EEP223

ENGINEERING MATH FOR EE

 CHAPTER 1
COMPLEX NUMBERS
1.1 Review of Arithmetic of Complex Numbers
1.2 Theorems of Complex Numbers
1.3 Geometric Representation of Complex Numbers
1.4 Polar and Exponential Form of Complex Numbers
1.5 Arithmetic of Phasors
1.6 Power and Logarithm of Complex Number
1.7 De Moivre’s Theorem
1.8 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions of Complex Numbers
1.9 The Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions of Complex Numbers
 INTRODUCTION
Complex Numbers

A complex number is a number of the form

z = x+ jy (Rectangular or Standard Form),
where x is real part
jy is the imaginary part because there is no
real number that satisfies this equation and
where j = (-1)1/2 .
 INTRODUCTION
Example:
j2 = -1
j3 = j2 j = (-1) j = -j
j4 = (j2 )2 = (-1)2 = 1
j11 = (j4)2 j3 = (1)2 (-j) = -j
j213 = (j4)53j = (1)j = j
j356=(j4)89=1
j273=(j4)68j=j
j38=(j4)9j2=-1
 1.1 REVIEW OF ARITHMETIC OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Example: Let z1 = 4 + 3j and z2 = -8 - 7j

Addition: z1+z2 = (4 + 3j) + (-8 - 7j) = -4 - 4j

Subtraction: z1-z2 = (4 + 3j) - (-8 - 7j) = 12 + 10j

Note: We combine like terms.

 1.1 REVIEW OF ARITHMETIC OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Example: Let z1 = 4 + 3j and z2 = -8 - 7j

Multiplication: z1z2 = (4 + 3j)(-8 - 7j)

= 4(-8)+3j(-8)+4(-7j)+3j(-7j)
= -32-24j-28j-21j2 = -32-52j-21(-1)
= -11 - 52j
Note: We apply the distributive property.
 1.1 REVIEW OF ARITHMETIC OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Example: Let z1 = 4 + 3j and z2 = -8 - 7j

Division:
𝑧1 4+3𝑗 (4+3𝑗) −8+7𝑗 −32−24𝑗+28𝑗+21𝑗 2
= = ∙ =
𝑧2 −8−7𝑗 (−8−7𝑗) −8+7𝑗 64−49𝑗 2
−53+4𝑗 −53 4
= = + 𝑗
113 113 113

Note: We multiply the fraction with the conjugate of

the denominator. Conjugate of x+jy is x-jy.
 1.2 THEOREMS ON COMPLEX NUMBERS

a)if x + jy = 0, then x = 0 and y = 0

b)if x1 + jy1 = x2 + jy2 , then x1 = x2 and y1 = y2

c)if ( x1 + jy1 ) ( x2 + jy2 ) = 0 then at least one of

the factors = 0
 1.2 THEOREMS ON COMPLEX NUMBERS
Example: Find the square roots of -3-4j.
Solution:
Let a + 𝑗𝑏 = −3 − 4𝑗
(a+jb)2 = -3-4j
a2+2abj-b2 = -3-4j
(a2-b2)+2abj=-3-4j
Using the theorem on equality,
a2-b2=-3 (1)
2ab=-4 (2)

