Scribd
Upload
4K views8 pages

Class 12 Revision Notes Matrices

This document provides a summary of key concepts about matrices from a Class 12 maths textbook. It defines what a matrix is and explains rows, columns, and order. It describes different types of matrices such as row, column, square, diagonal, and zero matrices. It also covers matrix operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and transpose. Finally, it discusses properties of matrices and special types like symmetric, skew-symmetric, and invertible matrices. Elementary row and column operations are also introduced.

Uploaded by

Abinash katoch
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4K views8 pages

Class 12 Revision Notes Matrices

This document provides a summary of key concepts about matrices from a Class 12 maths textbook. It defines what a matrix is and explains rows, columns, and order. It describes different types of matrices such as row, column, square, diagonal, and zero matrices. It also covers matrix operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and transpose. Finally, it discusses properties of matrices and special types like symmetric, skew-symmetric, and invertible matrices. Elementary row and column operations are also introduced.

Uploaded by

Abinash katoch
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

Revision Notes

Class-12 Maths
Chapter 3 – Matrices

Matrix:
● It is an ordered rectangular array of collection of numbers or functions
arranged in rows and columns is called matrix
● The numbers or functions are known as the elements or entries of the matrix.
x y
E.g. -  
1 2

Row and Column of a Matrix:


● The horizontal arrangement of elements or entries are said to form the row
of a matrix
● The vertical arrangement of elements or entries are said to form the Column
of a matrix.
x y
E.g. -   , This matrix has two rows and two columns.
1 2

Order of Matrix:
● It tells us about the number of rows and columns of a matrix.
● It is represented by a  b means a matrix has a rows and b columns.
 2 8 3
For example: A  1 9 8  , there are 3 rows and 3 columns therefore the
 
 0 7 0 
order of matrix A is 3  3

Types of Matrices
a. Row Matrix: A matrix containing only one row is known as row matrix.
a 
For E.g. -  b 
 
 c 
● The order of row matrix is 1 b

b. Column Matrix: A matrix containing only one column is known as column

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 1


matrix.
For E.g. - 1 2 3 2
● The order of column matrix is a  1

c. Square Matrix: The number of rows and numbers of columns are equal in
the matrix.
1 1 2 
For E.g. -  2 3 5 
 
 3 6 8 
● The order of square matrix is always a  a , where a can be any natural
number

d. Diagonal Matrix: If the diagonal elements are non-zero and all the non-
diagonal elements of a matrix are zero, then such type of matrix is known as
Diagonal Matrix.
1 0 0 
For E.g. - 0 2 0 
 
0 0 5 

e. Scalar Matrix: It is a type of diagonal matrix in which all diagonal elements


are equal.
4 0 0
x 0 
For E.g. -   , 0 4 0  etc.
 0 x   0 0 4 
 

f. Identity Matrix: It is a type of diagonal matrix in which all diagonal elements


are equal to 1 .
1 0 0 
For E.g. - 0 1 0 
 
0 0 1 

g. Zero Matrix: In it all the elements are zero and this is also known as null
matrix.
0 0
For E.g. -  ,  0 0 0 etc.
0 0 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 2


Equality of Matrices:
● Two matrices are equal if and only if the order of both the matrices are equal
and element of one matrix is equal to the corresponding element of another
matrix.
1 8  1 8 
For E.g. - A    and B  8 4 
8 4  22   22
All the elements of matrix A is equal to the corresponding elements of
matrix B and order of both matrix is same. Hence, A  B .

Operations in Matrices:
a. Addition of matrices:
● Addition of two matrices can be done only when they have the same order.
● Addition can be done by adding the corresponding entries of the two
matrices
For e.g. –
1 0   2 1
A  and B   3 5
7 4   
CAB
1 0   2 1
C    3 5
 7 4   
 3 1
C 
10 9 

b. Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar:


● When a matrix is multiplied by scalar, then each element of matrix is
multiplied by the scalar quantity and a new matrix is obtained.
For E.g. –
4 5
2 
6 7 
4  2 5  2 
6  2 7  2
 
 8 10 
12 14 
 

c. Negative of a matrix:
● Multiplying a matrix by 1 gives negative of that matrix

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 3


 1 1
For E.g. - A   
 1 2 
Negative of Matrix A is
A   1 A
 1 1
A   1  
 1 2 
 1 1 
A   
 1 2

d. Difference of Matrices:
● Two matrices can be subtracted only when they have same order
● Subtraction can be done by subtracting the corresponding entries of the
two matrices
For e.g. –
1 6  2 1
A  and B   
7 4  7 9 
CAB
1 6   2 1 
C   
7 4  7 9 
 1 5 
C 
 0 5

Properties of Matrix Addition:


1. Commutative Law: Matrix addition is commutative i.e., A  B  B  A .
2. Associative Law: Matrix addition is associative i.e.,
 A  B  C  A   B  C  .
3. Existence of Additive Identity: Zero matrix O is the additive identity of a
matrix because adding a matrix with zero matrix leaves it unchanged i.e.,
XOOXX .
4. Existence of Additive Inverse: Additive inverse of a matrix is a matrix which
on adding with another matrix yield 0 i.e., X   X    X   X  0

Multiplication of Matrices:
● Multiplication of two matrices A and B is defined when number of columns
of A is equal to the number of rows of B .

