INTERGRATION:

Integration is a process of obtaining a function from its

∫(2𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 7)4 𝑑𝑥
derivative.
MUZEI JONARMLet 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 7
Techniques of Integration 𝑑𝑢 = (2𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Recognizing the presence of a function of its 𝑑𝑥 =
2𝑥 − 3
derivative: 𝑑𝑢
Example I ⟹ ∫(2𝑥 − 3)𝑢4 .
2𝑥 − 3
∫ 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 3)5 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 3
𝑢5
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
5
𝑑𝑢 1 2
𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 7)5 + 𝐶
2𝑥 5
𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 3)2 . 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥𝑢5 .
2𝑥 Example III
1 2𝑥
= ∫ 𝑢5 𝑑𝑢 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 (4𝑥 − 7)2
2
1 𝑢6 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 4𝑥 2 − 7
= [ ]+𝑐
2 6 𝑑𝑢 = 8𝑥𝑑𝑥
1 6 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑢 +𝐶 𝑑𝑥 =
12 8𝑥
1 2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑢
= (𝑥 − 3)6 + 𝐶 ∫ 2.
12 𝑢 8𝑥
1 1
Example II ∫ . 𝑑𝑢
4 𝑢2
∫(3𝑥 − 1)7 𝑑𝑥 1
∫ 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑢
4
Solution
1 𝑢−2+1
[ ]+𝐶
∫(3𝑥 − 1)7 𝑑𝑥 4 −1
−1 1
Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 − 1 = [ ]+𝐶
𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥 4 𝑢
−1
𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
𝑑𝑥 = 4(4𝑥 2 − 7
3
𝑑𝑢
∫(3𝑥 − 1)7 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢7 . Example IV
3
1 𝑥2 − 1
= ∫ 𝑢7 𝑑𝑢 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
3 √𝑥 3 − 3𝑥
1 𝑢8 Solution
= [ ]+𝐶 𝑥2 − 1
3 8 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 8 √𝑥 3 − 3𝑥
= 𝑢 +𝐶 Let √𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 = 𝑢
24
1 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 = 𝑢2
∫(3𝑥 − 1)7 𝑑𝑥 = (3𝑥 − 1)8 + 𝐶
24 (3𝑥 2 − 3)𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑢𝑑𝑢
3(𝑥 2 − 1)𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑢𝑑𝑢
Example III

236
 2𝑢𝑑𝑢 𝑢3
𝑑𝑥 = = +𝐶
3(𝑥 2 − 1) 3
2
𝑥 −1 𝑥 2 − 1 2𝑢𝑑𝑢 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ . = 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 + 𝐶
√𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 𝑢 3(𝑥 2 − 1) 3
2 Example IX
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢
3 ∫ cos 𝑥√sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
= 𝑢+𝐶 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = √sin 𝑥
3
2 𝑢2 = sin 𝑥
= (√𝑥 3 − 3𝑥) + 𝐶
3 2𝑢𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝑢𝑑𝑢
Example VI 𝑑𝑥 =
cos 𝑥
cos √𝑥 2𝑢𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ cos 𝑥√sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑥 .
√𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑙𝑒𝑡 √𝑥 = 𝑢 = 2 ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
𝑥 = 𝑢2
𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑢𝑑𝑢 𝑢3
= 2[ ] + 𝐶
cos 𝑢 3
∫ . 2𝑢𝑑𝑢 2
𝑢 = 𝑢3 + 𝐶
3
2 ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 2 3
= (√sin 𝑥) + 𝐶
2 sin 𝑢 + 𝐶 3
2 sin√𝑥 + 𝐶
Example X
Example VII ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 5 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Solution
Let 𝑢 = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 5 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 (sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 = Let u= sec 𝑥
cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⟹ ∫ cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. = ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑢. 𝑑𝑢
cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑢4 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑢2 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
= +𝐶 𝑢5
2 = +𝐶
1 5
= sin2 𝑥 + 𝐶 1
2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 5 𝑥 + 𝐶
5
Example VIII Example XI

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = tan 𝑥 Solution

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 cot 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑢2 .
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 cot 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥

237
Let 𝑢 = cosec 𝑥 3𝑥 2 − 1
18) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 4)3
𝑑𝑢 19) calculate the area enclosed by the curve
𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 cot 𝑥
𝑦= 2
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 −1
20) Find the area enclosed between the curve
−𝑑𝑢 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥 and the x − axis from
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 cot 𝑥 (𝑢2 − 1) 𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 cot 𝑥
𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 =
−𝑢3 2
∫(−𝑢2 + 1)𝑑𝑢 = +𝑢+𝐶
3 21) ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛6 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝜋
𝜋
3 22) ∫ cos (3𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥
0 2
Students Exercise
Integrating trigonometric functions
1) ∫ 𝑥 √4 − 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Considering integration as the reverse process of
2
2) ∫(1 − 2𝑥) (𝑥 − 𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥 3 differentiation. The following examples illustrate the way
in which trigonometric functions can be integrated.
(1 + √𝑥)5
3) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 f(x)
√𝑥 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
2 4
4) ∫ 𝑥(𝑥 + 4) 𝑑𝑥 sin x − cos 𝑥
1 cos x sin 𝑥
5) ∫ 16𝑥(𝑥 2 + 5)3 sec2x 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
0 sin ax −1
1 cos 𝑎𝑥
6) ∫ (3 + 2𝑥)5 𝑑𝑥 𝑎
−1
cosec2x −𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥
cot x cosec x −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
7) ∫(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4)7 𝑑𝑥

8) ∫(1 + 2𝑥)(4 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )5 𝑑𝑥 Technique II of integration

(Integration of product of two cosines) - two sines or a

9) ∫ 2(3 + 4𝑥)4 𝑑𝑥
sine and a cosine
10) ∫ 𝑥 3 (𝑥 4 + 6)3 𝑑𝑥 The product of two sines, two cosines or a sine and
a cosine can be integrated by first expressing the
11) ∫ 𝑥 2 √4𝑥 3 + 1 𝑑𝑥 product as a sum or difference of trigonometric
functions by use of factor formulae.
12) ∫ 𝑥(2𝑥 2 + 3)5 𝑑𝑥 Example I

13) ∫ sin(4𝑥 − 8)𝑑𝑥 ∫ 2 cos 3𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

sin √𝑥 Solution
14) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
∫ 2 cos 3𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
15) ∫ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
A B A B
𝜋
2
Consider cos A  cos B  2cos cos
16) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 √tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 2
0 A B A B
𝑥 Now compare 2cos cos with 2cos 3x cos x
17) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 2 2
√2𝑥 2 − 5

238
 𝐴+𝐵 1 1
= 𝟑𝒙 = ∫ cos 8𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2
A + B = 6x ………………………….(i)
𝐴−𝐵 1 1
=𝑥 = sin 8𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2 16 4
A – B = 2x …………………………….(ii)
Example III
Adding Eqn (i) and Eqn (ii); 𝜋⁄
3
⟹ 2𝐴 = 8𝑥 ∫ 2 sin 3𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐴 = 4𝑥 0

Eqn (i) – Eqn (ii); Solution

𝜋⁄
2𝐵 = 4𝑥 3
∫ 2 sin 3𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐵 = 2𝑥 0
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
⟹ cos 4𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 = 2 cos 3𝑥 cos 𝑥 From sin 𝐴 + sin 𝐵 = 2 sin cos
2 2
∫ 2 cos 3𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(cos 4𝑥 + cos 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝐴+𝐵
⟹ = 3𝑥
2
1 1
= sin 4𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 + 𝐶 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 6𝑥 … … … … … … … … (1)
4 2 𝐴−𝐵
=𝑥
Example II 2
𝐴 − 𝐵 = 2𝑥 … … … … … … … (2)
∫ cos 3𝑥 cos 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Eqn (i) + Eqn (ii)
Solution ⟹ 2𝐴 = 8𝑥
𝐴 = 4𝑥
∫ cos 3𝑥 cos 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 5𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Eqn (i) – Eqn (ii)
From the factor formulae, ⟹ 2𝐵 = 4𝑥
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵 𝐵 = 2𝑥
cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐵 = 2 cos cos
2 2 sin 4𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 3𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵 1 𝜋⁄ 𝜋⁄
3 3
⇒ cos cos = (cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐵) ⟹∫ (2 sin 3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (sin 4𝑥 + sin 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2
0 0
A B A B . 𝜋⁄
Comparing cos cos with cos 5x cos 3x −1 1
2 2 = cos 4𝑥 − cos 2𝑥 | 3
4 2 . 0
𝐴+𝐵
⟹ = 5𝑥 1 4𝜋 1 2𝜋 1 1
2 = (− cos − cos ) − (− cos 𝑜 − cos 0)
A + B = 10x ……………………….(i) 4 3 2 3 4 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
𝐴−𝐵 = − (− ) − (− ) − (− − )
= 3𝑥 4 2 2 2 4 2
2 1 1 1 1
A – B = 6x ……………………….(ii) = + + +
8 4 4 2
Eqn (i) + Eqn (ii)
2𝐴 = 16𝑥 1+2+2+4
=
𝐴 = 8𝑥 8
Eqn (i) – Eqn (ii) 9
=
2𝐵 = 4𝑥 8
𝐵 = 2𝑥
1
(cos8 x  cos 2 x)  cos5 x cos3 x Example IV (UNEB 2001)
2
1
⟹ ∫(cos 3𝑥 cos 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (cos 8𝑥 + cos 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ∫ sin 𝑥 sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
1 1
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 8𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Solution
2 2

239
 ∫ sin 𝑥 sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin 3𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ cos 𝑥(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵 Let u = sin 𝑥
Consider cos 𝐴 − cos 𝐴 = −2 sin sin
2 2
𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ sin 𝑥 sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵 1 cos 𝑥
sin sin = − (cos 𝐴 − cos 𝐵) 𝑑𝑢
2 2 2 ∫ cos 𝑥( 1 − 𝑢2 ).
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵 cos 𝑥
Comparing (sin 3𝑥 sin 𝑥) with sin 2 sin 2
A B ∫(1 − 𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑢
 3x
2 𝑢3
A + B = 6x ………………….. (i) 𝑢− +𝐶
3
A B 1
 2x sin 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 + 𝐶
2 3
A – B = 2x ………………….. (i)
Equation (1) +(2) Example II
2A = 8x ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
A = 4x
Eqn (i) – Eqn (ii); Solution
2B = 4x ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(sin 2𝑥)(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
B = 2x
1 = ∫ sin 2𝑥 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
⟹ sin 3𝑥 sin 𝑥 = − (cos 4𝑥 − cos 2𝑥)
2 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = cos 2𝑥
1
∫ sin 𝑥 sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ − (cos 4𝑥 − cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑢 = −2 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
1 1 𝑑𝑢
= − ∫ cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −
2 2 2 sin 2𝑥
−𝑑𝑢
1  1  1 1  ∫ sin 2𝑥 (1 − 𝑢2 ).
  sin 4 x    sin 2 x   C 2 sin 2𝑥
2 4  2 2  1
1 1 − ∫(1 − 𝑢2 )𝑑𝑢
 sin 4 x  sin 2 x  C 2
8 4 1 𝑢3
− (𝑢 − ) + 𝐶
2 3
Integration of odd and even powers of 1 1
trigonometric functions = − 𝑢 + 𝑢3 + 𝐶
2 6
1 1
Odd powers of trigonometric functions = − cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2 6
1 1
Under this we use the following trigonometric identities ⟹ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2 6
1) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 1
2) 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
Example III
3) 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example I
Solution
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ cos 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ cos 3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠4 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

240
∫ cos 3𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 3𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution
∫ cos 3𝑥(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = sin 3𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 3 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 (tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
3 cos 3𝑥 ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 − 1) sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
∫ cos 3𝑥 (1 − 𝑢2 )2 . 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = sec 𝑥
3 cos 3𝑥
1 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫(1 − 𝑢2 )2 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
3
𝑑𝑥 =
1 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
∫(1 − 2𝑢2 + 𝑢4 )𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
3
∫(𝑢2 − 1) sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 .
1 2𝑢3 𝑢5 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
(𝑢 − + )+𝐶
3 3 5 ∫(𝑢2 − 1)𝑑𝑢
3 5
1 2𝑢 𝑢
𝑢− + +𝐶 𝑢3
3 9 15 −𝑢+𝐶
1 2 1 3
= sin 3𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 3𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 3𝑥 + 𝐶 1
3 9 15 ⟹ ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 − sec 𝑥 + 𝐶
3
Example IV

𝑥 𝑥 TAN & SIN SUBSTITUTION

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑑𝑥
2 2
Solution Show that :
𝟏 𝟏 𝒃𝒙
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 sin 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 𝑑𝑥 (ii) ∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) + 𝑪
𝒂 +𝒃 𝒙 𝒂𝒃 𝒂
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 sin (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 (ii) ∫
𝟏 𝟏
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( 𝒂 ) + 𝑪
𝒃𝒙
2 2 2 √𝒂𝟐 −𝒃𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝑥
Let 𝑢 = cos 2
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙
1 𝑥 (iii) ∫ 𝒂𝟐+𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝒂) + 𝑪
𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝑑𝑥
2 2
−2𝑑𝑢 𝟏
𝑑𝑥 = (iv) ∫ 𝒅𝒙= sin 1 ( ax )  C
𝑥 √𝒂𝟐 −𝒙𝟐
sin 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 −2𝑑𝑢 Solution
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢2 sin (1 − 𝑢2 ) 𝑥
2 2 2 sin 2
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2
−2 ∫(𝑢 − 𝑢 4)
𝑑𝑢 𝑎2 + 𝑏2𝑥2 𝑏2𝑥2
𝑎2 (1 +
𝑎2
2𝑢3 2𝑢5
=− + +𝐶
3 5 𝑏2𝑥2
𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑡 √ 2 = tan 𝜃
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 2 2 𝑥 𝑎
= + (𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 ) + 𝐶
3 5 2
⟹ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2 𝑑𝑥  (cos3 2x )   cos 5 C
𝑥 𝑥 2 2 x 𝑏𝑥
3 5 2 = tan 𝜃
𝑎

Example V 𝑏
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑎

241
 1 1
𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 a 2
x 2
dx   2
a (1  tan  )
2
a sec2  d
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝜃
𝑏
1
  d
1 1 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 a
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ . 1
𝑏2𝑥2 𝑎2 (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃) 𝑏   c
𝑎2 (1 + )
𝑎2 a
1
1 1  tan 1 ( ax )  c
=∫ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃+𝐶 a
𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑏
1
∫ 2
1
𝑑𝑥 =
1 𝑏𝑥
tan−1 ( ) + 𝐶
(iv)  a  x2
2
dx
2
𝑎 +𝑏 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑏 𝑎
1
1 1  a 2 (1  ax2 )
2
dx
(𝐢𝐢) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 𝑥 2 𝑏2𝑥 2
√𝑎2 (1 − ) x
𝑎2 Let  sin 
𝑏2 𝑥 2
a
Let √ 𝑎2
= sin𝜃 1
dx  cos  d
bx a
 sin 
a dx  a cos  d
𝑏 1 1
𝑎
𝑑𝑥 = cos𝜃𝑑𝜃  a (1  ax2 )
2 2
dx  
a (1  sin 2  )
2
 a cos d
acos 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝜃
𝑏    d   + C
1 1 a cos 
 a 2 (1  b2 x2 ) dx   a 2 (1  sin 2  )  b d 1
a2
 a x2 2
dx  sin 1 ( ax )  c

1
  d
b Tan Substitution
1 Example
  C
b Find the following integrals
1 1 −1 𝑏𝑥 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sin ( ) + 𝐶 𝐚) ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 , 𝐛) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 𝑥 2 𝑏 𝑎 4+𝑥 1 + 16𝑥 2
3
2 1
1 𝐜) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(iii)  2 dx √3 3 + 4𝑥 2
a  x2 2
Solution
Solution
1 1
1 𝑎) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
 a 2  x 2 dx 4 + 𝑥2
4 (1 +
𝑥2
)
4
1
 a 2 (1  x22 )dx 𝑥2
a 𝑙𝑒𝑡√ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
4
x
Let  tan  𝑥
a = tan 𝜃
2
1 1
dx  sec2  d 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
a 2
dx  a sec2  d 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃

242
 1 1 √3
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ . 2sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 3 2( 2 )
𝑥2 4(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃) √3 2 (2)
√3
4 (1 + 4 ) = tan−1 − tan−1
6 √3 6 √3
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃 + 𝐶 √3 π √3 π
2 2 = ( )− ( )
1 1 𝑥 6 3 6 4
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝐶 √3
4 + 𝑥2 2 2 = 72 π