Note: we can use a2-b2=x and 2ab=y in getting the square roots of a
complex number.
 1.2 THEOREMS ON COMPLEX NUMBERS
Example: Find the two square roots of -3-4j.
Solution:
From (2)
b=-2/a
Substitute this on (1) and solve for a:
a2-(-2/a)2=-3
a2-(4/a2)=-3
a4+3a2-4=0
(a2+4)(a2-1)=0
Disregard (a2+4) = 0 since this will give imaginary roots
a2-1 = 0
a=±1
b=-2/±1
The roots are: (1-2j) and (-1+2j)
 1.2 THEOREMS ON COMPLEX NUMBERS
Example: Find the square roots of 2+3j.
Solution:
Using a2-b2=x and 2ab=y,
a2-b2=2 (1)
2ab=3 (2)
From (2)
b=3/2a
Substitute this on (1) and solve for a:
a2-(3/2a)2=2
a2-(9/4a2)=2
4a4-8a2-9=0
Using quadratic formula,
2 −(−8)± (−8)2 −4(4)(−9) −(−8) 26 +22 (22 )(32 ) 24 (22 +32 ) 22 22 +32
𝑎 = = ± =1± =1±
2(4) 8 2(22 ) 2(22 ) 2(22 )
22 + 32 13
=1± = 1±
2 2
13 1
𝑎= 1± =± 4 + 2 13
2 2
 1.2 THEOREMS ON COMPLEX NUMBERS
Example: Find the two square roots of -3-4j.
Solution:
Substitute a to b,
3
𝑏= 1
2(± ) 4+2 13
2
The roots are:
1 3 1 3
4 + 2 13 + 𝑗 and −2 4 + 2 13 − 𝑗
2 4+2 13 4+2 13
 1.2 THEOREMS ON COMPLEX NUMBERS
Example: Find the square roots of 3+4j.
Solution:
Using a2-b2=x and 2ab=y,
a2-b2=3 (1)
2ab=4 (2)
From (2)
b=2/a
Substitute this on (1) and solve for a:
a2-(2/a)2=3
a2-(4/a2)=3
4a4-3a2-4=0
(a2-4)(a2+1)=0
Disregard (a2+1) = 0 since this will give imaginary roots
a2-4 = 0
a=±2
b=2/±2=±1
The roots are: (2+j) and (-2-j)
 EXERCISE
Find the square roots of a) 5 + 2j and b) 3 -7j.

Ans.

a) 2.278 + 0.439j and -2.278 – 0.439j

b) 2.304 – 1.519j and -2.304 + 1.519j

 1.3 GEOMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
A complex numbers is represented geometrically either
by the point P whose abscissa and ordinate are
respectively the real and imaginary components of the
number or by the directed line segment, or vector which
joins the origin to this point.
Based on the figure:
x=rcosθ
y=rsinθ
r=(x2+y2)1/2
θ=tan-1(y/x)
 1.3 GEOMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
From the figure:
z=rcosθ+jrSinθ = r(cosθ+jsinθ)
 1.4 POLAR AND EXPONENTIAL FORM OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
z = r∠𝜃 (Polar Form)
𝜃 is called the argument of z
r or |z| is called the modulus of z
z = r∠(𝜃 + 𝑘 ∙ 360°) (General Polar Form)
where θ is in degrees

Note: If -180< 𝜃<180, then the angle is expressed in

its principal value.
 1.4 POLAR AND EXPONENTIAL FORM OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Euler’s Formula: ejθ=cosθ+jsinθ
where θ in ejθ is in radians and θ in cosθ+jsinθ is in
degrees
Since z = r(cosθ+jsinθ)
Then:
z = rejθ (Exponential Form)
z = rej(θ+k·2π) (General Exponential Form)
where θ is in radians
 1.4 POLAR AND EXPONENTIAL FORM OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Example: Express 2–2 3j in Polar, General Polar Form,
Exponential and General Exponential Form.
Solution:
𝑟= 22 + (−2 3)2 = 4
−1 −2 3
𝜃= tan 2
= −60°
or 𝜃 = 360° − 60° = 300°
Polar Form: z = 4∠300° or z = 4∠ − 60°
General Polar Form:
z = (4∠300° + 𝑘 ∙ 360°) or z = 4∠(−60° + 𝑘 ∙ 360°)
 1.4 POLAR AND EXPONENTIAL FORM OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Example: Express 2–2 3j in Polar, General Polar Form,
Exponential and General Exponential Form.
Solution:
Exponential Form:
𝜋 𝜋
𝑗 300°∙ 𝑗 −60°∙
𝑧 = 4𝑒 = 4𝑒 𝑗5.23 or 𝑧 = 4𝑒
180° 180° = 4𝑒 −𝑗1.047
General Exponential Form:
𝑧 = 4𝑒 𝑗(5.23+𝑘∙2𝜋) or 𝑧 = 4𝑒 𝑗(−1.047+𝑘∙2𝜋)
 1.5 ARITHMETIC OF PHASORS
Let z1 = 𝑟1 ∠𝜃1 and z2 = 𝑟2 ∠𝜃2