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 4


● Entries in rows is multiplied by corresponding entries in columns i.e., entries
in first row are multiplied by entries in first column and similarly for other
entries.
2 1 0 2 1
E.g. - A    and B  1 1 1
1 2   
Product of A and B is
 2  0   11 2  2   11 2 1  11
AB   
1  0   2 1 1 2   2 1 11  2 1 
 1 5 3
AB   
 2 4 3

Properties of Matrix Multiplication:


1. Non-Commutative Law: Matrix multiplication is not commutative i.e.,
AB  BA but not in the case of diagonal matrix.
2. Associative Law: Matrix multiplication follow associative law i.e.,
A  BC    AB C
3. Distributive Law: Matrix multiplication follow distributive law i.e.,
a) A  B  C   AB  AC
b)  A  B C  AC  BC
4. Existence of Multiplicative Identity: Identity matrix I is the multiplicative
identity of a matrix because multiplying a matrix with I leaves it unchanged.

Transpose of a Matrix:
● It is the matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of the
original matrix.
● It is denoted by P' or P T if original matrix is P .
For E.g. –
1 2 
P 
3 4 
1 3 
P T or P '   
2 4

Properties of Transpose of Matrix:


1.  A ' '  A
2.  kA  '  kA' (Where, k is any constant)

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 5


3.  A  B '  A' B'
4.  AB '  B'A'

Special Types of Matrices:


● Symmetric Matrices: It is a square matrix in which original matrix is equal
to its transpose.
For E.g. –
 1 1 3 
P   1 2 7 
 
 3 7 3 
 1 1 3 
Transpose of Matrix P , P T   1 2 7 
 
 3 7 3 
P  PT
Therefore, it is a Symmetric Matrix.

● Skew-Symmetric Matrices: It is a square matrix in which original matrix is


equal to the negative of its transpose.
For E.g. –
9 2 3
P   2 0 7 
 
 3 7 0 
 9 2 3
Transpose of Matrix P , PT   1  2 0 7 
 
 3 7 0 
PT  P
Therefore, it is a Skew-Symmetric Matrix.

Elementary Operation (Transformation) of a Matrix


Elementary operations can be performed by three ways
a. By interchanging any two rows or two columns.
● Interchange of i th and jth rows is denoted as R i  R j
● Interchange of i th and jth columns is denoted by Ci  C j .

b. By multiplying any scalar to each element of any row or column of matrix.

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 6


● It is denoted as R i  kR j for rows and Ci  kC j for columns

c. By multiplying any scalar to each element of any row or column and then
adding the result to any other row or column.
● It is denoted as R i  R i  kR j for rows and Ci  Ci  kC j for column.

Invertible Matrix:
● A matrix A is invertible only when there exists another matrix B such that
AB  BA  I , where I is identity matrix.
● It is a property of square matrix.
● Inverse of matrix is always unique.
 3
2 3  1
For E.g. – Let us consider two matrices A    and B  2
2 2  
 1 1
Now,
 3
 2 3  1
AB    2
 2 2  1 1
 
1 0 
 
0 1 
I
And
 3
 1  2 3
BA  2 
   2 2
 1 1
1 0 
 
0 1 
I
Hence, B is inverse of A

Inverse of a matrix by elementary operations


● Inverse of a matrix can be obtained by using elementary operations.
● We know that A  IA on using elementary operation on A only which is on
the left side of equal to keeping right side one as it is and on I then the identity
matrix I will become inverse of A

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 7


3 2 
For example: Inverse of A    using elementary operation is
1 4 
We know that A  IA
3 2   1 0 
1 4   0 1  A
   
R
R1  1
3
 2  1 
1 3    3 0 A
   
1 4   0 1 
R 2  R 2  R1
 2 1 
 1 0
3 3 
  A
0 10   1 1 
 3   3 
3
R2  R2 
10
1 
 2  0
1 3    3 A
   1 3 
0 1  
 10 10 
2
R1  R1  R 2
3
 2 1 
1 0   5 5
0 1    A
   1 3 
 10 10 
Since, I  A1A
 2 1 
5 5
Therefore, A 1   
 1 3 
 10 10 

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 8

You might also like