1 Example II
𝐛) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 16𝑥 2 Find the integral of the following.
Let √16𝑥 2 = tan 𝜃 𝑥
𝑎) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 = tan 𝜃 1 + 𝑥4
4𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 2𝑥 3
𝑏) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 16 + 𝑥 8
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝜃 1
4 𝑐) ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 (𝑥 + 9)2
∫ . 𝑑𝜃 1
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 4 𝑑) ∫ 𝑥 √4 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 1
∫ 4 𝑑𝜃 = 4 𝜃 + 𝐶 0
Solution
1 1 𝑥
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (4𝑥) + 𝐶 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 16𝑥 4 1 + 𝑥4
3 𝑙𝑒𝑡 √𝑥 4 = tan 𝜃, ⇒ 𝑥 2 = tan 𝜃.
2 1
𝐜) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
√3 3 + 4𝑥 2
2 sec 2 𝜃
Solution 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝜃
2𝑥
1
Consider ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 sec 2 𝜃
3+4𝑥 2 =∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ . 𝑑𝜃
1 1 + 𝑥4 1 + tan2 𝜃 2𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 1 1
4𝑥 2 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃 + 𝑐
3 (1 + ) 2 2
3
𝑥 1
𝑙𝑒𝑡 √
4𝑥 2
= tan 𝜃 ⇒∫ 4
𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 (𝑥 2 ) + 𝑐.
3 𝑥+𝑥 2
2𝑥
= = tan 𝜃 2𝑥 3
√3 𝐛) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 16 + 𝑥 8
𝑑𝑥 = sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝑥
√3 2𝑥 3
√3 sec 𝜃𝑑𝜃 2 =∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥8
2 16 (1 + 16)
1 1 √3 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ .
4𝑥 2 3(1 + tan2 𝜃) 2 𝑥8
3 (1 + 3 ) 𝑙𝑒𝑡 √ = tan 𝜃
16
√3 √3
=∫ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃+𝑐 𝑥4
6 6 = tan 𝜃
1 √3 2𝑥 4
=∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 +𝑐
3 + 4𝑥 6 √3 4𝑥 3
3 3 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃.
2 1 √3 2𝑥 2 4
−1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = tan ( )|
√3 3 + 4𝑥 2 6 √3 √3
2 2

243
 sec 2 𝜃 1
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ cos 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃.
𝑥3 27

2𝑥 3 2𝑥 3 sec 2 𝜃 But cos 2θ = 2cos2θ – 1)

⇒∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ . 𝑑𝜃
𝑥8 16(1 + tan2 𝜃) 𝑥 3 1
16 (1 +
16
) cos 2   (1  cos 2 )
2
1 1 1 1
⟹ ∫ 8 𝑑𝜃 = 8 𝜃 + 𝑐 = ∫ (1 + cos 2𝜃)𝑑𝜃.
27 2
2𝑥 3 1 −1
𝑥4 1
⇒∫ = tan ( ) + 𝑐. = ∫(1 + cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
16 + 𝑥 8 8 4 54
1 1 1
𝐜) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [𝜃 + sin 2𝜃] + 𝐶
(𝑥 + 9)2
2 54 2
1 1
Solution = 𝜃+ . 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃] + 𝐶
54 108
1 1 1
∫ =∫ 𝑑𝑥 = (𝜃 + sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃) + 𝐶
(𝑥 2 + 9)2 (9 + 𝑥 2 )2 54
𝑥
1 tan 𝜃 =
=∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑥2
(9 (1 + 9 ))
√𝑥 2 + 9
1
=∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 x
92 (1 + 9) 𝜃

1 3
=∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 3 𝑥
81 (1 + 9 ) ⇒ cos 𝜃 = , sin 𝜃 =
√𝑥 2 + 9 √𝑥 2 + 9

x2 1 1 𝑥 𝑥 3
 tan  ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = (tan−1 ( ) + . )
9 (𝑥 2 + 9)2 54 3 √𝑥 2 + 9 √𝑥 2 + 9

Let
𝑥
= tan θ. 1 𝑥 3𝑥
3 = (tan−1 ( ) + 2 )+𝐶
54 3 𝑥 +9
1
𝑑𝑥 = sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃. Example III
3 Find the integral of the following:
𝑑𝑥 = 3 sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃. 1
𝑎) ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 5
1 1 1
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 81(1+tan2 𝜃)2 . 3 sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝑏) ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
(9(1+ 9 )) 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 11
1
1 𝑐) ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 7
=∫ . 3 sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
81(sec 2 𝜃)2 Solution
1 1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
27 sec 2 𝜃 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 5

244
 2(x + 1)2 + 9
Note: For the tan substitution to be used the
denominator should not be factorized. ⇒ 2(𝑥 + 1)2 + 9
9 + 2(𝑥 + 1)2 .
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5 1
By completing squares; ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
2 2
9 + 2(𝑥 + 1)2
1 1 1 1
= 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + ( (−2)) − ( (−2)) + 5 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
2 2 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 11 2(𝑥 + 1)2
9 (1 + )
2
= 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1 − 1 + 5 9
= 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 4. 2( x  1) 2
Let  tan 
= 4 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 9
= 4 + (𝑥 − 1)2 √2
1 1 (𝑥 + 1) = tan 𝜃
⟹∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 3
𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 5 4 + (𝑥 − 1)2 √2
1 𝑑𝑥 = sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 3
(𝑥 − 1)2 3 sec 2 𝜃𝑑 𝜃
4 (1 + 4 )
𝑑𝑥 =
√2
( x  1) 2 1
Let  tan  ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
4 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 11
𝑥−1 1 3 sec 2 𝑑𝜃
= tan 𝜃. =∫ .
2 9(1 + tan2 𝜃) √2
1 1
𝑑𝑥 = sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 ∫ 𝑑𝜃.
2
3√2
𝑑𝑥 = 2 sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
1
= 𝜃 + 𝐶.
1 1 3√2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ . 2 sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
(𝑥 − 1)2 4(1 + tan2 𝜃) 1 √2(𝑥 + 1)
4 (1 +
4
) = tan−1 ( )+𝐶
3√2 3
1 √2 √2(𝑥 + 1)
∫ 𝑑𝜃 = tan−1 +𝐶
2 6 3
1
𝑐) ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥.
1 4𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 7
𝜃+𝐶
2 4𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 7.
1 𝑥−1
= 4(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥) + 7
2
tan−1 ( 2 )+C 4(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) − 4 + 7.
= 4(𝑥 − 1)2 + 3
1 1 𝑥−1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 ( )+𝐶 1 1
(𝑥 − 1)2 2 2 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
4 (1 + 4 ) 4𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 7 3 + 4(𝑥 − 1)2
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 1 𝑥−1 4(𝑥 − 1)2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 ( )+𝐶 3 (1 + 3 )
𝑥2 − 2𝑥 + 5 2 2
2
Let (𝑥 − 1) = tan 𝜃
1 √3
𝒃) ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 2
2𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 11 𝑑𝑥 = sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
Consider 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 11 √3
2(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) + 11 √3 sec 2 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝜃
By completing squares; 2
2(x2 + 2x + 1) – 2 + 11

245
 1 1 √3 sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √3 1
4(𝑥 − 1)2 3(1 + tan2 𝜃) 2
3 (1 + ) 𝒃) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
3 0 √3 − 𝑥 2
√3
=∫ 𝑑𝜃 Solution
6
√3 1 1
= 𝜃 + 𝐶. Consider ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
6 √3 − 𝑥 2 𝑥2
√3 (1 − )
√3 2(𝑥 − 1) 3
= tan−1 ( )+𝐶 𝑥
6 √3 = sin 𝜃
√3
1 √3 −1
2𝑥 − 1 1
⇒∫ 𝑑𝑥 = tan ( )+𝐶 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
4𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 7 6 √3 √3
𝑑𝑥 = √3 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
Sine Substitution
1 1
Find the following integrals ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √3 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑥 2 √3(1 − sin2 𝜃)
1 √3 (1 − )
𝒂) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 3
√9 − 4𝑥 2
√3 1 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃 + 𝐶
𝒃) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 √3 − 𝑥
2 1 𝑥
1 ⟹∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 +𝐶
𝒄) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 √3 − 𝑥 2 √3
√4 − (𝑥 − 1)2 √3
√3
1 𝑥
𝑥2 ⇒∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 |
𝒅) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 0 √3 − 𝑥 2 √3 0
√1 − 𝑥 2
4 √3 0
𝒇) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 ( ) − sin−1
√16 − 5𝑥 2 √3 √3
1 𝜋
𝒈) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = −0
(1 − 9𝑥 )√(1 − 9𝑥 2 )
2 2
√3 1 𝜋
Solution ⇒∫ 𝑑𝑥 =
0 √3 − 𝑥2 2
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 1
√9 − 4𝑥 2 4𝑥 2 𝐜) ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
√9 (1 −
9 ) √4 − (𝑥 − 1)2
4𝑥 2 1
Let √ 9
= sin 𝜃 ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
(𝑥 − 1)2
2𝑥 √4 (1 − )
= sin 𝜃. 4
3 𝑥−2
2 𝑙𝑒𝑡 = sin 𝜃.
𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃 2
3 1
3 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = 2
2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃.
1 1 3 cos 𝜃
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ . 𝑑𝜃.
4𝑥 2 √9(1 − sin2 𝜃) 2 1 1
√9 (1 −
9 ) ∫ 𝑑𝑥. = ∫ . 2 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
(𝑥 − 1)2 √4(1 − sin2 𝜃)
1 1 √4 (1 − )
∫ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃 + 𝐶 4
2 2
1 1 2𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃
⇒∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 ( ) + 𝐶
√9 − 4𝑥 2 2 3 =𝜃+𝐶

246
 𝑥−1 (√5)𝑑𝑥
sin−1 ( ) + 𝐶. = sin 𝜃
2 4
1 𝑥−1
⟹∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 ( )+𝐶 √5𝑥
√4 − (𝑥 − 1)2 2 = cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
4
4 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 =
𝒅) ∫ 𝑑𝑥. √5
√1 − 𝑥 2 4 4 cos 𝜃
Let √𝑥 2 = sin 𝜃 ∫ . 𝑑𝜃.
2
√16(1 − sin 𝜃) √5
𝑥 = sin 𝜃
4
𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃 ∫ 𝑑𝜃.
𝑥2 sin2 𝜃 √5
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃. 4
√1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − sin2 𝜃 𝜃 + 𝐶.
1 √5
∫ sin2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫ (1 − cos 2𝜃)𝑑𝜃 4 √5𝑥
2 sin−1 ( ) + 𝐶.
1 √5 4
∫(1 − cos 2𝜃)𝑑𝜃
2 4 4 √5𝑥
1 1 ⇒∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 ( )+𝐶
√16 − 5𝑥 2 √5 4
[𝜃 − sin 2𝜃] + 𝐶
2 2
1 1 1
= 𝜃 − sin 2𝜃 + 𝐶 𝒈) ∫
2 4 (1 − 9𝑥 2 )√1 − 9𝑥 2
1 1 Solution
= 𝜃 − . 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝐶.
2 4 1 1
1 1 ∫ =∫ 3 𝑑𝑥.
2
(1 − 9𝑥 )√1 − 9𝑥 2
= 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝐶 (1 − 9𝑥 2 )2
2 4
1
sin 𝜃 = 𝑥 =∫ 3 𝑑𝑥.
(√1 − 9𝑥 2 )
Let √9𝑥 2 =sin 𝜃.
3𝑥 = sin 𝜃
𝑥 1 3𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃.
4 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝜃
𝜃 3
cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = .
3
1 1 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫
cos 𝜃 = √1 − 𝑥 2 (√1 − 9𝑥 2 ) (√1 − sin2 𝜃)
3 3
1 1 1 1
⟹ 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝐶 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃.
2 2 3 cos 2 𝜃
1 −1 1 1
⟹ sin 𝑥 − 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝐶 = ∫ sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
2 2 3
𝑥2 1 1
⟹∫ 𝑑𝑥 = (sin−1 𝑥 − 𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 ) + 𝐶 = tan 𝜃 + 𝐶
√1 − 𝑥 2 2 3
sin 𝜃 = 3𝑥
4
𝒇) ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
√16 − 5𝑥 2
4
∫ 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 2 1
√16 (1 − ) 3𝑥
16 4

𝜃
247
√1 − 9𝑥 2
 𝑥 1 𝑥2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 ( ) + 𝐶
√4 − 𝑥 4 2 2

4𝑥 2
𝒃) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 6
⟹ tan 𝜃 =
√1 − 9𝑥 2 Let √𝑥 6 = sin 𝜃,
1 1 3𝑥 ⟹ 𝑥 3 = sin 𝜃
⟹∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ( )+𝐶
(√1 − 9𝑥 2 ) √1 − 9𝑥 2 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑥 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
= +𝐶 𝑑𝑥 =
√1 − 9𝑥 2 3𝑥 2
2
1 𝑥 4𝑥
⟹∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ( )+𝐶 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2
(1 − 9𝑥 )(√1 − 9𝑥 )2 √1 − 9𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 6
4𝑥 2 cos 𝜃
=∫ . 𝑑𝜃
Example II √1 − sin 𝜃 3𝑥 2
2

Find the following integrals 4

= ∫ 𝑑𝜃.
𝑥 3
𝐚) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 4
√4 − 𝑥 4 = 𝜃+𝐶
4𝑥 2 3
𝐛) ∫ 𝑑𝑥. 4
√1 − 𝑥 6 = sin−1 (𝑥 3 ) + 𝐶.
3
2+𝑥
𝐜) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 4𝑥 3 4
√9 − 𝑥 2 ⟹∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 (𝑥 3 ) + 𝐶
√1 − 𝑥 6 3
Solution 2+𝑥
𝑥 𝒄) ∫
𝑎) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 √9 − 𝑥 2
√4 − 𝑥 2
2+𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 =∫ 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥2
√4 − 𝑥 4 𝑥4 √9 (1 − )
√4 (1 − ) 9
4 𝑥
Let = sin 𝜃
𝑥4 3
Let √ = sin 𝜃
4 1
𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃.
𝑥2 3
= sin 𝜃
2 𝑑𝑥 = 3 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
2𝑥 2+𝑥 2 + 3 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃. ∫ 𝑑𝑥. = ∫ . 3 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃.
2 𝑥 2 √9(1 − sin2 𝜃)
cos 𝜃 √9 + (1 − )
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝜃 9
𝑥 ∫(2 + 3 sin 𝜃)𝑑𝜃. = 2𝜃 − 3 cos 𝜃 + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ . But sin 𝜃 = 3 .
𝑥4 √4(1 − sin2 𝜃) 𝑥
√4 (1 −
4)
1
=∫ 𝑑𝜃
2 𝑥 3
1
= 𝜃+𝐶 4
2
1 𝑥2
= sin−1 ( ) + 𝐶.
2 2
√9 − 𝑥 2

248
 √9 − 𝑥 2 1
cos 𝜃 = 𝐛) ∫
3 √12 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑥 √9 − 𝑥 2
= 2 sin−1 ( ) − 3 ( )+𝐶 12 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 12 − (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥)
3 3
2+𝑥 𝑥 = 12 − (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4) − −4
⟹∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sin−1 ( ) − √9 − 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
√9 − 𝑥 2 3 = 16 − (𝑥 − 2)2
Find the following integrals
1 1
1 ⟹∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 √12 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 √16 − (𝑥 − 2)2
√3 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
1 1
𝑏) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 =∫ 𝑑𝑥
√12 + 4𝑥 + 𝑥2 (𝑥 − 2)2
√16 (1 −
1 16 )
𝑐) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥−2
√−2𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 9 Let = sin 𝜃.
1 4
𝑑) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 1
√1 + 8𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
4
𝑥+3
𝑓) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
√7 − 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 1
3 − 7𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑔) ∫ 𝑑𝑥. (𝑥 − 2)2
√16 (1 −
4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 16 )
1
Solution =∫ 4 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
1 √16(1 − sin2 𝜃)
𝑎) ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
√3 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃
Consider 3 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
=𝜃+𝐶
3 − (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)
𝑥−2
By completing squares; = sin−1 ( )
4
3 − (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) − −1 1 𝑥−2
4 − (𝑥 + 1)2 ⟹∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 ( )+𝐶
√12 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 4
1 1
⟹∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√3 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 √4 − (𝑥 + 1)2 1
𝒄) ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
1 √−2𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 9
=∫ 𝑑𝑥.
(𝑥 + 1)2 -2x2 + 12x – 9 = -2(x2 – 6x) – 9
√4 (1 − )
4 By completing squares;
𝑥+1 -2(x2 – 6x + 9) – -18 – 9
= sin 𝜃.
2 -2(x – 3)2 + 9
1 9 – 2(x – 3)2
𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃.
2 1 1
𝑑𝑥 = 2 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃. ⟹∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫
2
√−2𝑥 + 12𝑥 − 9 √9 − 2(𝑥 − 3)2
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃 1
(𝑥 + 1)2 √4(1 − sin2 𝜃) =∫ 𝑑𝑥
√4 (1 − ) 2(𝑥 − 3)2
4 √9 (1 − )
9
= 𝜃 + 𝐶. 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥+1 2(𝑥 − 3)2
∫ −1
𝑑𝑥 = sin ( )+𝐶 √9 (1 − )
2 9
√3 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
√2(𝑥−3)
Let 3
= sin 𝜃