z1z2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 ∠ 𝜃1 + 𝜃2

And
𝑧1 𝑟1
= ∠ 𝜃1 − 𝜃2
𝑧2 𝑟2
 1.5 ARITHMETIC OF PHASORS
Example: If z1 = 2∠15°, z2 = 3∠ − 75°, z3 = 4∠30°,
Evaluate a) z1z2z3 b) z1/z2 c) z1/(z1+z3).
Solution:
a) z1z2z3 = 2∠15° 3∠ − 75° 4∠30°
= 2 3 4 ∠ 15° − 75° + 30° = 24∠ − 30°
= 24[cos(-30°)+jsin(-30°)] = 20.78-j12
𝑧1 2∠15° 2 2
b) = = ∠ 15° + 75° = ∠90°
𝑧2 3∠−75° 3 3
2 2
= cos 90° + 𝑗 sin 90° = 𝑗
3 3
 1.5 ARITHMETIC OF PHASORS
Example: If z1 = 2∠15°, z2 = 3∠ − 75°, z3 = 4∠30°,
Evaluate a) z1z2z3 b) z1/z2 c) z1/(z1+z3).
Solution:
𝑧1 2∠15° 2∠15°
c) = =
𝑧1 +𝑧3 2∠15° + 4∠30° 2 cos 15°+𝑗 sin 15° +4 cos 30°+𝑗 sin 30°
2∠15° 2∠15° 2∠15°
= = =
1.93 + 𝑗0.517 + 3.46 + 𝑗2 5.39 + 𝑗2.517 5.95∠25.03°
= 0.34∠ − 10.03° = 0.33 − 0.06𝑗
 1.5 ARITHMETIC OF PHASORS
𝑒 𝑗 +𝑒 −2𝑗
Example: Evaluate 𝑗
Solution:
𝑒 𝑗𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃
𝑗 180° 180°
𝑒 = cos 1 ∙ + 𝑗 sin 1 ∙ 𝜋 = 0.54 + 𝑗0.84
𝜋
−2𝑗 180° 180°
𝑒 = cos −2 ∙ 𝜋 + 𝑗 sin −2 ∙ 𝜋 = −0.416 − 𝑗0.909
𝑒 𝑗 +𝑒 −2𝑗 0.54+𝑗0.84−0.416−𝑗0.909 0.124−0.069𝑗 −𝑗
= = ∙
𝑗 𝑗 𝑗 −𝑗
= −0.069 − 𝑗0.124
 1.5 ARITHMETIC OF PHASORS
Summary of Complex Number conversion
From To
Rectangular 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 Polar 𝑟∠𝜃
𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑦
𝜃 = tan−1
𝑥
Polar 𝑟∠𝜃 (degrees) rectangular 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃
𝜋
Polar 𝑟∠𝜃 (degrees) exponential 𝑟𝑒
𝑗 𝜃∙180°

Exponential 𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝜃 (radians) Polar 180°

𝑟∠ 𝜃 ∙
𝜋
Exponential 𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝜃 (radians) rectangular 180° 180°
𝑟 cos 𝜃 ∙ + 𝑗 sin 𝜃 ∙
𝜋 𝜋
 EXERCISE
Evaluate:
𝑒 −3𝑗 +𝑒 2𝑗 5𝑗
𝑒 −𝑒 −3𝑗
a) 4𝑗 b) 𝑗
𝑒 𝑒

Answers: a) 0.338-j1.566
b) 0.000022-j1.515
 1.6 POWER AND LOGARITHM OF COMPLEX
NUMBER
Example: ln(3-4j)
Solution: 3-4j = 5∠(-53.13°) = 5e-j0.927
ln(3-4j) = ln(5e-j0.927) = ln(5) + j(-0.927) = 1.61-j0.927

Note: ln(ab) = lna+lnb

ln(a/b) = lna-lnb
alnb = lnba
lnea = a
elna = a
 1.6 POWER AND LOGARITHM OF COMPLEX
NUMBER
Example: log(-5-2j)
Solution: -5-2j = 5.385∠(21.80°) = 5.38ej0.38
log(-5-2j) = log(5.38ej0.38) = log(5.385) + j0.38loge
= 0.7312+0.17j

