 IST.

Assignment submitted on 2023-08-09, 13:27 IST

1 point
To reduce selection bias in case-control studies, all the following are true EXCEPT

a) Use population based design

b) Apply different eligibility criteria for selecting cases and controls

c) Both cases and controls undergo the same diagnostic procedures

d) Avoid hospital based design

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) Apply different eligibility criteria for selecting cases and controls
1 point
Randomized clinical trials can be best described as

a) Experimental studies

b) Analytical studies

c) Descriptive studies

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Experimental studies
1 point
Better recall of exposure among the cases in a case-control study can result in

a) Information bias

b) Confounding
 c) Investigator bias

d) Selection bias
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) Information bias
1 point
Obtaining an estimate that is generalizable to relevant study population in an epidemiological study is

a) External validity

b) Internal validity

c) Bias

d) confounding
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) External validity
1 point
Systematic selection of more number of exposed participants with the higher risk of outcome in a cohort study
will result in

a) Selection bias

b) Information bias

c) Confounding

d) Random error
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) Selection bias
1 point
The main reasons for random assignment in a clinical trial is/are

a) To maintain equal number of participants in each arm

b) To minimize confounding

c) To minimize co-interventions and bias in outcome ascertainment

 d) 'b' & 'c' are true

e) 'a' & 'b' are true

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) 'b' & 'c' are true
1 point
The method which can be used to handle confounding during data analysis in an epidemiological study

a) Multivariate analysis

b) Restriction

c) Matching

d) Randomization
No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Multivariate analysis
1 point
All are true regarding measures to reduce information bias, EXCEPT

a) Precise operational definitions of all variables

b) Detailed measurement protocols

c) Adequate sample size

d) Training, Certification and re-certification of data collectors

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
c) Adequate sample size
1 point
Any process that tends to produce results that depart systematically from values in a research study

a) Chance

b) Bias

c) Random error

d) Effect modification
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) Bias
1 point
Variability in estimation due to unknown/uncontrollable causes

a) Chance

b) Bias

c) Confounding

d) Effect Modification
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) Chance

Assignment 9: Qualitative research

methods: An overview
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2023-08-16, 23:59 IST.

Assignment submitted on 2023-08-09, 13:33 IST

1 point
Open-ended group interviews that promotes discussions among participants

a) In-depth Interviews

b) Focus Group Discussions

c) Participant Observation

d) Structured interviews
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) Focus Group Discussions
1 point
Which of the following study designs can be used as a tool a generate ideas/hypotheses?

a) Qualitative study

b) Case control study

c) Experimental study

d) Cohort study
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) Qualitative study
1 point
Open-ended one-to-one interviews to discover interviewee's own framework of meanings

a) In-depth Interviews

b) Focus Group Discussions

c) Participant Observation

d) Structured interviews
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) In-depth Interviews
1 point
The qualitative data analysis method in which investigators codes text into categories and build theoretical
models

a) Content analysis

b) Grounded theory

c) Schema Analysis

d) Hermeneutics
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) Grounded theory
1 point
The main methods used in qualitative research method include all EXCEPT
 a) In-depth Interviews

b) Focus Group Discussions

c) Participant observation

d) Structured questionnaire-based interviews

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) Structured questionnaire-based interviews
1 point
The observer becomes a part of the group or event in this method of qualitative study

a) In-depth Interviews

b) Focus Group Discussions

c) Participant observation

d) Structured interviews
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
c) Participant observation
1 point
One of the reasons that the results of In-depth Interviews are not generalizable is because of

a) Random sampling

b) Cluster sampling

c) Purposive sampling

d) Stratified random sampling

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
c) Purposive sampling
1 point
Which of the following are characteristics of qualitative research methods?

a) Objective, measurable, reliable and repeatable

b) Subjective, measurable, credible and repeatable

 c) Subjective, credible, inductive and interpretation of responses

d) Objective, credible, inductive and interpretation of responses

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
c) Subjective, credible, inductive and interpretation of responses
1 point
All of the following are situations in which qualitative research methods can be used, except

a) Familiar and sufficiently researched matter

b) To seek the depth of understanding

c) Exploration of behaviors

d) View the social phenomenon holistically

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) Familiar and sufficiently researched matter
1 point
The result of these studies are measurable and repeatable

a) Quantitative studies

b) Qualitative studies

c) Both of the above

d) None of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) Quantitative studies

Assignment 10: Measurement of study

variables
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2023-08-23, 23:59 IST.