249
 √2 1 1 2(𝑥 − 1)
𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃 ⟹∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 ( )+𝐶
3 √1 + 8𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 2 √5
3 cos 𝜃 1 2√5(𝑥 − 1)
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝜃 = sin−1 + 𝐶.
√2 2 5
1 𝑥+3
∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝒇) ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
2(𝑥 − 3)2 √7 − 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2
√9 (1 − )
9 7 − 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 7 − (𝑥 2 + 6𝑥)
1 3 cos 𝜃 = 7 − (𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9) − −9
=∫ 𝑑𝜃
√9(1 − sin2 𝜃) √2 = 16 − (𝑥 + 3)2
1 𝑥+3 𝑥+3
=∫ 𝑑𝜃 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
√2 √7 − 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 √16 − (𝑥 + 3)2
√2 𝑥+3
= 𝜃 + 𝐶. =∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 (𝑥 + 3)2
√2 −1 √2(𝑥 − 3) √16 (1 − )
16
= sin ( )+𝐶
2 3 𝑥+3
Let = sin 𝜃.
4
1 x = 4 sinθ – 3
⟹∫ 𝑑𝑥
√−2𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 9 𝑑𝑥 = 4 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
√2 −1 √2(𝑥 − 3) 𝑥+3
= sin ( )+𝐶 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 3 (𝑥 + 3)2
√16 (1 − )
16
1 (4 sin 𝜃 − 3) + 3
𝒅) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 =∫ . 4 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃
√1 + 8𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 √16(1 − sin2 𝜃)
1 + 8𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 = 1 − 4(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥).
= 1 − 4(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥). = ∫ 4 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃
= 1 − 4(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) − −4 = −4 cos 𝜃 + 𝐶.
= 5 − 4(𝑥 − 1)2 𝑥+3
1 1 But sin 𝜃 =
4
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
√1 + 8𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 √5 − 4(𝑥 − 1)2
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
4(𝑥 − 1)2 4
√5 (1 − )
5 x+3
2(𝑥−1)
Let = sin 𝜃
√5
2
𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃.
√5 √16 − (𝑥 + 3)2
√5(cos 𝜃)
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝜃 √16 − (𝑥 + 3)2
2 cos 𝜃 = .
1 4
∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+3 √16 − (𝑥 + 3)2
4(𝑥 − 1)2 ⟹∫ 𝑑𝑥 = −4 ( )+𝐶
√5 (1 − )
5 √7 − 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 4
1 √5 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = −√16 − (𝑥 + 3)2 + 𝐶
=∫
√5(1 − sin2 𝜃) 2
= −√7 − 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃 + 𝐶
2 2 Sec Substitution

250
Note: When we are integrating integrand in the form. 𝑥√5 = sec 𝜃
𝐾
, we use the sec substitution. √5𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃𝑑𝜃
√𝑎 2 𝑥 2 −𝑏2
sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝜃
Example √5
Find the following integrals. 1 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃
1 ∫ . 𝑑𝜃
sec 𝜃 √5
𝑎) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 √sec 2 𝜃 − 1
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1 5
1 5 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃
𝑏) ∫ 𝑑𝑥. ∫ 2
𝑑𝜃.
sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 (√5)
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 9
2
𝑑𝑥 5 1
𝑐) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝜃
2
1 𝑥 √5𝑥 − 1
2 √5 sec 𝜃
Solution 5
∫ cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃.
1 √5
∫ 𝑑𝑥. 5
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1 (sin 𝜃) + 𝐶
𝑙𝑒𝑡 √𝑥 2 = sec 𝜃. √5
𝑥 = sec 𝜃. But sec 𝜃 = (√5)𝑥
1
𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃𝑑𝜃. = √5𝑥.
1 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 cos 𝜃
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 1
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1 sec 𝜃√sec 2 𝜃 − 1 cos 𝜃 =
= 𝜃+𝐶 (√5)𝑥
= sec −1(𝑥) + 𝐶
1
⟹∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sec −1(𝑥) + 𝐶
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1 √5𝑥 2 − 1 √5𝑥

1
𝐛) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 9
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 5 5 √5𝑥 2 − 1
𝑥√9 ( − 1) sin 𝜃 + 𝐶 = ( )+𝐶
9 √5 √5 √5 − 𝑥
2
𝑥2 √5𝑥 − 1
√ = sec 𝜃. = +𝐶
9 𝑥
2
𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 √5𝑥 2 − 1
= sec 𝜃. ∫ =[ ]
3 2
1 𝑥√5𝑥 − 1 𝑥
1 1
𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃. √20 − 1
3 = −2
𝑑𝑥 = 3 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃𝑑𝜃 2
1 1 √19
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = −2
𝑥2 3 sec 𝜃√9(sec 2 𝜃 − 1) 2
𝑥√9 ( − 1)
9
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃 + 𝐶
3 3
1 𝑥
= sec −1 ( ) + 𝐶
3 3
2
𝑑𝑥
𝐜) ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
2 2
1 𝑥 √5𝑥 − 1
Let (√5𝑥 2 ) = sec 𝜃.

251
 Partial Fractions Methods of Partial Fractions
Content: 1. Denominator with only linear factors
 Revision of addition and subtraction of rational Example 1
3𝑥
expressions. Express (𝑥−1)(𝑥+2) as a partial fraction
 Expressing rational expressions as a sum of it’s partial Solution
fractions 3𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
 Rational expression where the denominator has a = +
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 2
quadratic term (quadratic factor) which is not 𝐴(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)
factorisable ⟹
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)
 Rational expression where the denominator has
𝐴(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1) = 3𝑥
repeated factors.
If x= −2
 Dealing with improper functions.
−3𝐵 = −6
Partial Fractions 𝐵=2
It is a process of expressing a rational expression into If x = 1,
simpler rational expression that we can add or subtract to 3A = 3 ⇒ 𝐴 = 1
get the original rational expression. Given a rational 3𝑥 1 2
⟹ = +
expression where the numerators are polynomials. (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 2
If the degree of the numerator is less than the degree of the
denominator the fraction is said to be a proper fractional. Example 2
If the degree of the numerator is greater or equal to degree 3x  5
Express as a partial fraction.
of the denominator, the fraction is said to be improper. ( x  3)(2 x  1)
2 1 Solution:
Consider  3𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
x  3 2x  1 = +
2(2𝑥 + 1) − (𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 − 3 2𝑥 + 1
= 3𝑥 + 5 𝐴(2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 3)
(𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 + 1) =
4𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥 + 3 (𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 + 1)
= 3𝑥 + 5 = 𝐴(2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 3)
(3 − 𝑥)(2𝑥 + 1)
1
3𝑥 + 5 If 𝑥 = − 2
=
(𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 + 1) 1 1
3𝑥 + 5 2 1 3 (− ) + 5 = 𝐵 (− − 3)
2 2
⟹ = − 3 7
(𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 − 3 2𝑥 + 1
− +5=− 𝐵
2 1 2 2
  can be expressed as a single fraction 7 7
x  3 2x  1 =− 𝐵
3x  5 2 2
B = -1
( x  3)(2 x  1)
If x = 3,
2 1
The process of getting back to  from 3(3) + 5 = A(2 × 3+1)+0
x  3 2x  1 14 = 7A
3x  5 3x  5 A=2
is called expressing as a
( x  3)(2 x  1) ( x  3)(2 x  1) 3𝑥 + 5 2 1
⟹ = −
partial fraction. (𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 − 3 2𝑥 + 1

252
 Example V
Example III
32
x 1 Express as a partial fraction
Express 2 as partial fraction. x  16 x
3
3 x  11x  10
Solution
Solution
32 32 32
𝑥−1 = =
2 𝑥3 2
− 16𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 − 16) 𝑥(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 4)
3𝑥 − 11𝑥 + 10
32 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Consider 3𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 10 = + +
3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 10 𝑥(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 4) 𝑥 𝑥 + 4 𝑥 − 4
𝐴(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 4) + 𝐵𝑥(𝑥 − 4) + 𝐶𝑥(𝑥 + 4) = 32
3𝑥(𝑥 − 2) − 5(𝑥 − 2)
If x= 4,
(3𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 − 2)
𝑥−1 𝐴 𝐵 32𝐶 = 32,  C = 1
= + If 𝑥 = −4,
(3𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 − 2) 3𝑥 − 5 𝑥 − 2
𝐴(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐵(3𝑥 − 5) = 𝑥 − 1 32𝐵 = 32  𝐵 = 1
If x = 2, If x = 0,
B(1) = 1  B = 1 -16A = 32  A = -2
5 32 −2 1 1
𝐼𝑓 𝑥 = , 3
= + +
3 𝑥 − 16𝑥 𝑥 𝑥+4 𝑥−4
−1 2
𝐴( ) =
3 3 Example VI
−𝐴 = 2 68  11x
𝐴 = −2 Express in partial fractions.
(3  x)(16  x 2 )
𝑥−1 −2 1
⟹ 2 = +
3𝑥 − 11𝑥 + 10 3𝑥 − 5 𝑥 − 2 Solution
68  11x 68  11x
Example IV 
(3  x)(16  x ) (3  x)(4  x)(4  x)
2

3 x 2  21x  24
Express as partial fraction. 68  11x A B C
( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)   
(3  x)(4  x)(4  x) (3  x) (4  x) (4  x)
Solution
𝐴(4 + 𝑥)(4 − 𝑥) + 𝐵(3 + 𝑥)(4 − 𝑥) +
3x 2  21x  24 A B C
   𝐶(3 + 𝑥)(4 + 𝑥) = 68 + 11𝑥
( x  1)( x  2)( x  3) x  1 x  2 x  3
If x = 4, 56C = 68 + 44
3𝑥 2 − 21𝑥 + 24 56C = 112  C = 2
=
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3) If x = -4, -8B = 68 – 44
A( x  2)( x  3)  B( x  1)( x  3)  C ( x  1)( x  2) -8B = 24  B = -3
( x  1)( x  2)( x  3) If 𝑥 = −3, 𝐴(1)(7) = 68 − 33
A(x – 2)(x – 3) + B(x + 1)(x – 3) + C(x + 1)(x – 2) 7𝐴 = 35, 𝐴 = 5
= 3x2 – 21x + 24 68 + 11𝑥 5 3 2
= − +
If x = 2, 𝐵(3)(−1) = 12 − 42 + 24 (3 + 𝑥)(4 + 𝑥)(4 − 𝑥) 3 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 4 − 𝑥
−3𝐵 = −6
𝐵=2 Example VII
If x = 3, 𝐶(4)(1) = 3(32 ) − 21 × 3 + 24 x 9
Express as a partial fraction
4𝐶 = −12 x( x  2 x  3)
2

𝐶 = −3 Solution
If 𝑥 = −1, 𝐴(−3)(−4) = 3 + 21 + 24 𝑥−9 𝑥−9
=
12A = 48  A = 4 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3) 𝑥(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1)
2
3𝑥 − 21𝑥 + 24 4 2 3 x 9 A B C
= + −   
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3) 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 − 3 x( x  2 x  3) x x  3 x  1
2

253
 𝐴(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵𝑥(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶𝑥(𝑥 + 3) = 𝑥 − 9 (2𝐴 + 2𝐵)𝑥 2 + (2𝐶 − 3𝐵)𝑥 + 𝐴 − 3𝑐 = 11𝑥
𝐼𝑓 𝑥 = −3 Equating the corresponding co-efficients
𝐵(−3)(−4) = −12 2𝐴 + 2𝐵 = 0; But A = 3
12𝐵 = −12, 𝐵 = −1 2(3) + 2𝐵 = 0
If 𝑥 = 0, −3𝐴 = −9,  𝐴 = 3 𝐵 = −3
If x = 1, 4C = -8 2𝐶 − 3𝐵 = 11
𝐶 = −2 2𝐶 − 3(−3) = 11
𝑥−9 3 −1 −2 2𝐶 + 9 = 11
⟹ 3 = + +
𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 − 1 2𝐶 = 2, 𝐶 = 1
3 1 2 𝐴 − 3𝐶 = 0
= − −
𝑥 𝑥−3 𝑥−1 𝐴 = 3𝐶
𝐴=3
Denominator with quadratic factor not factorisable 11𝑥 3 −3𝑥 + 1
⟹ 2
= + 2
Example I (2𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 + 1) 2𝑥 − 3 2𝑥 + 1
3x 2  2 x  5
Express in partial fractions Example III
( x  1)( x 2  5)
6  3x
Solution Express in partial fraction
( x  1)( x 2  3)
3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
2
= + 2 Solution
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 5) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 5
6 − 3𝑥 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
𝐴(𝑥 + 5) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 1) = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5
2
2
= + 2
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 + 3
𝐼𝑓 𝑥 = 1,
𝐴(𝑥 2 + 3) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 + 1) = 6 − 3𝑥
6𝐴 = 6, 𝐴 = 1
𝐼𝑓 𝑥 = −1, 4𝐴 = 9
𝐴𝑥 2 + 5𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 − 𝐶 = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5
9
(𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑥 2 + (𝐶 − 𝐵)𝑥 + 5𝐴 − 𝐶 = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5 𝐴=
4
𝐴 + 𝐵 = 3; But A = 1 𝐴𝑥 2 + 3𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐶 = 6 − 3𝑥
1+𝐵 =3 (A + B)x2 + (B – C)x + 3A + C = 6 – 3x
𝐵=2 𝐴+𝐵 =0
𝐶 − 𝐵 = −2 9
𝐶 − 2 = −2 +𝐵 =0
4
𝐶=0 −9
𝐵=
4
3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5 1 2𝑥 9
= + 2 𝐵 + 𝐶 = −3, − + 𝐶 = −3
2
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 5) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 5 4
9
𝐶 = −3 +
Example II 4
−3
11x 𝐶=
Express in partial fractions 4
(2 x  3)(2 x 2  1) −9𝑥 −3
Solution 6 − 3𝑥
=
9
+ 4 + 4
11𝑥 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 3) 4(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥2 + 3
2
= + 2
(2𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 + 1) 2𝑥 − 3 2𝑥 + 1
9 3(3𝑥 + 1)
𝐴(2𝑥 2 + 1) + (2𝑥 − 3)(𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶) = 11𝑥 = −
4(𝑥 + 1) 4(𝑥 2 + 3)
3 9 33
If x  , 𝐴 (2 × 4 + 1) = 2
2 Example IV
11 33 1
A( 2 ) = 2
, 𝐴=3 Express in partial fractions
x  5x2  6
4
2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴 + 2𝐵𝑥 2 − 3𝐵𝑥 + 2𝐶𝑥 − 3𝐶 = 11𝑥
2
Solution

254
 1 2𝑥 + 1 1 𝑥
= − 2
𝑥4
+ 5𝑥 2 + 6 3
𝑥 −1 𝑥−1 𝑥 +𝑥+1
𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 6 = (𝑥 2 )2 + 5𝑥 2 + 6
4 2

Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 Example V
𝑦 2 + 5𝑦 + 6 13x  7
Express in partial fractions
= (𝑦 + 2)(𝑦 + 3) ( x  4)(3x 2  2 x  3)
1 1 Solution
= 2
𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 6 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 3)
4 2 13𝑥 + 7 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
1 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 2
= + 2
(𝑥 − 4)(3𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 − 4 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3
= 2 +
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 2 + 3
2 2
𝐴(3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 4) = 13𝑥 + 7
(𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 2 + 3) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 2 + 2) = 1 If x = 4, 𝐴(12 + 8 + 3) = 59
𝐴𝑥 3 + 3𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 3𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 3 + 2𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 2𝐷 = 1 𝐴(23) = 59
(𝐴 + 𝐶)𝑥 3 + (𝐵 + 𝐷)𝑥 2 + (3𝐴 + 2𝐶)𝑥 + 3𝐵 + 2𝐷 = 1 59
𝐴=
A + C = 0 ……………………………..(i) 23
B + D = 0……………………………..(ii) 3Ax2 + 2Ax + 3A + Bx2 – 4Bx + Cx – 4C = 13x + 7
3A + 2C = 0 ………………………… (iii) 3A + B = 0
3B + 2D = 1 …………………………. (iv) B = -3A
From Eqn (i), A = -C 59 −177
𝐵 = −3 ( ) =
Substitute in Eqn (iii) 23 23
−3𝐶 + 2𝐶 = 0, 𝐶 = 0 3𝐴 − 4𝐶 = 7
From Eqn (ii), B = -D 177
Substitute in Eqn (iv); − 4𝐶 = 7
23
3(−𝐷) + 2𝐷 = 1
−𝐷 = 1, ⇒ 𝐷 = −1 177
− 7 = 4𝐶
∴𝐵=1 23
1 1 1 16 4
⟹ 4 = 2 − 2  4C C 
2
𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 6 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 + 3 23 23
−177𝑥 4
Example IV 13𝑥 + 7
=
59
+ 23 + 23
2x  1 (𝑥 − 4)(3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3) 23(𝑥 − 4) 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3
Express 3 in partial fraction
x 1 59 (177𝑥 − 4)
Solution = −
23(𝑥 − 4) 23(3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3)
2x  1
x3  1 Example VI
Consider x  1  x  1
3 3 3
5x
Express in partial fractions
𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ) ( x  x  1)( x  2)
2

