PRESIDENCY UNIVERSITY

Bengaluru, Karnataka
Computer Science & Engineering
School of Computer Science & Engineering

Subject: CSE3035 - R Programming for Data Science Semester: V

Topics: Variables_Datatypes_Vectors_Lists Date: 12/09/2023

R variables:
Introduction to Variables:
1. In R, variables are used to store data values.
2. They are crucial for performing calculations, data analysis, and storing information in
your R programs.

Variable Assignment:
You can assign values to variables using the assignment operator <- or =.
For example: x <- 10 or y = "Hello"

Data Types:
R supports various data types for variables, including numeric, character, logical, factor, and
more.
è Use the class() function to check the data type of a variable.

Naming Rules:
1. Variable names should start with a letter (a-z or A-Z) or a dot (.) followed by letters,
numbers, or underscores.
2. Avoid using reserved words like if, else, function, etc., as variable names.

Printing Variables:
To display the value of a variable, simply type the variable's name.
For example: x will display the value of the variable x.

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Dr.Srabana Pramanik, AP/SoCSE, Ms. Rohini A, AP/SoCSE 1
Data Coercion:
R can automatically convert data types when needed. This is called data coercion.
For example, if you add a character and a numeric value, R will convert the character to a
numeric value if possible.

Vectors:
In R, you often work with vectors, which are one-dimensional collections of data.
You can create a vector using the c() function. For example: numbers <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

Factor Variables:
Factors are used to represent categorical data in R.
You can create a factor variable using the factor() function.

Missing Values:
R uses NA to represent missing or undefined values in variables.
You can check for missing values using functions like is.na().

Variable Scope:
Variables in R have a scope, which determines where they can be accessed.
Global variables are accessible throughout the entire R session, while local variables are
confined to specific functions or blocks.

Variable Manipulation:
You can perform various operations on variables, such as arithmetic calculations, data
transformation, and statistical analysis.

Variable Functions:
R provides many built-in functions for working with variables, like mean(), sum(), length(),
etc., to perform calculations and manipulate data.

Variable Attributes:
Variables can have attributes like names, dimensions, and data types. You can access and
manipulate these attributes using functions like attributes(), dim(), and names().
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Data Frames:
Data frames are special types of variables that store data in a tabular format.
They are commonly used for data analysis and manipulation in R.

Constants:
In R, you can create constants by assigning a value to a variable and not changing it during the
program's execution.

R Data types:
The concept of data type is crucial in programming.
Different forms of data can be stored in variables, and different types can perform various
functions.

In R, variables can even alter their type after they have been set and do not need to be defined
with a specific type:
Example:
variable_1=25
variable_2<-35
print(variable_2)
print(variable_1)
Output:

Basic Data types:

Basic data types in R can be divided into the following types:

• numeric - (1.4, 100, 7)

• integer - (10L, 23L, 1000L, where the letter "L" declares this as an integer)
• complex - (12 + 2i, where "i" is the imaginary part)
• character - ("A", "R Programming", "Hello", "100")
• logical - (TRUE or FALSE)

Note: class() function is used to check the data type of a variable:

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Example:

# numeric

a <- 12.3

print(class(a))

# integer

b <- 10L

print(class(b))

# complex

c <- 2i + 9

print(class(c))

# character/string

x <- "R Programming"

print(class(x))

# logical

x <- TRUE

print(class(x))

Output

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1. Number:

There are three number types in R:

Numeric – 10.2

Integer – 10L

Complex – 2+i

Note: Variables of number types are created when you assign a value to them

Type Conversion:

You can convert from one type to another with the following functions:

• as.numeric()
• as.integer()
• as.complex()

Example:

x <- 100L # integer

y <- 4 # numeric

print(class(x))

print(class(y))

# convert from integer to numeric:

a <- as.numeric(x)

# convert from numeric to integer:

b <- as.integer(y)

# print values of x and y

print(x)

print(y)

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# print the class name of a and b

print(class(a))

print(class(b))

Output:

Built in Math functions:

Example:

print(max(10,20,30))

print(min(10,20,30))

print(sqrt(49))

print(abs(-4))

print(abs(-5.3))

print(floor(3.4))

print(ceiling(3.4))

Output:

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String inbuilt functions:

nchar is a string in built function to find out length of string.