Assignment submitted on 2023-08-22, 12:25 IST
1 point
Choose the odd one among the following

a) Range

b) Variance

c) Mode

d) Standard deviation
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
c) Mode
1 point
Blood pressure is an example of continuous variable

a) True

b) False
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) True
1 point
'Number of children per household' is an example of a continuous variable

a) True

b) False
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) False
1 point
In a study, researchers are interested in measuring the cholesterol levels of participants. cholesterol level is a
________ variable

a) Ordinal

b) Nominal

c) Continuous
 d) Discrete
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
c) Continuous
1 point
First quartile (Q1) is equivalent to ______ percentile

a) 25th

b) 50th

c) 75th

d) 100th
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) 25th
1 point
Find the median in the following sample of observations: 14,25,8,28,45,1,24

a) 28

b) 45

c) 24

d) 25
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
c) 24
1 point
The following measure is not influenced by extreme values in a data set

a) Arithmetic Mean

b) Inter-quartile range

c) Range

d) 'b' and 'c'

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) Inter-quartile range
1 point
In a study on hypertension, patients are categorised based on their systolic blood pressure as pre-
hypertension,
Hypertension stage-I and Hypertension stage-II. What type of variable is this?

a) Qualitative

b) Descriptive

c) Nominal

d) Ordinal
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) Ordinal
1 point
In the following set of data, what is the mean? 5,4,9,8,4,8,3,7

a) 6

b) 40

c) 10

d) 8
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) 6
1 point
Difference between the minimum and the maximum values of the observations

a) Variance

b) Inter-quartile range

c) Range

d) Standard deviation
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
c) Range

Assignment 11: Sampling methods

The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2023-08-23, 23:59 IST.

Assignment submitted on 2023-08-22, 10:38 IST

1 point
Sampling based upon equal chance of selection is called

a) Stratified random sampling

b) Simple random sampling

c) Systematic sampling

d) Subjective sampling
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) Simple random sampling
1 point
The following statement is correct regarding sampling error

a) Sampling error is difficult to measure in simple random sampling

b) Sampling error is easy to measure in stratified sampling

c) The magnitude of error can be measured in non-probability samples

d) The magnitude of error can be measured in probability samples

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) The magnitude of error can be measured in probability samples
1 point
The purpose of stratified random sampling is to make sue that

a) The sample is more representative of the target population than the accessible population
 b) Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample

c) The sample proportionately represents individuals from different subgroups of the population

d) None of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
c) The sample proportionately represents individuals from different subgroups of the population
1 point
Random sampling in probability samples reduces the possibility of bias in selection of study subjects

a) True

b) False
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) True
1 point
The sampling technique in which every unit in population has a known probability of being selected in a
sample

a) Convenience sampling

b) Probability sampling

c) Purposive sampling

d) Subjective sampling
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) Probability sampling
1 point
Methods used in probability samples are

a) Stratified sampling

b) Multi-stage sampling

c) Cluster sampling

d) All of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above
1 point
The process by which some members of a population are selected as representatives of the entire population
in known as

a) Census

b) Sampling

c) Survey

d) Line listing
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) Sampling
1 point
All the following are true regarding cluster sampling EXCEPT

a) It needs a complete list of units

b) The sampling unit is group of subjects

c) Sampling error is difficult to measure

d) Resources required are less

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) It needs a complete list of units
1 point
A researcher wishing to draw a sample from sequentially numbered houses, uses a random starting point and
then selects
every 7th house, s/he has thus drawn a __________ sample

a) Sequential

b) Systematic

c) Simple random

d) Stratified
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) Systematic
1 point
People who volunteer or who can be easily recruited are used in a sampling method called

a) Cluster sampling

b) Multi-stage sampling

c) Convenience sampling

d) Systematic sampling
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
c) Convenience sampling

Assignment 12: Calculating sample

size and power
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2023-08-23, 23:59 IST.