⟹ 𝑥 3 − 13 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) Solution
2𝑥 + 1 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 5𝑥 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶
3
= + 2 = +
𝑥 −1 𝑥−1 𝑥 +𝑥+1 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 2
𝐴(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 1) = 2𝑥 + 1 (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐶(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) = 5𝑥.
𝐼𝑓 𝑥 = 1, 3𝐴 = 3, 𝐴 = 1 If x = 2, 𝐶(4 + 2 + 1) = 10
𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 − 𝐶 = 2𝑥 + 1 7𝐶 = 10
Equating coefficients of the same monomial; 10
𝐴 + 𝐵 = 0; But A = 1 𝐶=
7
1 + B = 0  B = -1 𝐴𝑥 2 − 2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 − 2𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐶 = 5𝑥
A–B+C=2 A + C = 0 ……………………………. (i)
1 – –1 + C = 2  C = 0 (C – 2A + B) = 5 …………………….. (ii)

255
 C – 2B = 0 …………………………… (iii) The above hint will help us to express rational expressions
𝐴 = −𝐶 with denominators of repeated factors into partial
−10 functions
⇒𝐴=
7
From Eqn (iii); C = 2B Example I
10 x  3  2 x2
= 2𝐵. Express 2 in partial fractions
7 x ( x  1)
5
𝐵= . Solution
7
−10 5 10 𝑥 − 3 − 2𝑥 2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
5𝑥 𝑥+7 2
= + 2+
7 𝑥 (𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥−1
⇒ 2 = + 7
(𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 2 𝐴𝑥(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶𝑥 2 = 𝑥 − 3 − 2𝑥 2
5x 10 x  5 10 If 𝑥 = 1, C = 1 − 3 − 2
 
( x  x  1)( x  2) 7( x  x  1) 7( x  2)
2 2
C= −4.
If x = 0, -B = -3  B = 3
If x = 2, 2A + B + 4C = 2 – 3 – 8
Denominator with Repeated Factors 2𝐴 + 3 − 16 = −9
Express the following in partial fractions. 2𝐴 − 13 = −9
2𝐴 = −9 + 13
Example (Hints)
2𝐴 = 4
Express the following in partial fractions 𝐴=2
1 𝑥 − 3 − 2𝑥 2 2 3 4
a) ⇒ 2 = + 2−
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3)3 (𝑥 + 5)2 𝑥 (𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥−1

1 Example ІІ
𝐛)
𝑥 2 (𝑥
+ 5) x4
1 Express in partial fractions
𝐜) ( x  1)( x  2)2
(𝑥 + 9) (𝑥 + 1)2
4
Solution
1 𝑥+4 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐝) 2
= + +
(𝑥 2
+ 3)(𝑥 + 1)3 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 2 (𝑥 − 2)2
Solution  A(x – 2) + B(x – 2)(x + 1) + C(x + 1) = x + 4
2

1 If = 2 , 𝐶(3) = 6
(a) C=2
( x  2)( x  3)3 ( x  5)2
If 𝑥 = −1 , 9𝐴 = 3
A B C D E F
      𝐴=3
1
( x  2) ( x  3) ( x  3) 2
( x  3) 3
x  5 ( x  5)2
1 A B C If 𝑥 = 0, 4𝐴 + −2𝐵 + 𝐶 = 4
(b)   2 4
x ( x  5) x x
2
x5 3
− 2𝐵 + 2 = 4
1 4
(c) 2𝐵 = 3 + 2 − 4
 x  9   x  1
4 2
4 2
2𝐵 = 3 − 1
A B C D E F
      2
x  9  x  9 2
 x  9   x  9  x  1  x  1
3 4 2 2𝐵 = − 3
−1
1 Ax  B C D E 𝐵=
(d)  2    3.
( x  3)( x  1)
2 3
x  3 x  1 ( x  1) ( x  1)3
2
x4 1 1 2
  
( x  1)( x  2) 2
3( x  1) 3( x  2) ( x  2) 2

Example III

256
 4x  3 If x = 1, 3B = 4
Express in partial fraction.
( x  1) 2 4
𝐵=
Solution 3
If x = -2, 9C = -6 + 1
4𝑥 + 3 𝐴 𝐵
= + 5
(𝑥 − 1)2 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)2 𝐶=−
9
⇒ 𝐴(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵 = 4𝑥 + 3
If x = 0, -2A + 2B + C = 1
If 𝑥 = 1, 𝐵 = 7 8 5
If 𝑥 = 0, −𝐴 + 𝐵 = 3 −2𝐴 + ( ) − ( ) = 1.
3 9
−𝐴 + 7 = 3 8 5
−𝐴 = −4 2𝐴 = ( ) − ( ) − 1
3 9
𝐴=4 24 − 5 − 9
4𝑥 + 3 4 7 2𝐴 =
9
⇒ 2
= + . 10
(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)2
2𝐴 =
9
Example IV 5
𝐴= .
10  6 x  3x 2 9
Express in partial fractions 3x  1 5 4 5
(2 x  1)( x  3) 2    
( x  1) ( x  2) 9( x  1) 3( x  1) 9( x  2)
2 2

Solution
10  6 x  3x 2 A B C
  
 2 x  1 x  3
2
2 x  1  x  3  x  32 Example VI
𝐴(𝑥 + 3)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶(2𝑥 − 1) 5 x 2  6 x  21
Express in partial fractions.
= 10 + 6𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 ( x  4) 2 (2 x  3)
1 49 1
If 𝑥 = , 𝐴 ( ) = 10 + 3 − 3 ( ) Solution
2 4 4
49 3 5 x 2  6 x  21
𝐴 ( ) = 13 −
4 4 ( x  4) 2 (2 x  3)
49 49
𝐴( ) = 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
4 4 = + 2
+
𝑥 − 4 (𝑥 − 4) 2𝑥 − 3
𝐴=1
 A(2x–3)(x – 4) + B(2x – 3) + C(x – 4)2 = 5x2 –6x–21
If x = -3, −7𝐶 = 10 − 18 − 27
If x = 4, B(5) = 80 – 24 – 21
−7𝐶 = −35
5𝐵 = 35
𝐶 = 5.
𝐵=7
If x = 0, 9𝐴 − 3𝐵 − 𝐶 = 10 3 25 9
9 − 3𝐵 − 5 = 10 If 𝑥 = 2, 𝐶 ( 4 ) = 5 (4) − 9 − 21
−3𝐵 = 6 25 45
𝐶= − 30
𝐵 = −2. 4 4
10  6 x  3x 2 25C 75

1

2

5   C  3
(2 x  1)( x  3) 2
2 x  1 ( x  3) ( x  3) 2 4 4
If x = 0, 12A – 3B + 16C = -21
Example V 12𝐴 − 21 − 48 = −21
3x  1 12𝐴 = −21 + 69
Express in partial fraction. 12𝐴 = 48
 x  1  x  2 
2

𝐴=4
Solution
5 x  6 x  21
2
4 7 3
3𝑥 + 1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶    
= + +  x  4   2 x  3 x  4  x  4  2 x  3
2 2
2
(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 − 1) 2 (𝑥 + 2)
A(x – 1)(x + 2) + B(x + 2) + C(x – 1) = 3x + 1
2

257
Improper Fractions Solution
So far we have only dealt with proper fractions for which 2 x3  x  1
the numerator is of lower degree than the denominator. ( x  3)( x 2  1)
We can now look at how to deal with improper fractions Consider (x – 3)(x2 + 1)
where the degree of the numerator is greater or equal to = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 − 3.
the degree of the denominator.
2 x3  x  1
Examples of improper fraction are: x3  3x 2  x  3.
x x2  1 x4  x  1 2
, ,
x 1 x x( x  1)( x  1)( x  2)
𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 − 1
x  1 2 x  3x  1 7 x  1
3 4 2 2
2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 6
, ,
x 2  1 x 2  3x  2 x 2  3
6𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5
Example I
4 x3  10 x  4 2 x3  x  1 6 x 2  3x  5
Express in partial fractions.   2 
x(2 x  1) ( x  3)( x 2  1) ( x  3)( x 2  1)
Solution 6𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
4𝑥 3 + 10𝑥 + 4 4𝑥 3 + 10𝑥 + 4 2
= + 2
= (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 + 1
𝑥(2𝑥 + 1) 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + C)(x – 3) = 6x2 – 3x + 5 ………. (i)
If x = 3, 10A = 54 – 9 + 5
2𝑥 − 1
10A = 50
2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4𝑥 3 + 10𝑥 + 4 A=5
4𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 From Eqn (i);
Ax2 + A + Bx2 – 3Bx + Cx – 3C = 6x2 – 3x + 5
−2𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 4 ⇒𝐴+𝐵 = 6
−2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 5+𝐵 = 6
𝐵=1
11𝑥 + 4 𝐶 − 3𝐵 = −3
4𝑥 3 + 10𝑥 + 4 11𝑥 + 4 𝐶 − 3 = −3
⇒ = (2𝑥 − 1) +
𝑥(2𝑥 + 1) 𝑥(2𝑥 + 1) 𝐶 = 0.
2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 − 1 5 𝑥
11𝑥 + 4 𝐴 𝐵 ⇒ = 2 + +
= + (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑥 − 3 𝑥2 + 1
𝑥(2𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 2𝑥 + 1
𝐴(2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵𝑥 = 11𝑥 + 4. Example III
If x = 0, A = 4 x3  3
Express in partial fraction
1 1 −11
If x   , − 2 𝐵 = 2 + 4 ( x  2)( x 2  1)
2 Solution
1 3
− 𝐵=− 𝑥3 − 3 𝑥3 − 3
2 2 =
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2
𝐵=3
1
4𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 4 4 3
⇒ = (2𝑥 − 1) + +
𝑥(2𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 2𝑥 + 1 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 𝑥3 − 3
𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 −2
Example II
2 x3  x  1 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1
Express in partial fraction
( x  3)( x 2  1)

258
 𝑥3 − 3 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 −2𝐵 = −1 − 3
⇒ = 1 +
𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 −2𝐵 = −4
𝐵=2
2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1
=1+ x  3x  1
4
1 2 1
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 1)   x  
 x  2  x  1 x  2 x  1  x  12
2

2x  x  1
2
A Bx  C
But   2
( x  2)( x  1) x  2 x  1
2
Example V
𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 2) = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1
2 x 3  7 x 2  2 x  10
If x = 2, 5A = 8 – 2 – 1  A = 1 Express in partial fractions
( x  3)(2 x  1)
𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 2𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 − 2𝐶 = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1
Solution
𝐴+𝐵 =2
2𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 10 2𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 10
1+𝐵 = 2 =
(𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 − 1) 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 3
𝐵=1
𝑥+1
−2𝐵 + 𝐶 = −1
3 2
−2 + 𝐶 = −1 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 3 2x + 7x + 2x – 10
𝐶 = 1. 3 2
2x + 5x – 3x
2
2𝑥 − 𝑥 − 1 1 𝑥+1 2
⇒ 2
= + 2 2x + 5x – 10
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + 1
2x22 + 5x - 3
2x + 5x – 3
𝑥3 − 3 1 𝑥+1 2x2– +7 5x - 3
⇒ 2
=1+ + 2
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥−2 𝑥 +1 2x2 + 5x
2 x 3  7 x 2  2 x  10  7 
 ( x  1)   
Example IV 2x  5x  3
2
 ( x  3)(2 x  1) 
x 4  3x  1 7 𝐴 𝐵
But (𝑥+3)(2𝑥−1) = 𝑥+3 + 2𝑥−1
Express ( x  2)( x  1) in partial fractions
2

𝐴(2𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 3) = 7
Solution If x = -3, −7𝐴 = 7
𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 − 1 𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 − 1 𝐴 = −1
=
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1)2 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 2 1 7
If 𝑥 = , 𝐵 ( ) = 7
𝑥 2 2
𝐵=2
𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 2 𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 − 1 2𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 10
⇒
𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 (𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 − 1)
−1 2
=𝑥+1−( + )
3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 3 2𝑥 − 1
𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 − 1 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1 1 2
= 𝑥 + =𝑥+1+ −
𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1)2 𝑥 + 3 2𝑥 − 1
3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 Example VI
2
= + +
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)2 x3
A(x – 1) + B(x – 1)(x + 2) + C(x + 2) = 3x2 + x – 1
2 Express in partial fractions.
( x  4)( x  1)
If x = 1, 𝐶(3) = 3 + 1 − 1
Solution
C=1
If x = -2, 9𝐴 = 12 − 2 − 1
9𝐴 = 9
𝐴=1
If x = 0, 𝐴 − 2𝐵 + 2𝐶 = −1
1 − 2𝐵 + 2 = −1

259
 3𝑥 + 1
𝑥−3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
(𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1)
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 𝑥3 3x  1 A B
Consider  
𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 ( x  1)(2 x  1) x  1 2 x  1
−3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 𝐴(2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1) = 3𝑥 + 1
−3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 12 If x = 1, 3A = 4
4
13𝑥 − 12 𝐴=
3
−1 −3 −1
x3 3 x  12 If 𝑥 = 2 , 𝐵 ( 2 ) = 2
 ( x  3)  2
( x  4)( x  1) x  3x  4 1
13𝑥 + 12 𝐴 𝐵 𝐵=
= + 3
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 + 4 𝑥 − 1
3𝑥 + 1 4 1
𝐴(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 4) = 13𝑥 − 12. ⇒ = +
(𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1) 3(𝑥 − 1) 3(2𝑥 + 1)
1
If x = 1, 5B = 1  B 
5 3𝑥 + 1 4 1
If x = -4, -5A = -13 × 4 −12 ⇒∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ + 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1) 3(𝑥 − 1) 3(2𝑥 + 1)
−64
𝐴= 4 1 1 1
5 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
x3 64 1 3 𝑥−1 3 2𝑥 + 1
 ( x  3)  
( x  4)( x  1) 5( x  4) 5( x  1)
4 1 1
= ln(𝑥 − 1) + ( ln(2𝑥 + 1)) + 𝐶
3 3 2
Integration of Partial Fraction
In this section, we are going to look at how we can 4 1
= ln(𝑥 − 1) + ln(2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶
integrate some algebraic fraction. We will be using partial 3 6
fractions to express the integrand as a sum of simpler
Example II
fractions which can be integrated separately. We will also
need to call upon wide variety of other techniques 3𝑥 + 1
including completing squares, integration by substitution, ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 1)
integration using stands results and so on. In order to
understand the integration of partial fractions, it’s vital Solution
that we undertake a plenty of practice exercise so that they Consider,
become second nature. 3𝑥 + 1 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
2
= + 2
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 1
Note: It’s important to recognize certain standard integrals
𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 1) = 3𝑥 + 1
and method here. If x = 1, 2A = 4
𝑓 1 (𝑥) A=2
(1) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 − 𝐶 = 3𝑥 + 1
2
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 1 𝐴+𝐵 =0
(2) ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ln(2𝑥 2 + 3) + 𝐶 2+𝐵 = 0
2𝑥 + 3 4
𝐵 = −2.
(3) Splitting up the expression 𝐶 − 𝐵 = 3.
2𝑥 + 1 2𝑥 1
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 + 2 𝑑𝑥 𝐶 +2 = 3
𝑥 +1 𝑥 𝑥 +1 𝑐=1
2 −1
= ln(𝑥 + 1) + tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
3𝑥 + 1 2 −2𝑥 + 1
⇒ 2
= + 2
Example 1 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 +1
3𝑥 + 1 2 −2𝑥 + 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ + 2 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑥−1 𝑥 +1

260
 2 −2𝑥 1 1+𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = + + 2
𝑥−1 𝑥 +1 𝑥 +1 𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑥 +1
2 ln(𝑥 − 1) − ln(𝑥 2 + 1) + tan−1 𝑥 + 𝐶 A(x)(x2 + 1) + B(x2 + 1) + (Cx + D)x2 = 1 + x
(𝑥 − 1)2 If x = 0, B = 1
ln 2 + tan−1(𝑥) + 𝐶
𝑥 +1 𝐴𝑥 3 + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 3 + 𝐷𝑥 2 = 1 + 𝑥
⇒ 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 0 … … … . (1)
Example III
𝐵 + 𝐷 = 0 … … … … . . (2)
4
36 𝐴 = 1 … … … … … … … . (3)
∫ 𝑑𝑥. 𝐵 = 1 … … … … … … … (4)
2 (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 5)
From Eqn (2)
Consider: 𝐵+𝐷 =0
36 A B C 1 + 𝐷 = 0.
  