Note: log(ab) = loga+logb

log(a/b) = loga-logb
logea = aloge
 1.6 POWER AND LOGARITHM OF COMPLEX
NUMBER
Example: log(2+j)(3-5j)
Solution:
Let x= log(2+j)(3-5j)
(2+j)x = 3-5j
xln(2+j)=ln(3-5j)
ln 3−5𝑗 ln 5.83∠ −59.04° ln 5.83𝑒 −𝑗1.03
𝑥= = =
ln 2+𝑗 ln 2.23∠ 26.56° ln 2.23𝑒 𝑗0.4635
ln 5.83 −𝑗1.03 1.763−𝑗1.03 2.04∠(−30.294°)
= = =
ln 2.23 +𝑗0.4635 0.802+𝑗0.4635 0.926∠(30.03°)
= 2.203∠ −60.03° = 1.1 − 1.91𝑗

Note: Let x = logab

ax = b
alnb=lnba
 1.6 POWER AND LOGARITHM OF COMPLEX
NUMBER
Example: (3+j4)(1+2j)
Solution: (3+j4) = 5ej0.93 = (eln5)(ej0.93) = e1.61 ej0.93 = e1.61+j0.93
(3+j4)(1+2j) = (e1.61+j0.93)(1+2j) = e-0.25+4.15j = e-0.25ej4.15
= 0.778∠[4.15(180°/π)] = -0.42-0.66j

Note: (ea)b = eab

 1.7 DE MOIVRE’S THEOREM
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
𝑧𝑞 = 𝑟𝑞cos 𝜃 + 𝑘 ∙ 2𝜋 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃 + 𝑘 ∙ 2𝜋
𝑞 𝑞
where k = 0, 1, … (q-1)
𝑝 𝑝
𝑝
or 𝑧 = 𝑟 ∠ 𝜃 + 𝑘 ∙ 360° ∙
𝑞 𝑞
𝑞

Note: Use 2π of the angles are in radians and 360° if

the angles are in degrees.
 1.7 DE MOIUVRE’S THEOREM
Example: Find the distinct roots of (1+j)1/4
Solution: p=1, q=4, q-1=3, k=0,1,2,3
1/4 45°+𝑘∙360°
(1+j) 1/4
= 1.414 ∠
4
k =0 r1 = 1.09∠(11.25°) = 1.069+j0.213
k =1 r2 = 1.09∠(101.25°) = -0.213+j1.069
k =2 r3 = 1.09∠(191.25°) = -1.069-j0.213
k =3 r4 = 1.09∠(281.25°) = 0.213-j1.069
 1.8 TRIGONOMETRIC AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
From Euler’s Formula:
ejx=cosx+jsinx (1)
e-jx=cosx-jsinx (2)
Add (1) and (2)
ejx+e-jx = 2cosx
𝑒 𝑗𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑗𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = (3)
2
Let x = jy in (3)
𝑒 −𝑦 +𝑒 𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑗𝑦 = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑦 (4)
2
 1.8 TRIGONOMETRIC AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Subtract (2) from (1)
ejx-e-jx = 2jsinx
𝑒 𝑗𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑗𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 =
2𝑗
Let x = jy
𝑒 −𝑦 −𝑒 𝑦 𝑒 𝑦 −𝑒 −𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑗𝑦 = =𝑗 = 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑦
2𝑗 2
For a complex number z=x+jy
sin(z) = sin(x+jy) = sinxcosjy+sinjycosx
= sinxcoshy+jcosxsinhy
cos(z) = cos(x+jy) = cosxcosjy-sinxsinjy
= cosxcoshy-jsinxsinhy
 1.8 TRIGONOMETRIC AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
From trigonometric identities:
Tan(z) = sin(z)/cos(z)

Csc(z) = 1/sin(z)

Sec(z) = 1/cos(z)