Assignment submitted on 2023-08-22, 12:35 IST

1 point
Population variance can be estimated from

a) A pilot study

b) Reports of previous studies

c) 'a' & 'b'

d) Population variance can't be estimated

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
c) 'a' & 'b'
1 point
The recommended minimum level of power is
 a) 5%

b) 95%

c) 80%

d) 25%
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
c) 80%
1 point
The power of a study

a) Does not influence the sample size

b) Represented as 'α'

c) "1-β"

d) All of the above statements are true

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
c) "1-β"
1 point
When estimating sample size for a study, we need to adjust for

a) Expected response rate

b) Estimated design effect

c) Population size

d) All of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above
1 point
Sampling error is a function of

a) Sample size

b) Variability in measurement
 c) 'a' & 'b'

d) None of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) 'a' & 'b'
1 point
Design effect of more than 1 need to be considered in studies involving

a) Cluster sampling

b) Simple random sampling

c) Stratified random sampling

d) Non-Probability sampling
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) Cluster sampling
1 point

1 – α is the probability associated with

a) Type-I error

b) Type-II error

c) Level of significance

d) Level of confidence
No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) Level of confidence
1 point
Exact calculation of design effect can take place only after study completion

a) True

b) False
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) True
1 point
Statistical power is defined as the probability of

a) Accepting a null hypothesis when it is false

b) Rejecting a null hypothesis when it is true

c) Rejecting a null hypothesis when it is false

d) Failing to reject a null hypothesis when it is false

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
c) Rejecting a null hypothesis when it is false
1 point
A type-II error occurs when

a) The null hypothesis is rejected when it is false

b) The null hypothesis is not rejected when it is false

c) The null hypothesis is not rejected when it is true

d) The null hypothesis is rejected when it is true

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) The null hypothesis is not rejected when it is false

Assignment 13: Selection of study

population
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2023-08-30, 23:59 IST.

Assignment submitted on 2023-08-26, 20:34 IST

1 point
Target population is determined by
 a) Demographic characteristics

b) Temporal characteristics

c) Clinical characteristics

d) 'a' and 'c'

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) 'a' and 'c'
1 point
Non-response in a study can be minimized by

a) Repeat contact of the study participants

b) Providing compensation for participants time

c) Less invasive and less sensitive questionnaires

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above
1 point
External validity means

a) The degree to which the inferences drawn from a study can be generalized to a broader population
beyond the study population

b) The degree to which the observed finding lead to correct inferences about phenomena taking place in
the study sample

c) The degree to which a test actually measures what it is designed to measure

d) The degree to which the findings are reliable

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) The degree to which the inferences drawn from a study can be generalized to a broader population beyond
the study population
1 point
Reasons for interference with the success of follow-up in a study may include
 a) Migration of some study participants from the study area

b) Marriage of some of the female study participants because of which they might move out of the study
area

c) Refusals for follow-up

d) All of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above
1 point
A good choice of study participant is important because it serves the vital purpose of ensuring that the findings
of the study accurately
represent the population of interest

a) True

b) False
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) True
1 point
Participants may be excluded from the study because of

a) Interference with the success of study follow-up

b) Ethical concerns

c) Interference with quality of data collection or non-acceptance to participate in the study