( x  1) ( x  5) x  1 ( x  1)
2 2
x5 𝐷 = −1.
A(x – 1)(x + 5) + B(x + 5) + C(x – 1)2 = 36 𝐴+𝐶 = 0
If x = 1, 6𝐵 = 36 ⇒1+𝐶 =0
𝐵=6 𝑐 = −1
If x = -5, 36𝐶 = 36 1+𝑥 1 1 −(𝑥 + 1)
⇒ 2 2 = + 2+ 2
𝐶=1 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 +1
2 2
If x = 0, −5𝐴 + 5𝐵 + 𝐶 = 36 1+𝑥 1 1 (𝑥 + 1)
⇒∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ + 2 − 2 𝑑𝑥
−5𝐴 + 30 + 1 = 36 1 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) 1 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 +1
2 2 2 2
−5𝐴 = 5 1 1 𝑥 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 −∫ 2
𝐴 = −1 1 𝑥 1 𝑥 1 𝑥 +1 1 𝑥 +1
36 1 6 1 1
2
   
2 2
ln x 1   ln( x 2  1)  tan 1 x
2

( x  1) ( x  5) ( x  1) ( x  1)
2 2
( x  5) x 1 1 1

4
36 −1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 (ln 2 − ln 1) + ( ) − (−1)
2 (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 5) 2
4
−1 6 1 1 1
=∫ ( + + ) 𝑑𝑥 − ( ln 5 − ln 2) − (tan−1 2 − tan−1 1)
(𝑥 − 1)2 𝑥 + 5 2 2
2 𝑥−1 1 1 2
6
4
ln 2 + + (ln ) − (tan−1 2 − tan−1 1)

 ln( x  1)   ln( x  5) 2 2 5
x 1 2
Example V
6 𝑥3
= [− ln(3) + ln1] − ( − 6) + (ln 9 − ln 7) ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥.
3 𝑥 −4
9 Solution
− ln 3 + 4 + ln ( )
7 x3
9 Consider 2
= 4 + ln ( ) − ln 3 x 4
7
3 𝑥
= 4 + ln (7)
= 3.1527 𝑥2 − 4 𝑥3
𝑥 3 − 4𝑥
Example IV 4𝑥
2
1+𝑥
∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥. x3 4x
1 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)  x 2
x 4
2
( x  4)
Solution
4𝑥 4𝑥
But 𝑥 2 −4 = (𝑥+2)(𝑥−2)

261
 𝐴 𝐵 5
24𝑥 3 (𝑥 − 3)
+ ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+2 𝑥−2 4 (𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1)
𝐴(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 2) = 4𝑥
4 x3  15 x 2  9 x  16ln  x  1 4  72 ln  2 x  1 4
5 5 5
If x = 2, 4B = 8 4

B=2 = 500 – 375 – 45) – (256 – 240 – 36) + (16ln4 – 16ln3)

If x = -2, -4A = -8 7
+ (ln 11 − ln 9)
A=2 2
𝑥3 2 2 = 100 + 23ln3 - 72 ln(11) – 32 ln(2)
2
=𝑥+ +
𝑥 −4 𝑥+2 𝑥−2
𝑥3 2 2 Example VII
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 6𝑥
𝑥 −4 𝑥+2 𝑥−2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥3 𝑥2 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 4)2
∫ 𝑥 2 −4 𝑑𝑥 = 2
+ 2 ln(𝑥 + 2) + 2 ln(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐶
Solution
𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑥+2 2 Consider.
⇒∫ 𝑑𝑥 = + ln ( ) +𝐶
𝑥2 − 4 2 𝑥−2 6𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + +
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 4)2 𝑥 − 2 (𝑥 + 4) (𝑥 + 4)2
Example VI
5
𝐴(𝑥 + 4)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 4) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 2) = 6𝑥
24𝑥 3 (𝑥 − 3)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐼𝑓 𝑥 = 2, 36𝐴 = 12
4 (𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1) 36𝐴 = 12
Solution
1
24𝑥 3 (𝑥 − 3) 24𝑥 4 − 72𝑥 3 𝐴=
= 3
(𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1) 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1
𝐼𝑓 𝑥 = −4, 𝐶(−6) = −24
12x2 – 30x – 9
𝐶=4
2x – x – 1
2
24x – 72x
4 3
𝐼𝑓 𝑥 = 0, 16𝐴 − 8𝐵 − 2𝐶 = 0
24x4 – 12x3 – 12x2 1
16 ( ) − 8𝐵 − 8 = 0
-60x3 + 12x2 3
-60x3 + 30x2 + 30x 16
8𝐵 = 8 −
3
-18x2 - 30x
8
-18x2 + 9x + 9 8𝐵 =
3
-39x – 9 1
𝐵=
24 x 3 ( x  1)  39 x  9  3
 (12 x 2  30 x  9)  6𝑥
( x  1)(2 x  1) ( x  1)( 2 x  1) ⇒
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 4)2
39 x  9 A B
But   1 1 4
( x  1)(2 x  1) x  1 2 x  1 = + +
3(𝑥 − 2) 3(𝑥 + 4) (𝑥 + 4)2
𝐴(2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1) = 39𝑥 + 9.
6𝑥
If x = 1, 3𝐴 = 48 ⇒∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 4)
𝐴 = 16.
1 1 1 1 1
1  3 21 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
If x  , B 3 𝑥−2 3 𝑥+4 (𝑥 + 4)2
2 2 2
1 1 4
𝐵=7 = ln(𝑥 − 2) + ln(𝑥 + 4) − +𝐶
3 3 𝑥+4
24 x3 ( x  3) 16 7
 12 x 2  30 x  9  
( x  1)(2 x  1) x  1 2x  1 Example
𝑥2
∫ 4 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥 −1
262
 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2 Solution
= =
𝑥 4 − 1 (𝑥 2 )2 − 12 (𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑥2 + 6 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷.
= + 2
𝑥2 (𝑥 2 + 4)(𝑥 2 + 9) 𝑥 2 + 4 𝑥 +9
= (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 + 9) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 2 + 4) = 𝑥 2 + 6
2
(𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)
𝐴𝑥 3 + 9𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 9𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 3 + 4𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 4𝐷
x2 Ax  B C D
 2   = 𝑥2 + 6
 x  1  x  1 x  1 x  1 x  1 x  1
2
𝐴 + 𝐶 = 0 … … … … … … … … … . (1)
(𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝐵 + 𝐷 = 1 … … … … … … … … … (2)
+ 𝐷(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 1) = 𝑥 2 9𝐴 + 4𝐶 = 0 … … … … … … … … . (3)
9𝐵 + 4𝐷 = 6 … … … … … … … … . (4)
If x = 1, 𝐷(2)(2) = 1.
4𝐷 = 1 From Eqn (2), B = 1 – D
1 Substitute B = 1 – D in Eqn (4)
𝐷= 9(1 − 𝐷) + 4𝐷 = 6
4
𝐴𝑥 3 − 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 3 − 𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 − 𝐶 + 𝐷𝑥 3 9 − 9𝐷 + 4𝐷 = 6
+ 𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐷 = 𝑥 2 3
3 = 5𝐷, 𝐷=
𝐴 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 = 0 … … … … … … … . . (1) 5.
𝐵 − 𝐶 + 𝐷 = 1 … … … … … … … … (2) 𝐵+𝐷 =1
3
−𝐴 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 = 0 … … … … . … … . (3) 𝐵+ =1
𝐷 − 𝐶 − 𝐵 = 0 … … … … … … … … (4) 5
2
Eqn(1) − Eqn(3) 𝐵=
5
2𝐴 = 0  𝐴 = 0 From Eqn (1); A = -C
Eqn (2) − Eqn(4) Substitute in Eqn (3);
1 9(−𝐶) + 4𝐶 = 0
2B = 1  B 
2. −5𝐶 = 0
From Eqn (2). 𝐶=0
𝐵−𝐶+𝐷 =1 𝐴=0
1 1 2
𝑥 +6 2 3
−𝐶 + = 1 = +
2 4 2 2 2
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 9) 5(𝑥 + 4) 5(𝑥 + 9) 2
3 1
𝑥2 + 6
−𝐶 = 1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
4 2 2
0 (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 9)
−1
𝐶= 2 1 1 3 1 1
4 = ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥
5 0 (𝑥 + 4) 5 0 (𝑥 + 9)
𝑥2 1 1 1
⇒ 4 = − + 1 1
2
𝑥 − 1 2(𝑥 + 1) 4(𝑥 + 1) 4(𝑥 − 1) 2 1 1 3 1 1
= ( tan−1 𝑥)⌋ + ( tan−1 𝑥)⌋
𝑥2 5 2 2 0 5 3 3 0
⇒∫ 4 𝑑𝑥 1 1 1 1
𝑥 −1 = (tan−1 − 0) + (tan−1 − 0)
1 1 1 5 2 5 3
=∫ 2
− + 𝑑𝑥 1 1 1
2(𝑥 + 1) 4(𝑥 + 1) 4(𝑥 − 1) = (tan−1 + tan−1 )
1 1 1 5 2 3
tan−1 𝑥 − ln(𝑥 + 1) + ln(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶 Let tan 1 12  A , tan 1 13  B
2 4 4
1 1 𝑥 − 1 tan A  tan B
tan−1 𝑥 + ln ( )+𝐶 tan( A  B ) 
2 4 𝑥+1 1  tan A tan B
1
1
Example IX tan( A  B)  2 1 3 1
1 1 2  3
𝑥2 + 6 𝜋
Show that ∫ 2 2
=
0 (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 9) 20

263
 11 40
A  B  tan 1  2 3  −4𝐵 − 2𝐶 = 4 −
9
 56  −4
 3 2  −4𝐵 − 2𝐶 =
A  B  tan 1  6  9
 56  2
2𝐵 + 𝐶 = … … … … … … … … (2)
A + B = tan –1(1) 9
Eqn (2) – Eqn (1)

tan 1 12  tan 1 13  5
4 B
9
  tan 1 ( 12 )  tan 1 ( 13 ) 
1
5 7
5 C 
9 9
1  
   12
5  4  20 C
9
1 𝜋 4
= ( ) C
5 4 3
𝜋
= 2
3𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1
20. ⇒
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)3
Example
5 −5 4 1
3x 2  x  1 = + + −
Express into partial fractions. Hence 9(𝑥 − 2) 9(𝑥 + 1) 3(𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 + 1)3
( x  2)( x  1)3
4 3𝑥 2 +𝑥+1 4
3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 + 1
evaluate ∫3 (𝑥−2)(𝑥+1)3
𝑑𝑥. ⇒∫
3 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)3
3x 2  x  1 A B C D
Consider    
( x  2)( x  1) 3
x  2 x  1 ( x  1) 2
( x  1)3 5 4 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)3 + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 2) + 𝐶(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) 9 3 𝑥−2
+ 𝐷(𝑥 − 2) = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 5 4 1
− ∫ 𝑑𝑥
If x = -1, 𝐷(−3) = 3 − 1 + 1 9 3 𝑥+1
𝐷 = −1 4 4 1 4
1
If x = 2 + ∫ 2
− ∫ 3
3 3 (𝑥 + 1) 3 (𝑥 + 1)
27𝐴 = 12 + 2 + 1 4 4
4
4 4
5 5 1
27𝐴 = 15  ln  x  2   ln  x  1  
15 5 9 3 9 3 3  x  1 3 2  x  12
𝐴= = 3
27 9 = 0.317.
If x = 0, 𝐴 − 2𝐵 − 2𝐶 − 2𝐷 = 1
5 Example (UNEB Question)
⇒ − 2𝐵 − 2𝐶 + 2 = 1
9
5 𝑥4 − 𝑥3 + 𝑥2 + 1
2𝐵 + 2𝐶 = +1 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
9 𝑥3 + 𝑥
14
2𝐵 + 2𝐶 = Solution
9 𝑥 4 −𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 +1
7 Consider
𝐵 + 𝐶 = … … … … … … … … (1) 𝑥 3 +𝑥
9
If x = 1, 8A +B(4)(-1) + C(2)(-1) – D = 3 + 1 + 1 𝑥4 − 𝑥3 + 𝑥2 + 1 𝑥+1
⇒ 3
= (𝑥 − 1) +
8𝐴 − 4𝐵 − 2𝐶 − 𝐷 = 5 𝑥 +𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1)
40 𝑥+1 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
− 4𝐵 − 2𝐶 + 1 = 5 But = + 2
9 2
𝑥(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 𝑥 + 1
40
−4𝐵 − 2𝐶 = 5 − 1 − 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1.
9

264
 If x = 0, 𝐴 = 1 2𝐵 = 10
𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1 𝐵=5
𝐴+𝐵 =0 3 3𝑥 2 +4𝑥−1 3 −1 3 5 3 2
⇒1+𝐵 =0 ∫1 𝑥 3 +2𝑥 2 +𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = ∫1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 + ∫1𝑥+1
+ ∫1 (𝑥+1)2
𝑑𝑥
𝐵 = −1 2
3

 ln x 1  5ln( x  1) 1 
3 3
𝐶=1 x 1 1
x 1 1 x 1 1
  2   9(ln 2)  5(ln 3)
x( x  1) x x  1
2
6
𝑥4 − 𝑥3 + 𝑥2 + 1 1 −𝑥 + 1
3
= (𝑥 − 1) + + 2 Example (UNEB Question)
𝑥 +𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 +1 3
4 3 2
𝑥2 + 1
𝑥 −𝑥 +𝑥 +1 ∫ 3 2
𝑑𝑥.
∫ 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 3𝑥
𝑥3 + 𝑥
Solution
1 1−𝑥
= ∫(𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥. 𝑥2 + 1 𝑥2 + 1 𝑥2 + 1
𝑥 𝑥 +1 = =
𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3) 𝑥(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 3)
𝑥2 1 𝑥 2
𝑥 +1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
− 𝑥 + ln 𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = + +
2 𝑥 +1 𝑥 +1 𝑥(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 + 3.
𝑥2 1 𝐴(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵𝑥(𝑥 + 3) + 𝐶𝑥(𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥 2 + 1
− 𝑥 + ln(𝑥) + tan−1 𝑥 − ln(𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝐶
2 2 If x = -1, -2B = 2
B = -1
Example II If x = -3, 6c = 10
3 5
3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 1 𝐶=
∫ 𝑑𝑥 3
2 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 If x = 0, 3A = 1
Solution 1
𝐴=
3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 1 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 1 3.
= 𝑥2 + 1 1 1 5
𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) = − +
𝑥(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 3) 3(𝑥) 𝑥 + 1 3(𝑥 + 3)
3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1
= 3
𝑥2 + 1
𝑥(𝑥 + 1)2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 3)
3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 2
= + + 1
3
5
3
𝑥(𝑥 + 1)2 𝑥 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1)2  ln x  ln  x  1 1  ln  x  3
3

3 3
𝐴(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐵𝑥(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 1
1 1

1 5 2
If x = 0, A = -1 ln 3 + ln 2 + ln
3 3 3
If x = -1, -C = 3 – 4 – 1 1 1 5
ln 3  ln1  (ln 4  ln 2)  (ln 6  ln 4)
C=2 3 3 2
If x = 1, 4𝐴 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶 = 8 1 1 5
−4 + 2𝐵 + 2 = 8 ln 3  ln 2  ( 32 )
3 3 2

265
 DIFFERENTIATION II
Differentiation is a process of finding derivatives  ( x  1)ex (1e )  ( x  1)e x (1e
x x
)

The derivative is the instantaneous rate of change of a

𝑒 𝑢 × 2𝑎𝑥
function with respect to one of its variables 2
Objectives of the topic: 2𝑎𝑥𝑒 𝑎𝑥
 To know the derivatives of exponential functions of
Example II
any base.
Differentiate the following:
 To know the derivatives of logarithmic functions. 2
a) 𝑒 tan 𝑥
 Use the techniques of logarithmic differentiation to
b) e x 1
2

find derivatives of functions involving products and

quotients. c) 𝑒 −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
d) etan( x  4 x 1)
2