Cot(z) = 1/tan(z)
 1.8 TRIGONOMETRIC AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Example: Find the value of sin(2+3j)
Solution:
sin(2+3j) = sin[2·(180°/π)]cosh3+jcos[2·(180°/π)]sinh3
= 0.909(10.067)+j(-0.416)(10.0178)
= 9.15-j4.17
 1.8 TRIGONOMETRIC AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Example: Find the value of tan(4-7j)
Solution:
180° 180°
sin(4−7𝑗) sin(4∙ ) cosh(−7)+𝑗 cos(4∙ ) sinh(−7)
𝜋 𝜋
tan(4 − 7𝑗) = = 180° 180°
cos(4−7𝑗) cos(4∙ ) cosh(−7)−𝑗 sin(4∙ ) sinh(−7)
𝜋 𝜋
−0.757 548.32 + 𝑗(−0.6534)(−548.31)
=
−0.6534 548.32 − 𝑗(−0.757)(−548.31)
−415.08 + 𝑗358.26 548.31∠139.2°
= = = 1∠270°
−358.3 − 𝑗415.07 548.33∠ − 130.8°
 1.8 TRIGONOMETRIC AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Example: Find the value of cosh(1+j)
Solution:
180° 180°
cosh(1 + 𝑗) = cosh 1 cos(1 ∙ ) +
𝑗 sinh 1 sin(1 ∙ )
𝜋 𝜋
= 1.543 0.54 + 𝑗1.175 0.8415
= 0.833 + 𝑗0.99
 1.9 THE INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC AND HYPERBOLIC
FUNCTIONS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Example: Prove that cos −1 𝑧 = −𝑗 ln 𝑧 ± 𝑧 2 − 1
Solution:
Let y = cos-1z
z = cosy
𝑒 𝑗𝑦 +𝑒 −𝑗𝑦
𝑧= 2
𝑗𝑦 −𝑗𝑦
2𝑧 = 𝑒 + 𝑒
Multiplying both sides with 𝑒 𝑗𝑦 𝑒 −𝑗𝑦 𝑒 𝑗𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑗𝑦−𝑗𝑦 = 𝑒 0 = 1
2
2𝑧 𝑒 𝑗𝑦 = 1 + 𝑒 𝑗𝑦
2
𝑒 𝑗𝑦 − 2𝑧 𝑒 𝑗𝑦 + 1 = 0
𝑗𝑦 2𝑧± −2𝑧 2 −4(1)(1) 2𝑧± 4𝑧 2 −4
𝑒 = 2(1)
= 2
= 𝑧 ± 𝑧2 − 1 ln 𝑒 𝑗𝑦 = 𝑗𝑦
𝑗𝑦 = ln 𝑧 ± 𝑧2 − 1
1 1 −𝑗
𝑦 = −𝑗 ln 𝑧 ± 𝑧 2 − 1 = 𝑗 ∙ −𝑗 = −𝑗
𝑗
 1.9 THE INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC AND HYPERBOLIC
FUNCTIONS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Example: Evaluate sin 𝑗
−1

Solution:
Let y = sin−1 𝑗
𝑒 𝑗𝑦−𝑒 −𝑗𝑦
sin 𝑦 = 𝑗 =
2𝑗
2𝑗 2 = 𝑒 𝑗𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑗𝑦
Multiplying both sides with 𝑒 𝑗𝑦
𝑗𝑦 2
𝑒 − 1 = −2 𝑒 𝑗𝑦
2
𝑒 𝑗𝑦 + 2 𝑒 𝑗𝑦 − 1 = 0
−2± 22 −4(1)(−1) −2± 8
𝑒 𝑗𝑦 = =
2(1) 2
𝑒 𝑗𝑦 = 0.414 𝑒 𝑗𝑦 = −2.414
𝑗𝑦 = ln 0.414 𝑗𝑦 = ln −2.414
𝑦 = 0.88𝑗 𝑗𝑦 = 0.8813 + 3.1416j
𝑦 = 3.416 − 0.8813𝑗
1.9 THE INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC AND HYPERBOLIC
FUNCTIONS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Example: Evaluate tanh
−1
1+𝑗
Solution:
Let x = tanh−1 1 + 𝑗 𝑒 𝑥 = 0.7834 + 1.2674𝑗
tanh 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑗 𝑥 = ln 0.7834 + 1.2674𝑗
sinh 𝑥
=1+𝑗 𝑥 = 0.4 + 1.017𝑗
cosh 𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
=1+𝑗
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
Multiply numerator and denominator by ex 𝑒 𝑥 = −0.7834 − 1.2674𝑗
𝑒 2𝑥 −1
=1+𝑗 𝑥 = ln −0.7834 − 1.2674𝑗
𝑒 2𝑥 +1
𝑒 − 1 = 1 + 𝑗 𝑒 2𝑥 + 1
2𝑥 𝑥 = 0.4 − 2.1244𝑗
𝑒 2𝑥 1 − 1 − 𝑗 = 1 + 𝑗 + 1
2+𝑗
𝑒 2𝑥 = = −1 + 2𝑗
−𝑗
𝑒 𝑥 = ± −1 + 2𝑗 = ± 2.23∠116.56°
= ±1.49∠58.28°