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above
1 point
Non-response by the study participants will affect the internal validity of the study

a) True

b) False
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) True
1 point
Internal validity means

a) The degree to which the inferences drawn from a study can be generalized to a broader population
beyond the study population

b) The degree to which the observed findings lead to correct inferences about phenomena of interest in
the study sample

c) The degree to which a test actually measures what it is designed to measure

d) The degree to which the findings are reliable

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) The degree to which the observed findings lead to correct inferences about phenomena of interest in the
study sample
1 point
While choosing the accessible population and the sampling approach for selection of study population,
__________ is an important factor that we need to consider

a) Simplicity

b) Technology

c) Feasibility

d) Reliability
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
c) Feasibility
1 point
Study sample is a subset of accessible population

a) True

b) False
No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
a) True
Assignment 14: Study plan and project
management
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2023-08-30, 23:59 IST.

Assignment submitted on 2023-08-26, 20:59 IST

1 point
Which of the following can improve efficiency of a project?

a) Time management

b) Planning and scheduling activities

c) Budgeting

d) All of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above
1 point
Study conducted following an ad hoc approach may lead to the following consequences

a) Generation of useful data in programs or for policy making

b) Efficient utilization of resources

c) Serious difficulties in analysis and interpretation

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Serious difficulties in analysis and interpretation
1 point
Which of the following verbs can be used to frame the objective of a study for testing a hypothesis?

a) Estimate

b) Determine
 c) Count

d) Measures
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) Determine
1 point
Common reasons for research study failures

a) Poorly defined research question

b) Vague timelines

c) Lack of supervision

d) All of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above
1 point
Sample size for a cross-sectional study is decided based on the following

a) Assumed/reported prevalence

b) Confidence interval

c) Acceptable precision

d) All of the above

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above
1 point
Which of the following statements regarding study objectives is correct?

a) Objectives should be defined at the planning stage of study

b) Objectives can be defined at any time of the study

c) Objectives can be changed even at the end of the study

d) All of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) Objectives should be defined at the planning stage of study
1 point
Which of the following statements best describe the study objectives?

a) They should be minimum, achievable and clear

b) They can be primary and / or secondary

c) Adding objectives during study implementation is a good practice

d) 'a' and 'b'

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) 'a' and 'b'
1 point
Principles to be followed while collecting the information elements are

a) Use the variables that will best reflect the information element

b) Adopt standardized case definitions and laboratory criteria/normal ranges

c) Choose the most accurate ways of collecting information on various elements

d) All of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above
1 point
Which of the following represents the correct sequence in a life cycle of a study?

a) Identifying data needs, formulating study objectives, planning analysis, spelling out research question

b) Formulating study objectives, planning analysis, spelling out research question, identifying data needs

c) Identifying data needs, spelling out research question, formulating study objectives, planning analysis

d) Formulating study objects, spelling out research question, identifying data needs, planning analysis
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
c) Identifying data needs, spelling out research question, formulating study objectives, planning analysis
1 point
Which of the following is not an advantage of making an analysis plan at the beginning of study?

a) Helps to avoid comparisons for which the study has not been designed

b) Helps to focus on the objectives of the study

c) Increases the time for publication, dissemination and policy feedback

d) Makes sure that data can be appropriately analysed

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
c) Increases the time for publication, dissemination and policy feedback

Assignment 15: Designing data

collection tools
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2023-08-30, 23:59 IST.

Assignment submitted on 2023-08-26, 21:39 IST

1 point
Which component of the data collection instrument is constituted by open, closed and Semi-open items?

a) Introduction

b) Identifier

c) Questions

d) Concluding statement
No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Questions
1 point
While formulating the questions, all the following need to followed, EXCEPT

a) Short and clear questions

b) Avoid ambiguities
 c) Avoid words of every-day language

d) Avoid negatives and double negatives

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
c) Avoid words of every-day language
1 point
Structured observation guide

a) Is useful to document certain processes

b) Uses checklist of items

c) Can be used for in-depth interviews

d) 'a' & 'b'