Differentiation of exponential functions Solution

1. Differentiate the following a) y = 𝑒 tan 𝑥
2
2 +𝑏
𝑎) 4𝑒 𝑥 𝑏) 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑐)𝑒 𝑎𝑥 dy
 2 x sec 2 x 2 e (tan x )
2
𝑥 2
𝑑) 𝑒 √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑒) 𝑒 𝑥𝑒 𝑓) 𝑒 tan 𝑥 dx
2
𝑔) 𝑒 √𝑥 +1 ℎ) 𝑒 −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 b) ye x2 1

Solution
dy 1 2 1
 ( x  1) 2 e x 1  2 x
2

Note:
dx
 e   aeax
d ax
dx 2
dy x
 e x 1
2
When we are differentiating an exponential
function, we first differentiate the power of the dx x 1
2

expression multiplied by the same expression. −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥

c) 𝑦 = 𝑒
𝑑 dy
𝑎) (4𝑒 𝑥 ) = 4𝑒 𝑥  cosec 2 x e  cotx
𝑑𝑥 dx
𝑑 −2𝑥
𝑏) (𝑒 ) = −2𝑒 −2𝑥 d) y  e tan( x
2
 4 x 1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏 2 dy
) = 2𝑎𝑥𝑒 𝑎𝑥 +𝑏  ( 2 x  4)e tan( x  4 x 1) sec 2 ( x 2  4 x  1)
2
𝐜) (𝑒
𝑑𝑥 dx
Alternatively;
2
y= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 using chain rule Differentiation of logarithmic functions
Let ax2 = u Note 𝐢)
𝑑
(ln 𝑎𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 =
𝑎 1
y = eu 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝐢𝐢) [ln(𝑥 − 1)] =
= × 𝑑𝑥 𝑥−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝐝) (𝑒 √cos 𝑥 ) Example III
𝑑𝑥 Differentiate the following
1
1
= 2 (cos 𝑥 ) −2 (−sin𝑥)(𝑒 √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) 𝐚) ln(2𝑥 3 ) 𝑏) ln(𝑥 3 + 1) 𝑐) ln sec 𝑥
=
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑒 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ln 𝑥
2√cos𝑥 𝐝) ln ( ) 𝑒) 𝑓)3𝑥 ln 𝑥 2
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 2
𝑑 𝑥 𝑥
𝐞) 𝑑𝑥
(𝑒 𝑥𝑒 ) = (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑒 𝑥𝑒
𝑥
Solution
= 𝑒 𝑥 [𝑥 + 1]𝑒 𝑥𝑒 a) 𝑦 = ln(2𝑥 3 )

266
 𝑑𝑦 6𝑥 2 3 Example I
= 3= Differentiate the following:
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥
a) lncos𝑥 b) ln(secx + tanx)
𝑏) ln(𝑥 3 + 1) (𝑥 + 1)2
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 3𝑥 2 c) ln 𝑐) (lnx√𝑥 2 − 1)
= 3 √𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 +1 Solution
c) 𝑦 = ln 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 a) 𝑦 = ln(cos𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑦 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= = tan 𝑥 = = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) 𝐛) ln(sec𝑥 + tan𝑥)
𝑑) 𝑦 = ln (1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) ` 𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥+𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= ln(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) − ln(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑦 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥)
= + 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑑𝑥
(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) (𝑥 + 1)2
𝑐) ln = ln(𝑥 + 1)2 − ln√(𝑥 − 1)
√𝑥 − 1
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 1
(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) ln( 𝑥 + 1)2 − ln(𝑥 − 1)2
1
𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1 y  2ln( x  1)   x  1
= 2
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) dy 2 1 1 
   
𝑥 dx x  1 2  x  1 
𝐞) ln
√1 + 𝑥 2 dy 2( x  1)  ( x  1)

dx 2( x 2  1)
𝑦 = ln 𝑥 − ln √(1 + 𝑥 2 ) x3

1 2( x 2  1)
𝑦 = lnx − ln(1 + 𝑥 2 )2
Examples
1
lnx − ln(1 + 𝑥 2 ) Differentiate the following:
2
(𝐚) ln 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 (𝐛) ln tan(3x)
𝑑𝑦 1 1 2𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)2
= − ( ) (𝐜) ln 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 (𝐝) ln ( ) 𝐞) ln(𝑥 + √(𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑥−1
2
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥 3 𝑥+1 𝑒 𝑥 √𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= − 𝐟√ (𝐠)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑥−1 (2𝑥 + 1)3
f) 𝑦 =3x ln𝑥 2 (use product rule) Solution
(a) y = ln sin2x
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
= 3𝑥. 2 + ln(𝑥 2 ). 3 𝑑𝑦 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = = 2 cot 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
dy 2 (b) y = ln tan(3x)
= 3𝑥. + 3ln𝑥 2
dx 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 3𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥
𝑐) =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝑥
= 6 + 3ln𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 (c) y = ln 3cos2x

267
 2
𝑑𝑦 6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) −6𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 √𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑) = 2
= 𝐡) 𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 (2𝑥 + 1)3
= −2 tan 𝑥 2 1
𝐟) ln(𝑥 + 1)2 − ln(𝑥 − 1) lny = ln𝑒 𝑥 + ln(sinx)2 − ln(2x + 1)3
1
𝑦 = ln(𝑥 + 1)2 − ln(𝑥 − 1) lny = 𝑥 2 + lnsinx − 3 ln(2x + 1)
𝑦 = 2 ln(𝑥 + 1) − ln(𝑥 − 1) 2
𝑑𝑦 2 1 1 𝑑𝑦 1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2
= − = 2𝑥 + − 3( )
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 1) 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑦 2(𝑥 − 1) − (𝑥 + 1) 2𝑥 − 2 − 𝑥 − 1
= = 1 𝑑𝑦 1 6
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 2 − 1) = 2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 −
𝑑𝑦 𝑥−3 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2 2𝑥 + 1
= 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 −1
dy 1 6
= 𝑦 [2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − ]
g) ln(𝑥 + √(𝑥 2 − 1) dx 2 2𝑥 + 1
1 2 −1 2
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 − 1) 2 × 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 √𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1 6
= 1+ 2 = [2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − ]
𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 + 1)3 2 2𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 1
1 −1
𝑑𝑦 1 + 2 (𝑥 2 − 1) 2 × 2𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1
𝑥 Example
1+( 2 )
√𝑥 − 1 Differentiate log10 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
=
𝑥 + √(𝑥 2 + 1) Solution
Let 𝑦 = log10 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
√𝑥 2 − 1 + 𝑥
( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 = 10𝑦
√𝑥 2 − 1
= lncos3x = ln10𝑦
𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 1)
lncos3x = yln10
𝑑𝑦 √𝑥 2 − 1 + 𝑥 −3𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 = (ln10)dy
𝑑𝑥 √(𝑥 2 − 1)(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
−3𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝑥𝑑𝑥 = (ln10)dy
𝑑𝑦 −3𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝑥
3 𝑥+1 =
𝐢) √ 𝑑𝑥 ln10
𝑥−1
3 𝑥+1 Examples
let 𝑦 = √𝑥−1 Differentiate the following:
1 a) 𝑥 𝑥 b) (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑥 c) 2𝑥 d) 𝑥10𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 e) ln(𝑥)𝑥 f)
(𝑥 + 1)3 ln 𝑥
lny = ln ( 1) g) 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥2
(𝑥 − 1)3
Solution
1 1
lny = ln(x + 1)3
− ln(𝑥 − 1)3 a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥
1 1 ln𝑦 = ln𝑥 𝑥
lny = ln(x + 1) − ln(𝑥 − 1)
3 3 ln𝑦 = xlnx
1 𝑑𝑦 1 1 1 1 1 1
= ( )− ( ) 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = [(𝑥. 𝑥 + lnx × 1)] dx
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑥 + 1 3 𝑥−1
𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦[ − = 𝑦[1 + ln𝑥]
] 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3(𝑥 + 1) 3(𝑥 − 1)
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + lnx)
𝑑𝑦 3 𝑥 + 1 1 1 𝑑𝑥
=√ [ − ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 1 3(𝑥 + 1) 3(𝑥 − 1)
b) 𝑦 = (sin𝑥)𝑥

268
 ln𝑦 = ln(sin𝑥)𝑥 g) 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
ln𝑦 = 𝑥lnsin𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ln𝑦 = ln𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 + lnsin𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ln𝑦 = sin𝑥(ln𝑥)
1 1 1
𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + ln(sin𝑥))dx 𝑑𝑦 = (sin𝑥. + (ln𝑥)cos𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
= 𝑦(𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + lnsinx) = 𝑦 (sin𝑥. + (ln𝑥)cos𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
= (sinx)𝑥 . (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + lnsinx) = 𝑥 sin𝑥 (sin𝑥. + (ln𝑥)cos𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
c) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 Differentiation of inverse trigonometric functions
ln𝑦 = ln2𝑥 Example
ln y = x(ln2) 𝑎) cos−1 𝑥 𝑏) sin−1 𝑥 𝑐) tan−1 𝑥
1 1 − 𝑥2 1 − 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 = ln2 𝑑𝑥 𝐝) cos−1 ( ) √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑓) tan −1
( )
𝑦 1 + 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦ln2 Solution
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 a) 𝑦 = cos −1 𝑥
= (2𝑥 )ln2 cos 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
− sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
d) 𝑥10𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1
=−
𝑦 = 𝑥10𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑦
ln𝑦 = ln(𝑥10𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) sin y  cos 2 y  1
2

ln𝑦 = lnx + ln10𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 sin y  1  cos 2 y

ln𝑦 = lnx + sinx. ln10 𝑑𝑦 −1
1 1 ⇒ =
𝑑𝑦 = ( + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(ln10)) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 b) 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥
= 𝑦 ( + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(ln10))
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 sin 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= 𝑥10𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ( + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(ln10)) cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1
=
e) (ln𝑥)3 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑦
Let 𝑦 = (lnx)3 cos y  1  sin 2 y
𝑑𝑦 1 dy 1
= 3(lnx)2  
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3
dx 1  sin 2 y
= (lnx)2 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 =
ln𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
f) 𝑥2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑥
c) 𝑦 = sin−1 (𝑎)
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2 sin 𝑦 =
1 𝑎
𝑥 2 . 𝑥 − (ln𝑥)2𝑥 1
= cos𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4 𝑎
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 − 2𝑥(ln𝑥) dy 1
𝑑𝑥
=
𝑥4 
dx a cos y

269
 dy 1 𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥
 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦=
dx a 1  sin 2 y 𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2
𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑦(1 + 𝑥 2 )2
2

a 𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥
x =
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑦)(1 + 𝑥 2 )2
𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥
= 2
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥2
√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 (1 + ( ) ) (1 + 𝑥 2 )2
1 + 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥
= =
𝑑𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 ) + (1 − 𝑥 2 )2
2 2
𝑎( ) ( ) (1 + 𝑥 2 )2
𝑎 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥
= =
𝑑𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 ) + (1 − 𝑥 2 )2
2 2

𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥
=
1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 + 1 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4
e) 𝑦 = cos −1 ( ) 𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥
1+𝑥 2
=
1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 4
cos 𝑦 = ( ) 𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥
1 + 𝑥2 =
𝑑𝑥 2(1 + 𝑥 4 )
𝑑𝑦 (1 + 𝑥 2 )(−2𝑥) − (1 − 𝑥 2 ) × 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥
−sin𝑦 = =
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 4 )

𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥 − 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 3 Differentiate the following

= 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 − sin 𝑦(1 + 𝑥 2 )2 𝑒 ⁄2 sin 𝑥 1
𝑎) 4
𝑏) 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥 𝑥 𝑥𝑒 cos 𝑥
= c) log 10 sin(9𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3)
𝑑𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦(1 + 𝑥 2 )2
d) if sin 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥, show that;
𝑑𝑦 4𝑥
= 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 − √1 − 𝑥 2 (ln sin−1 𝑥) sin−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑦(1 + 𝑥 2 )2 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 (√1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 4𝑥
= Solution
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥
(1 + 𝑥 2 )2 𝑒 ⁄2 sin 𝑥
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) a) 𝑦= 𝑥4
𝑥⁄
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑒 2 sin 𝑥
= ln 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 ( )
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2 𝑥4
𝑥
2
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = ln 𝑒 ⁄2 + ln sin 𝑥 − ln 𝑥 4
1−𝑥 𝑥
𝐟) tan−1 ( ) ln 𝑦 = + ln (sin𝑥) − 4 ln 𝑥
1 + 𝑥2 2
1 − 𝑥2
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) 1 𝑑𝑦 1 cos 𝑥 1
1 + 𝑥2 = + − 4.
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥
1 − 𝑥2
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 = ( )
1 + 𝑥2 𝑑𝑦 1 4
= 𝑦 ( + cot 𝑥 − )
𝑑𝑦 (1 + 𝑥 2 ). −2𝑥 − (1 − 𝑥 2 ). 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑒 ⁄2 sin 𝑥 1 4
2
𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥 − 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 3 = ( + cot 𝑥 − )
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 4 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2

270
 1 Example (UNEB Questions)
b) 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥
1 d   x 
ln 𝑦 = ln ( ) ln ,
𝑥𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 dx   1  x 2 
Determine when x = 2
ln 𝑦 = ln 1 − (𝑙𝑛𝑥 + ln 𝑒 𝑥 + ln cos 𝑥)
(05 marks)
ln 𝑦 = ln 1 − (𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 ln 𝑒 + ln cos 𝑥)
Solution
1 1 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = (0 − ( + 1 − )) 𝑑𝑥  x 
y 𝑥 cos 𝑥 y  ln  
 1  x2 
𝑑𝑦 1 Let  
= 𝑦 (− − 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)
 
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 1

𝑑𝑦 1 1 y  ln x  ln 1  x 2 2

= 𝑥 (− − 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑒 cos 𝑥 𝑥 1
y  ln x  ln 1  x 2
2
 
c) 𝑦 = log10 sin(9𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3)
10𝑦 =sin(9𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3)
dy d

dx dx
ln x 
1 d
2 dx
ln 1  x 2  
1 x
sin(9𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3) = 10𝑦  
x 1  x2
lnsin(9𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3) = ln 10𝑦 1  x2  x2

lnsin(9𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3) = 𝑦 ln 10

x 1  x2 
1
2 
(18𝑥 + 4)(𝑐𝑜𝑠(9𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 3)) 𝑑𝑦 x(1  x 2 )
2
= (ln 10)
sin(9𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 When x = 2
d 1 1
dy 18 x  4 ln y  
 cot(9 x 2  4 x  3) dx 2(5) 10
dx ln10
Example (UNEB Question)
𝑥𝑦 −1
d) 𝑒 = sin 𝑥……………………..(1) 1  sin x dy 1
𝑑𝑦 1 y , 
(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 = Given that: 1  sin x show that dx 1  sin x .
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 1 Solution
(𝑥 + 𝑦) sin−1 𝑥 = 1  sin x
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 y
𝑑𝑦 1 1  sin x
(𝑥 + 𝑦) =
𝑑𝑥 (sin−1 𝑥)√1 − 𝑥 2 1  sin x
y2 
𝑑𝑦 1 1  sin x
(𝑥 ) = − 𝑦 … … (2) Introducing loge on both sides,
𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
−1

From Eqn (1); ln e xy  lnsin 1 x 2ln y = ln(1 + sin x) − ln(1 − sin x)

𝑙𝑛 sin−1 𝑥 2
1
ln y   d ln(1  sin x)  ln(1  sin x)
𝑦= … … … … … … … … … . (3) dx dx
𝑥
2 dy cos x  cos x
Substituting Eqn (3) in (2)  
y dx 1  sin x 1  sin x
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑙𝑛 sin−1 𝑥
(𝑥 ) = − dy y  cos x  sin x cos x  cos x  sin x cos x 
𝑑𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑥   
dx 2  (1  sin x)(1  sin x) 
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 − (√1 − 𝑥 2 ) sin−1 𝑥 𝑙𝑛( sin−1 𝑥) dy y  2 cos x 

dx 2 1  sin 2 x 
𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 sin−1 (𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 )
y  2 cos x  y
   
𝑑𝑦 𝑥−(√1−𝑥 2 ) sin−1 𝑥 𝑙𝑛( sin−1 𝑥) 2  cos x 
2
cos x
= as required
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 sin−1 𝑥√1−𝑥 2 Substitute for y,