Example:

string="Hello World"

print(nchar(string))

grepl checks for a character in string

example 1:

string="Hello World"

print(grepl("H",string))

Example 2:
string="Hello World"
print(grepl("h",string))

for loop in R Programming

One of the fundamental control-flow elements in the R programming language is the for-loop.
It is used to repeatedly go over a group of items, such as a vector, list, matrix, or dataframe,
and perform the same set of actions on each one. For-loops enable us to maintain the readability
of our code and prevent the needless repetition of code blocks.
Syntax of for loop is:
for(variable in sequence)
{
Executable statements;
}

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Here, the executable statements in the body of the loop is a series of operations computed for
each item in the sequence, which is a collection of objects (such as a vector) through which the
for-loop iterates.
Example 1:
for(x in 10)
{
print(x)
}

Example 2:
for(x in 0:5)
{
print(x)
}

Example 3:
for(x in 1:5)
{
print(x)
}

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Example 4:
for(days in 1:7)
{
print(paste("Day:",days))
}

R Data Structures:
Vectors:
A collection of identically categorised elements is all that makes up a vector. Utilise the c()
function and a comma to divide the list of items into a vector. We build a vector variable called
fruits in the example below, which combines the following strings:
Example 1:
a=c(1,2,3,4)
print(a)
print(class(a))

for(i in a)
{
print(i)
}

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Example 2:
names=c("Rohini","Srabana","Meena","Sreedevi")
for(i in names)
{
print(i)
}

Example 3:
numbers=1:20
print(numbers)

Example 4:
numbers=1.3:20.3
print(numbers)

Example 5:
values=c(TRUE, FALSE)
print(values)

Example 6:
values=c(TRUE, FALSE)
print(length(values))

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Sort a Vector:
To sort vector elements is alphabetical order use sort() method.
Example:
num=c(20,10,40,12,34)
print(sort(num))

How to access vector elements?

Example 1:
num=c(20,10,40,12,34)
print(num[1])
print(num[-1])
print(num[-2])
print(num[6])

Example 2:
num=c(20,10,40,12,34)
print(num[-1:0])
print(num[2:4])

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To edit values:
Example:
num=c(20,10,40,12,34)
num[2]=100
print(num)

Repeat Vectors:
Example:
repeat_vector = rep(c(10,20,30), each = 2)

print(repeat_vector)

Sequencing in vectors:
Example:
num=seq(from=1,to=100,by=30 )
print(num)

Vectors:
A list of objects of the same type is all that a vector is.

Use the c() method and a comma between each item in the list to combine it into a vector.
Example1:
number=c(10,20,30)
print(number)

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Example 2:
number=c(10.2,20,30)
print(number)

Example 3:
ch=c("Abc","cde")
print(ch)

Use the following operator to build a vector with numerical values in a sequential order:
Example 1:
numbers=1:100
print(numbers)

Example 2:
numbers=1.2:4.3
print(numbers)

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Example 3:
To print Logical values
input=c(TRUE,FALSE)
print(input)

Example 4:
To print the length
numbers=c(10,20,30,40,50)
print(length(numbers))

Sorting of Vectors:
names=c("rohini", "bavesh","Mac")
numbers=c(12,2,13,23,1)
print(sort(names))
print(sort(numbers))
Output:

Accessing Vector elements:

Example 1:
print(numbers[2])
print(numbers[6])

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Example 2:
names=c("a","bc","cs")
print(names[c(2,3)])

Example 3:
names=c("a","bc","cs")
print(names[-2])

Example 4:
numbers=seq(from=10, to=100, by=30)
print(numbers)

Lists:
In R, a list can hold a wide variety of data types. A list is an organised, modifiable collection
of data.
Utilise the list() method to generate a list:
Example:
values=list(1,"abc","TRUE")
print(values)

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Output:

To access list elements:

Example:
values=list(1,"abc","TRUE")
print(values[2])
Output:

Example: To print length of list

values=list(1,"abc","TRUE")
print(values[2])
print(length(values))

Example: To check elements are present or not

values=list(1,"abc","TRUE")
print(1 %in% values)
print("abc" %in% values)

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Example: To change values
values=list(1,"abc","TRUE")

values[2]=2
print(values)

Example:
thislist <- list("apple", "banana", "cherry")

print(thislist[2:3])

Loop through List:

Example:
numbers=list(1,2,"a","b",3)
for(i in numbers)
print(i)

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Output:

Joining 2 lists:
Example:
numbers=list(1,2,"a","b",3)
n=list(10,20,30)
list3=c(numbers,n)
print(list3)
Output:

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