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) 'a' & 'b'
1 point
The interviewer does not provide options for responses in

a) Open-ended questions

b) Close-ended questions

c) Semi-open questions

d) All of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) Open-ended questions
1 point
What is the disadvantage of closed questions with dichotomous options in a study questionnaire?

a) Detailed information available

b) Oversimplifies the issues

c) Forces an unclear position

d) May not be useful for key well framed issues

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) Oversimplifies the issues
1 point
The tool to collect data by review of records

a) Abstraction form

b) Structured questionnaire

c) Structured observation

d) Interview guide
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) Abstraction form
1 point
All are true regarding the order of questions in a data collection tool, EXCEPT

a) From intimate to casual

b) From general to specific

c) From simple to complicate

d) In chronological order, if questions related to sequence of events

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) From intimate to casual
1 point
The information collected regarding housing, family size etc. in a data collection tool constitute

a) Facts

b) Knowledge

c) Judgements

d) Healthy life styles

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) Facts
1 point
The type of questions in which there is a possibility to add other answer in addition to the options suggested

a) Open questions

b) Semi-open questions

c) Closed questions

d) Closed questions with multiple options

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) Semi-open questions
1 point
The criteria for evaluating a survey questionnaire include

a) Clarity, balance and length of the survey questions

b) Comprehensive or constraints of the responses imposed by the questions

c) Utility of the instructions provided for answering them

d) All of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

Assignment 16: Principles of data

collection
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2023-09-06, 23:59 IST.

Assignment submitted on 2023-09-04, 12:47 IST

1 point
The collected data should be

a) Complete
 b) Readable

c) Consistent

d) All of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above
1 point
Which one of the following is the proper way of validating the data?

a) Repetition of full data collection in the same population

b) Data collection in a new population

c) Repetition of data collection in a randomly selected subset in the same population

d) Repeat data collection not required

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Repetition of data collection in a randomly selected subset in the same population

1 point
There is no need to present the study and its objectives to the field investigators

a) True

b) False
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) False
1 point
Supportive supervision is essential for good data collection process

a) True

b) False
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) True
1 point
This should not be done in data collection

a) Training of staff members

b) Review of collected data for quality and completeness

c) Manipulation of data

d) Validation
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
c) Manipulation of data
1 point
Who is mainly responsible to check the accuracy of data collected before leaving the data collection site?

a) Field investigator

b) Field supervisor

c) Principle investigator

d) Study participant
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) Field supervisor
1 point
Which of the following is true about the training of data collection staff?

a) Conduct on-site training

b) Conduct mock training sessions

c) Training is always optional

d) 'a' & 'b'

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
d) 'a' & 'b'
1 point
Roadmap of data collection is
 a) Question by question guide

b) On site and off site training

c) Pilot test

d) Supportive supervision
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) Question by question guide
1 point
Appropriate means to trouble shoot the difficulties in data collection process is

a) Regular review meetings

b) Facilitate the discussion to identify issues during the review

c) Clarify the issues experienced by staff during data collection

d) All of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above
1 point
Reliability denotes

a) Precision

b) Repeatability

c) Reproducibility

d) All of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above

Assignment 17: Data management

The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.
 Due on 2023-09-06, 23:59 IST.

Assignment submitted on 2023-09-04, 13:03 IST

1 point
When we are creating variable name, it should be

a) Clearly understandable and should refer to the questionnaire

b) Long and can have spaces

c) Consistent and without duplicates

d) 'a' & 'c'

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) 'a' & 'c'
1 point
In a data management system each row represents a

a) Variable

b) Record

c) Heading

d) Appendix
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) Record
1 point
Key elements of data management

a) Data structure and data entry

b) Individual and aggregated databases

c) Mother and daughter databases

d) All of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above
1 point
The design of data collection instrument

a) Data entry friendly

b) Outline of major data collection topics/items

c) Auto coding function

d) All of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above
1 point
When we are coding for data entry, we should

a) Prefer numerical coding

b) Use highly complex codes

c) Decide on the codes for 'mission values' and 'not applicable' items

d) 'a' &'c'
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) 'a' &'c'
1 point
When information is available at various levels (eg. at Village, Household, Individual and Illness episode), we
can store information
at each level in separate databases and link when necessary

a) True

b) False
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) True
1 point
Which of the following is not true about normalized database?