271
 1  sin x
Given that y  e , show that
tan x
dy 1
  
dx 1  sin x cos x
d2y dy
(1  sin x)(1  sin x) 1  (2 tan x  sec2 x) 0
  dx 2
dx .
(1  sin x)(1  sin x) cos x
Solution
1  sin 2 x 1
  Given x = e-t sin t.
1  sin x cos x
dx
cos 2 x 1
V   e t cos t  e t sin t
  dt
1  sin x cos x dx
cos x 1 1 0
   for instantaneous rest, dt
1  sin x cos x 1  sin x
=> e cos t  sin t  = 0
t
dy 1

Hence dx 1  sin x as required cos t − sin t = 0
cos t = sin t
Example (UNEB Question) tan t = 1
a) Differentiate the following with respect to x t = tan-1(1)
i) (sin x)x 
t= 4 seconds
( x  1) 2
dv
ii) ( x  4) Giving your answers in their simplest
3
Acceleration = dt
forms.
  et cos t  et sin t 
d
b) The distance of a particle moving in a straight line from dt
a fixed point after time t is given by
 e sin t  e t cos t  e  t cos t  e  t sin t
t

x = e-tsin t.
 2e t cos t
Show that the particle is instantaneously at rest at time

  When t = 4 ,
t t
4 seconds. Find its acceleration at 4 seconds. dv 
 2e 4 cos 4
dt
Solution 

i) Let y = (sin x)x   2e 4

Introducing loge to both sides,  0.6447
ln y = xln sin x
1 dy cos x Example (UNEB Question)
x  ln sin x dy
y dx sin x
a) i) If x2secx − xy + 2y2 = 15, find dx .
 yx cot x  ln sin x 
dy
ii) Given that y = θ − cos θ; x = sin θ; show that
dx
d2 y 1  sin 
 sin x  x cot x  ln sin x 
x

dx 2
cos3  .
y
x  12
b) Determine the maximum and minimum values of x2e-x
ii) x  43 Solution
Introducing loge to both sides, a) x2secx − xy + 2y2 = 15
ln y  2 ln( x  1)  3ln( x  4)
1 dy 2 3
d 2
dx
 d
dx

x sec x   xy  
d
dx
 
2 y2 
d
dx
15
 
y dx x  1 x  3  dy  dy
x 2 sec x tan x  2 x sec x   x  y   4y 0
 dx  dx
dy
Example (UNEB Question) x 2 sec x tan x  2 x sec x   4 y  x  y0
dx
dy
 4 y  x   y  x 2 sec x tan x  2 x sec x
dx
dy y  x 2 sec x tan x  2 x sec x 272

dx 4y  x
dx
x 
sec x 
dx
 xy  
dx
 
2y 
dx
15
 dy  dy
x 2 sec x tan x  2 x sec x   x  y   4y 0
 dx  dx
dy When x = 0, ⟹ y = 0
x 2 sec x tan x  2 x sec x   4 y  x  y0
dx The turning point is (0, 0)
dy When x = 2 ⟹ y = 4e-2 = 0.5413 (4 dps)
 4 y  x   y  x 2 sec x tan x  2 x sec x
dx The turning point is (2, 0.5413)
dy y  x 2 sec x tan x  2 x sec x Finding the nature of the turning points

dx 4y  x dy
ii) y = θ − cos θ and x = sin θ  2 xe x  x 2 e x
dx
dy
d
 1  sin  d2 y
dx 2
 
 2 x  e x  e x  2  2 xe x  x 2 e  x
dx
 cos   2 xe x  2e x  2 xe x  x 2 e x
d
dy dy d  x 2 e  x  4 xe  x  2e  x
 
Now dx d dx (by the chain rule) d2 y
2
1 1  sin  At x = 0, dx = 2 (positive)
 1  sin    
cos  cos  Hence the turning point at (0, 0) is a minimum.
Again by using the chain rule, Therefore the minimum value of x2e–x is 0
d2y d dy d d2 y
  
dx 2 d dx dx 2
At x = 2, dx = 4e-2 − 8e-2 + 2e-2
cos   cos   (1  sin  )(  sin  ) 1 = -2e-2 (negative)
 
cos 2  cos  Hence the turning point at (2, 0.5413) is a maximum
cos 2   sin   sin 2  ) Therefore the maximum value of x2e–x is 0.5413

cos3 
1  sin  MACLAURIN’S EXPANSION

cos3 
Maclaurin’s theorem states that:
b) Let y = x2e-x x 2 f (0) x3 f (0) x 4 f IV (0)
By introducing loge on both sides f ( x)  f (0)  xf (0)    
2! 3! 4!
ln y = ln (x2e-x)
ln y = ln x2 + ln e-x Example I
ln y = 2 lnx − x 1) Use Maclaurin’s theorem to expand ln(1 + x) in
1 dy 2 ascending powers of x as far as the term x5
 1 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(1 + 𝑥)
y dx x
dy 2 
𝑓(0) = ln(1) = 0
 y   1 1
dx x  𝑓 ′(𝑥) = = (1 + 𝑥)−1
(1 + 𝑥)
dy 2 
 x 2 e  x   1 𝑓 ′ (0) = 1
dx x  −1
 2 xe x  x 2 e x 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −1(1 + 𝑥)−2 . 1 =
(1 + 𝑥)2
For maximum or minimum values of y; −1
dy 𝑓 ′′ (0) = = −1
0 1
dx 2
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = 2(1 + 𝑥)−3 . 1 =
⟹ 2 xe x  x 2 e x = 0 (1 + 𝑥)3
′′′ (0)
 x 2 e x  2  x   0
𝑓 =2
−6
2 x 𝑓 𝐼𝑉 (𝑥) = −6(1 + 𝑥)−4 =
Either x e  0 (1 + 𝑥)4
x=0 −6
𝑓 𝐼𝑉 (0) = = −6
Or 2−x=0 (1 + 0)4
x=2

273
 24 𝑓 ′′ (0) = 2
𝑓 𝑉 (𝑥) = 24(1 + 𝑥)−5 =
(1 + 𝑥)5 f '''(x) = -6(1 + x)-4
fV(0) = 24 6
f '''(x) =
x 2 f (0) x3 f (0) x 4 f IV (0) (1  x)4
f (0)  f  0   xf (0)    
2! 3! 4! f '''(0) = -6
x 2 (1) (2) x 4 (6) x5 (24) x 2 (2) 6 x3
ln(1  x)  0  x(1)   x3    f ( x)  1  x(1)    ...
2 6 24 120 2! 3!
𝑥 2 𝑥 3 6𝑥 4 1 5 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + −𝑥 3 + ⋯
ln(1 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 − + + + 𝑥 +⋯
2 3 24 5 1
𝑥2 1 𝑥4 1 = 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 + ⋯
ln(1 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 − + 𝑥 3 + + 𝑥 5 + ⋯ 1+𝑥
2 3 4 5
b) 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 𝑥
2) Use Mauclaurin’s theorem to expand sec x in ascending
𝑓(0) = 0
powers of x as far as the term ln x3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = sec 2 𝑥
Solution
𝑓 ′ (0) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 0 = 1
𝑓(𝑥) = sec 𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 2 sec 𝑥[sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥)
𝑓(0) = 1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (0) = 0
𝑓 ′ (0) = 0
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) + tan 𝑥(2 sec 𝑥(sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥)
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = sec 𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) + tan 𝑥(sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥)
𝑓 ′′′ (0) = 2(1 + 0) = 2
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑥 2 𝑓 ′′ (0) 𝑥 3 𝑓 ′′′ (0)
𝑓 ′′ (0) = sec 0 + 0 = 1 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑥𝑓 ′ (0) + + +⋯
2! 3!
f ( x)  [3sec 2 x(sec x tan x)  tan 2 x (sec x tan x)
𝑥 2 (0) 𝑥 3 (2)
 sec x.(2 tan x sec 2 x)] tan 𝑥 = 0 + 𝑥(1) + + +⋯
2 6
𝑓 ′′′ (0) = 0 𝑥3
tan 𝑥 = 𝑥 + + ⋯
𝑥 2 𝑓 ′′ (0) 𝑥 3 𝑓 ′′′ (0) 3
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑥𝑓 ′ (0) + + +⋯
2! 3!
𝑥 2 (1) Use Maclaurin’s theorem to expand ln(1 + 𝑎𝑥), where a
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + 0 + +⋯ is a constant hence or otherwise expand
2
(1+𝑥)
1 ln √(1−2𝑥)up to the term ln x3
sec 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 2 + ⋯
2 Solution
Example III 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(1 + 𝑎𝑥)
3(a) Find the first three terms of the expansion of 𝑓(0) = ln(1 + 0) = 0
1 𝑎
using Maclaurin’s theorem. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
1+𝑥 (1 + 𝑎𝑥)
′ (0)
𝑓 =𝑎
(b) Use Maclaurin’s theorem to expand tan 𝑥 in ′′ (𝑥)
𝑓 = 𝑎(1 + 𝑎𝑥)−1
ascending powers of x up to the term in x3 ′′ (𝑥)
𝑓 = −𝑎(1 + 𝑎𝑥)−2 . 𝑎
Solution
1 −𝑎2
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) =
1+𝑥 (1 + 𝑎𝑥)2
𝑓(0) = 1 𝑓 ′′ 0 = −𝑎2
−1 2𝑎3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = 2𝑎2 (1 + 𝑎𝑥)−3 . 𝑎 =
(1 + 𝑥)2 (1 + 𝑎𝑥)3
𝑓 ′ (0) = −1
𝑓 ′′′ (0) = 2𝑎3
2
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 𝑎2 𝑥 2 2𝑎3 𝑥 3
(1 + 𝑥)3 ln(1 + 𝑎𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 − + +⋯
2! 3!

274
 a 2 x 2 a3 x3 3𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3
ln(1  ax)  ax    ... 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 =
2 3 3
𝑥
 (1  x)  𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = (3 − 3𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )
−𝑥
ln    ln(1  x)  ln (1  2 x) 3
 1  2x  𝑥
𝑒 sin 𝑥 = (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 3)
−𝑥
 ln(1  x)  ln(1  2 x) 3
1
2

𝜋⁄ 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋2
1 𝑒 3 sin = ( − 𝜋 + 3)
 ln(1  x)  ln(1  2 x) 3 9 9
2
2 2 3 3 𝜋3 𝜋2 𝜋
a x a x = − +3×
ln(1  ax)  ax    ... 81 9 9
2 3
Comparing ln(1 + x) with ln(1 + ax);
 a=1 Differentiation from first principle
x 2 x3 Suppose we have a smooth function f(x) which is
 ln(1  x)  x    ...
2 3 represented graphically by a curve y = f(x) then we can
Comparing ln(1 – 2x) with ln(1 + ax); draw the tangent to the curve at any point P. It is important
 a = -2 to be able to calculate the slope of the tangent of the curve
8 x3 a graphical method can be used but this is rather imprecise
ln(1 – 2x) = -2x – 2x2 – so we use the following analytical method. We choose a
3
1 second point Q on the curve which is near P and join the
 ln(1  x)  ln(1  2 x) two points with a straight line PQ called a secant and
2
calculate the slope of the line. Then, we allow Q to
 x 2 x3  1 8 x3 
  x    ...    2 x  2 x 2   ...  approach P so that the secant swings around until it just
 2 3  2 3  touches the curve and becomes a tangent. The limit of the
1 5 slope of a secant is required to find the slope of a tangent.
 2 x  x 2  x 3  ...
2 2
 (1  x)  1 2 5 3
ln    2 x  2 x  2 x  ... y = f(x)
 1  2x  y + δy Q(x+δx, y+δy)

Example IV
Use Maclaurin’s theorem to show that 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 up to the
𝑥
term in x3 is (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 3).
3
𝜋⁄ 𝜋 P(x, y)
Hence evaluate 𝑒 3 sin .
3
Solution
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑓(0) = 𝑒 −0 sin 0 = 0 The Greek letter 𝛿(delta) is used to denote small change
(very small change).
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥(−𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑓 ′ (0) = 1 In the diagram above figure P(x, y) and Q(x+δx, y+δy) are
f   e x ( sin x)  cos x (e x )  (e x cos x  e x sin x) two points on the curve y = f(x). If the increase in x in
𝑓 ′′ = −2𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥 moving from P to Q is 𝛿𝑥 then the corresponding increase
𝑓 ′′ (0) = −2 in y is 𝛿𝑦. The coordinates of Q are (x+ 𝛿𝑥), (𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦). The
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = −2(−𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥) gradient of the chord
𝑓 ′′′ (0) = 2 𝛿𝑦
PQ =
x 2 f (0) x3 f (0) x 4 f IV (0) 𝛿𝑥
f ( x)  f (0)  xf (0)     As Q approaches P along the curve (𝛿𝑥) ⟶ 0 then
2! 3! 4!
𝛿𝑥 becomes zero, PQ coincides with the tangent PT.

275
Hence, the gradient of the curve at P is the limiting value As 𝛿𝑥 ⟶ 0
of
𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝛿𝑥 ⟶
𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝛿𝑦 𝑑𝑦
The limiting value of 𝛿𝑥 as 𝛿𝑥 ⟶ 0, which is written as 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 −4
=
and is called derived function. It is not a fraction but a 𝑑𝑥 3𝑥(2√𝑥)
symbol meaning derivative of y with respect to x. 𝑑𝑦 −2
⟹ =
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 3⁄2
Example 1
Differentiate 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 from the first principles. Example 3
𝑥
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 Differentiate 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +1 from the first principle
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥(𝛿𝑥) + (𝛿𝑥)2 Solution
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥(𝛿𝑥) + (𝛿𝑥)2 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 =
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥(𝛿𝑥) + (𝛿𝑥)2 − 𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 + 1
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥(𝛿𝑥) + (𝛿𝑥)2 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = −𝑦
𝛿𝑦 = 2𝑥(𝛿𝑥) + (𝛿𝑥)2 (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 + 1
𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 𝑥
Dividing through by 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 = 2
− 2
(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) + 1 𝑥 + 1
𝛿𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 1) − 𝑥((𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 + 1)
= 2𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 =
𝛿𝑥 ((𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 1)
As 𝛿𝑥 ⟶ 0
𝛿𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝛿𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 𝛿𝑥 − 𝑥(𝛿𝑥)2 − 𝑥
⟶ 𝛿𝑦 =
𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ((𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑑𝑦
Hence = 2𝑥 𝛿𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝛿𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝛿𝑦 =
((𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 1)
Example 2 Dividing through by 𝛿𝑥
4
Differentiate: 𝑦 = 3 from the first principles 𝛿𝑦 (1 − 𝑥 2 )
√𝑥 =
Solution 𝛿𝑥 ((𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 1)𝛿𝑥
4 𝛿𝑦 1 − 𝑥2
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = =
3√𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 ((𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 1)
4 As 𝛿𝑥 ⟶ 0
𝛿𝑦 = −𝑦 𝛿𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3√𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 ⟶
4 4 𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = − 𝑑𝑦 1 − 𝑥2
3√𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 3√𝑥 = 2
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 1)
4√𝑥 − 4√𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑑𝑦 1 − 𝑥2
3√𝑥(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) = 2
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)2
4(√𝑥 − √𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥))(√𝑥 + √𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥))
𝛿𝑦 =
3√𝑥(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)(√𝑥 + √𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)) Example 4
2 2 Differentiate y = sin x from the first principle.
4 ((√𝑥) − (√𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) ) Solution
𝛿𝑦 =
3√(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝛿𝑥)(√𝑥 + √𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)) 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = sin(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)
−4𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 = sin(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑦
𝛿𝑦 =
3√(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝛿𝑥)(√𝑥 + √𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)) 𝛿𝑦 = sin(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − sin 𝑥
(x + 𝛿𝑥 + 𝑥) (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − 𝑥)
Divide through by 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 = 2 cos sin
𝛿𝑦 −4 2 2
=
𝛿𝑥 3√(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝛿𝑥)(√𝑥 + √𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥))