a) Normalized database facilitates further aggregation

b) It has only one count by record

c) Normalized database does not facilitate further data aggregation

d) 'a' & 'b'

No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
c) Normalized database does not facilitate further data aggregation
1 point
Steps in data management include

a) Defining a variable, creating a study database and dictionary

b) Enter data, correct errors and create dataset for analysis

c) Backup and archive data set

d) All of the above

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) All of the above
1 point
Data documentation includes information about the following items

a) Structure (Name, number of records etc) alone

b) Storage information (Media, location, backup information)

c) Structure (Name, number of records etc), Variables (Name, values, coding), History (Creation,
modification) and
Storage information (Media, location, backup information)

d) Structure (Name, number of records etc) and Storage information (Media, location, backup
information)
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
c) Structure (Name, number of records etc), Variables (Name, values, coding), History (Creation, modification)
and
Storage information (Media, location, backup information)
1 point
While documenting the storage information of the database we need to document

a) Time, place, person information

b) Media, location and backup information

c) Investigators information

d) Consistency of data
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) Media, location and backup information

Assignment 18: Overview of data

analysis
The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.

Due on 2023-09-06, 23:59 IST.

Assignment submitted on 2023-09-04, 15:12 IST

1 point
The three stages of data analysis are in the following order

a) Descriptive stage, analytical stage and recoding stage

b) Recoding stage, descriptive stage and analytical stage

c) Analytical stage, descriptive stage and recoding stage

d) Descriptive stage, coding stage, recoding stage

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) Recoding stage, descriptive stage and analytical stage
1 point
We need to avoid the following while performing data analysis

a) Post hoc analysis

 b) Data drenching

c) Stratified data analysis

d) 'a' & 'b'

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) 'a' & 'b'
1 point
In the descriptive stage of analysis, we use logistic regression models

a) True

b) False
No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
b) False
1 point
"Epi-Info" is a software that can be used for data entry and analysis

a) True

b) False
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) True
1 point
In analytical stage of data analysis, we perform the following in this order

a) Stratified analysis, univariate analysis and multivariate analysis

b) Univariate analysis, stratified analysis and multivariate analysis

c) Multivariate analysis, univariate analysis and stratified analysis

d) Frequency analysis and univariate analysis

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) Univariate analysis, stratified analysis and multivariate analysis
1 point
Among the seven steps of data analysis strategy, the sequence of data analysis is as follows
(A) Conduct advanced analysis
(B) Identify main variables
(C) Become familiar with the data
(D) Identify study type
(E) Examine outcome/exposure association
(F) Characteristics study population
(G) Create additional two-ways tables

a) A,B,C,D,E,F,G

b) G,E,F,D,A,B,C

c) D,B,C,F,E,G,A

d) E,F,G,C,A,B,D
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
c) D,B,C,F,E,G,A
1 point
Analysis plan depends on

a) Objectives of the study

b) Budget

c) Study type (Descriptive or analytical)

d) 'a' & 'c'

Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
d) 'a' & 'c'
1 point
Use of spreadsheets, such as Excel, should be avoided for data management and analysis

a) True

b) False
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) True
1 point
While examining the exposure and outcome association based on a priori hypotheses, we compare groups for
frequency of exposures and outcomes using appropriate measure of association

a) True

b) False
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
a) True
1 point
If we are doing an analytical study and the study outcome is of acute nature and rare condition what is the
appropriate
(i) study design and (ii) measure of association?

a) Cohort study - Relative risk

b) Case-control study - Odds ratio

c) Cross sectional study - Prevalence ratio

d) Surveillance - Incidence
Yes, the answer is correct.
Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
b) Case-control study - Odds ratio