276
 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 tan x + tan 𝛿𝑥 − tan 𝑥 + tan2 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = 2 cos ( 𝑥 + ) sin 𝛿𝑦 =
2 2 1 − tan 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿𝑥
𝑎𝑠 𝛿𝑥 ⟶ 0 tan 𝛿𝑥(1 + tan2 𝑥)
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 =
sin ⟶ 1 − tan 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿𝑥
2 2
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 As 𝛿𝑥 ⟶ 0, tan 𝛿𝑥 ≈ 𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = 2 cos ( x + ). (1 + tan2 𝑥)𝛿𝑥
2 2 𝛿𝑦 =
𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑥 1 − tan 𝑥 (𝛿𝑥)
= cos ( 𝑥 + ) As 𝛿𝑥 ⟶ 0,
𝛿𝑥 2
As 𝛿𝑥 ⟶ 0 𝛿𝑦 (1 + tan2 𝑥)
=
𝛿𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝛿𝑥 1
⟶ 𝛿𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⟶
𝑑𝑦 𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 = 1 + tan2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Example 5 𝑑𝑦
= sec 2 𝑥
Differentiate y = cos x from the first principle 𝑑𝑥
Solution
𝑦 = cos 𝑥 Example 7
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = cos(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) Differentiate 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + cos 2𝑥 from the first principle.
𝛿𝑦 = cos(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑦 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 + cos 2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)
𝛿𝑦 = cos(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − cos 𝑥 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 + cos 2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑦
(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 + 𝑥) (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − 𝑥) 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝛿𝑥 + (𝛿𝑥)2 + cos 2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑦
𝛿𝑦 = −2 sin sin 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝛿𝑥 + (𝛿𝑥)2
2 2
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 + cos 2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑥 2 − cos 2𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = −2 sin (𝑥 + ) sin
2 2 As 𝛿𝑥 ⟶ 0, (𝛿𝑥)2 ≈ 0
As 𝛿𝑥 ⟶ 0 𝛿𝑦 = 2𝑥𝛿𝑥 + cos2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − cos 2𝑥
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 = 2𝑥𝛿𝑥 − 2 sin(2𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)sin𝛿𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ⟶
2 2 For small angles, sin𝛿𝑥 → 𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = −2 sin (𝑥 + ) 𝛿𝑦 = 2𝑥𝛿𝑥 − 2𝛿𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)
2 2 𝛿𝑦
𝛿𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)
𝛿𝑦 = − 𝛿𝑥sin (𝑥 + ) 𝛿𝑥
2 As 𝛿𝑥 ⟶ 0
𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑥
= − sin (𝑥 + ) 𝛿𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝛿𝑥 2 ⟶
𝛿𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑥
As 𝛿𝑥 ⟶ 0, 𝛿𝑥 → 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 − 2 sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Example 8
Example 6 Differentiate: y = sec 3x from first principle
𝑑
Show that (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) = sec 2 𝑥 from first principles 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑦=
Solution cos 3𝑥
1
𝑦 = tan 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 =
cos 3(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = tan(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)
1
𝛿𝑦 = tan(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑦 𝛿𝑦 = −𝑦
cos 3(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)
𝛿𝑦 = tan(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − tan 𝑥
cos 3𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)
tan x + tan 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 =
𝛿𝑦 = − tan 𝑥 cos 3𝑥 cos 3(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)
1 − tan 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿𝑥

277
 3𝛿𝑥 −3𝛿𝑥 tan 𝐴 − tan 𝐵
−2 sin (3𝑥 +
2
) sin (
2
) 𝐴 − 𝐵 = tan−1 ( )
𝛿𝑦 = 1 + tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
cos 3𝑥 cos 3(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − 𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = tan−1 ( )
As 𝛿𝑥 → 0, sin (
−3𝛿𝑥
) ⟶
−3𝛿𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝛿𝑥
2 2 𝛿𝑥
−3𝛿𝑥 −3𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 = tan−1 ( )
−2 ( 2 ) sin (3𝑥 + 2 ) 1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = 𝛿𝑥
cos 3𝑥 cos 3𝑥 tan 𝛿𝑦 = ( )
3𝛿𝑥 sin 3𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝛿𝑥
As 𝛿𝑥 → 0, 𝛿𝑦 = As 𝛿𝑥 ⟶ 0
cos2 3𝑥
𝛿𝑦 3 sin 3𝑥 tan 𝛿𝑦 → 𝛿𝑦
= 𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑥 cos 2 3𝑥 𝛿𝑦 =
𝛿𝑦 1 + 𝑥2
= 3 tan 3𝑥 sec 3𝑥 𝛿𝑦 1
𝛿𝑥 =
As 𝛿𝑥 → 0,
𝛿𝑦
⟶
𝑑𝑦 𝛿𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2
𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑥 As 𝛿𝑥 ⟶ 0
𝑑𝑦 𝛿𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 3 tan 3𝑥 sec 3𝑥 ⟶
𝑑𝑥 𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
Example 9 =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2
Differentiate y=sin2x from the first principles
Solution: Example 11
𝑦 = sin2 𝑥 Differentiate 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 from the first principles
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = sin2 (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) Solution
𝛿𝑦 = sin2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = sin2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − sin2 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎(𝑥+𝛿𝑥)
𝛿𝑦 = (sin(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) + sin 𝑥)(sin(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − sin𝑥) 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎(𝑥+𝛿𝑥) − 𝑦
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = [2 sin (𝑥 + ) cos ] (2 cos (𝑥 + ) sin ) 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎(𝑥+𝛿𝑥) − 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
2 2 2 2 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 . 𝑒 𝑎𝛿𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥
As ⟶ 0 , sin ⟶ , cos ⟶ 1 and 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑒 𝑎𝛿𝑥 − 1)
2 2 2
𝛿𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥2
⟶ But 𝑒 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 + + ⋯ (from the tables)
𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 (𝑎𝛿𝑥)2
= 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝛿𝑥 = 1 + (𝑎𝛿𝑥) + +⋯
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑎2 (𝛿𝑥)2
Example 10 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (1 + 𝑎𝛿𝑥 + +⋯ −1)
2
Differentiate 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥 from the first principle 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑎𝛿𝑥)
Solution 𝛿𝑦
𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝛿𝑥
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = tan−1 (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) As 𝛿𝑥 ⟶ 0
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = tan−1 (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) 𝛿𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⟶
𝛿𝑦 = tan−1 (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑦 𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = tan−1 (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − tan−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝛿𝑦 = tan−1 (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − tan−1 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Let A=tan−1 (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) and B=tan−1 𝑥
tan 𝐴 = 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 More examples on differentiation
tan 𝐵 = 𝑥 Example I
tan 𝐴 − tan 𝐵 Given that 𝑦 = sin √𝑥 , prove that
tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) =
1 + tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵

278
 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 + 𝑦 + 4𝑥 2 = 0 2
= −9𝑦 + 2 − 4𝑦 + 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
−4 − 13𝑦 = 0 As required
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = sin √𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 −1 Example III
= 𝑥 2 cos √𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 cos √𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 Show that 𝑑𝑥 2
+ 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0
= Solution
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑣 −𝑢
𝑑𝑣 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
If 𝑦 = then, = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
= 𝑥. (−𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 𝑒 −𝑥 (1)
𝑑𝑥
−1 1 −1 𝑑𝑦
2 2√𝑥 ( sin √𝑥) − cos √𝑥 (2 2𝑥 2 )
𝑑 𝑦 2√𝑥 = −𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑥 … … … … … … . . (1)
= 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 4𝑥 From Eqn (1);
cos √𝑥 𝑑2𝑦
sin √𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦
= − 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 …………….. (2)
𝑑2 𝑦 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
2
=
𝑑𝑥 4𝑥 From Eqn (1)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑2 𝑦 −sin √𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 ………. (3)
𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 2 4𝑥 Substituting Eqn (3) in Eqn (2);
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4𝑥 2 = −sin √𝑥 − 2 + = − ( + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4𝑥 2 + 2 = −sin √𝑥 +2 +𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4𝑥 2 + 2 = −𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 + 2 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example II
If 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 show that
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
−4 − 13𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution
𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 2𝑥 (−3sin 3𝑥) + (cos 3𝑥)2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −3𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3x + 2𝑦 … … … … … … … . (1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
= −3(𝑒 2𝑥 3cos 3x +(sin 3𝑥)2𝑒 2𝑥 ) + 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= −3(3𝑦 +2𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥) + 2
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
From equation (1)
𝑑𝑦
− 2𝑦
𝑒 sin 3𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
−3
𝑑𝑦
𝑑2 𝑦 2 ( − 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
2
= −3 (3𝑦 + )+2
𝑑𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥

279
 INTEGRATION BY PARTS ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
Integration by parts is often used when one has an integral
where the integrand can be made to take the form of a Example II
product.
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑈
Consider (𝑈𝑉) = 𝑈 +𝑉 𝑥 2 = Algebraic function (A)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 = exponential function (E)
𝑑 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑈 A – comes before E in the word LIATE
∫ (𝑈𝑉)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑈 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
𝑈 = 𝑥2 , = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝑢
𝑈𝑉 = ∫ 𝑈 + ∫𝑉 𝑑𝑥 𝑈 = 𝑥2 ⟹ = 2𝑥.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑈 = 𝑒 𝑥 ⟹ ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⟹ ∫𝑈 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑈𝑉 − ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑉 = 𝑒𝑥
When we are integrating by parts, we let the easily 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑈 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑈𝑉 − ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥
differentiable function be U and the easily integrable 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑉
function to be . However, there are some exceptions. ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 . 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

LIATE: Choose U to be a function that ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

comes first in this list (LIATE)
Consider ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥
L – logarithm function 𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 ⇒ = 1
I – Inverse trigonometric functions 𝑑𝑥
A – Algebraic function 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑒𝑥
T – Trigonometric function 𝑑𝑥
E – exponential functions 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑣 = 𝑒𝑥
Example I
∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
Since x is an algebraic function (A) and cos x is a
trigonometric function A comes before T in LIATE. ⟹ ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 2(𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 )
∴ 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑈 = 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐴
𝑑𝑣
= cos 𝑥 ⟹ ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐴
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑈 = 𝑥, =1
𝑑𝑥 Example III
𝑑𝑣
= cos 𝑥, ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 =algebraic function (A)
𝑣 = sin 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥=trigonometric function (T)
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
⟹ ∫ 𝑈 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑈𝑉 − ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 A comes first before T in the LIATE
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = 𝑥2 ⇒ = 2𝑥
∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − −cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑑𝑥
⟹ 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

280
 1 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = (1 − cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = −(ln cos 𝑥) cos 𝑥 − ∫ − cos 𝑥 . − 𝑑𝑥
2 cos 𝑥
1 1
𝑣 = ∫( − cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = (− ln cos 𝑥) cos 𝑥 + ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1 = −(ln cos 𝑥) cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑣 = 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥
2 4
Example V
⟹ ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 ∫ 𝑥 3 (ln 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑈 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑈𝑉 − ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 = algebraic function (A)
1 1 1 1 (ln 𝑥) = logarithmic function (𝐿)
= 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 sin 2𝑥 − ∫( 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥) . 2𝑥
2 4 2 4 L come before A in LIATE
1 3 1 2 1 𝑑𝑢 1
= 𝑥 − 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 2 + ∫ 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 ⇒ =
2 4 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑣
1 3 1 2 𝑥3 1 = 𝑥3
= 𝑥 − 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − + ∫ 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 4 3 2 ⟹ 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4
Consider ∫ 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣=
4
𝑑𝑢 (ln 𝑥)𝑥 4 1
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 ⟹ =1 ∫ 𝑥 3 (ln 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 4 4
4
𝑑𝑣 (ln 𝑥) 𝑥 1 𝑥4
= sin 2𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑣 = sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ( )+𝐶
𝑑𝑥 4 4 4
1 (ln 𝑥)𝑥 4 1 4
𝑣 = − cos 2𝑥 ⟹ ∫ 𝑥 3 (ln 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 +C
2 4 16
1 1
∫ 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − ∫ − cos 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
2 2 Example VI UNEB 2012
1 1 𝜋
= − 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 + 𝐶 2
2 4 ∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1 𝑥3 0
∫ 𝑥 2 sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 sin2𝑥 − Solution
2 4 3
1 1 1 Consider ∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= [ 𝑥 cos2𝑥 + sin 2𝑥] + 𝐶
2 2 4
𝑥 2 = algebraic function (A)
Example IV sin 𝑥 =trigonometric function (T)
A comes before T in the word LIATE
∫ sin 𝑥 (ln cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
⟹ 𝑢 = 𝑥2
ln cos 𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) 𝑑𝑢
= 2𝑥
sin 𝑥 (𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑇 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝐼𝐴𝑇𝐸 𝑑𝑣
= sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⟹ 𝑈 = ln cos 𝑥 , =− 𝑣 = − cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 ∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 − ∫(− cos 𝑥)2𝑥𝑑𝑥
= sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = (sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑣 = − cos 𝑥
∫(sin 𝑥)(ln cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 consider ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑢 = 𝑥, = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
281
 𝑑𝑢 ⇒ ∫ 𝑥 2 sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ =1 𝑣 = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥3 1 2 1 1
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝐶
∫𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 6 4 4 8
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example VIII UNEB 2002
∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 2 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑢
⟹ ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 ⇒ = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑑𝑣
2 𝜋/2 = sin 2𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑣 = sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥]0 𝑑𝑥
0 1
𝜋2 ⟹ 𝑣 = − cos 2𝑥
=− (0) + 𝜋 − (0 + 2) 2
4 1 1
=𝜋−2 ∫ 𝑥 2 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 2 cos 2𝑥 − ∫ − (cos 2𝑥) 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
2 2
Example VII ∫ 𝑥 2 sin 2𝑥𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑥 2 sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
= − 𝑥 2 cos 2𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
1
∫ 𝑥 2 (1 − cos2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 ∫ 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
1 𝑑𝑢
= ∫ 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢=𝑥 ⇒ =1
2 𝑑𝑥
1 1 𝑑𝑣
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cos 2𝑥
2 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 1 1
= 6
− 2 ∫ 𝑥 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥………….. (i) 𝑑𝑣 = cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑣 = sin 2𝑥
2
Consider ∫ 𝑥 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 1
∫ 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − ∫ sin 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
2 2
dv
Let u = x2,  cos 2 x 1 1
dx ∫ 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2 4
du 1
= 2x, v  sin 2 x ∫ 𝑥 2 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
dx 2
1 1 1 1 1
∫ 𝑥 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 (sin2𝑥) − ∫ (𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 2 cos 2𝑥 + + 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2 2 2 2 4
2 1 2
∫ 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 (sin2𝑥) − ∫ 𝑥sin2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ……..(ii)
2
Example VIII UNEB 2003
Consider ∫ 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥(ln 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
du
Let u = x  1 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑙𝑔𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
dx
(ln 𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
dv 1
 sin 2 x ,  v  cos 2 x L comes before A in the word LIATE
dx 2 𝑑𝑢 1
−1 −1 ⟹ 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 ⇒ =
∫ 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
2 2 𝑑𝑣 𝑥2
−1 1 =𝑥 ⇒𝑣=
= 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑑𝑥 2
2 4 ln 𝑥 𝑥 2 1
1 2
2
∫ 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 sin2𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥(ln 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2
1 1
𝑥 cos2𝑥 − 4 sin 2𝑥 + 𝐶 (ln 𝑥) 𝑥 2 𝑥 2
2 = − +𝐶
2 4
282
Example IX UNEB 2003 Example II
∫ ln(𝑥 2 − 4)𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution
Sign change Differentiate integrate
∫ ln(𝑥 2 − 4)𝑑𝑥 + x3 e2x
𝑑𝑢 2𝑥 − 3x2 e2x
Let 𝑢 = ln(𝑥 2 − 4) ⇒ = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 4
𝑑𝑣 + 6x e2x
=1 ⇒𝑣=𝑥
𝑑𝑥 − 6 e2x
2𝑥
∫ ln(𝑥 2 − 4)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 ln(𝑥 2 − 4) − ∫ 𝑥 . 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −4 + 0 e2x
2𝑥 2
= 𝑥 ln(𝑥 2 − 4) − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 1 3 3 3
𝑥 −4 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2 4 4 8
2
x – 4 2x2
2
Example III
2x2 – 8 𝜋
8 2
2
Evaluate ∫ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2x 8 0
2 2
x 4
2
x 4 Solution
2
2x 8 Consider ∫ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 3𝑥𝑑𝑥
 2  2
x 4 ( x  2)( x  2)
1
(By partial fractions) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 3𝑥 = (1 + cos 6𝑥)
2
2 2 Sign Differentiate Integrate
= 𝑥 ln(𝑥 2 − 4) − ∫ 2 + − 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−2 𝑥+2 change
= 𝑥 ln(𝑥 2 − 4) − 2𝑥 − 2 ln(𝑥 − 2) + 2 ln(𝑥 + 2) + x ½ (1+cos 6x)
(𝑥 + 2)2 - 1 1 1
= 𝑥 ln(𝑥 2 − 4) − 2𝑥 + ln +𝐶 𝑥 + sin 6𝑥
(𝑥 − 2)2 2 12
Alternative method of integration by parts
+ 0 𝑥2 1
+ − cos 6𝑥
If an expression can be broken down into two parts one 4 72
differentiatable up to zero and the other can be integrated ⟹ ∫ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
each time the former is differentiated
1 2 1 𝑥2 1
Example 1 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 sin 6𝑥 − + cos 6𝑥 + 𝐶
2 12 4 72
∫ 𝑥 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 1 1
= + 𝑥 sin 6𝑥 + cos 6𝑥 + 𝐶
4 12 72
Sign change Differentiate integrate 𝜋 𝜋/2
𝑥2 1 1
+ x2 cos 2x ∫02 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥= 4 + 12 𝑥 sin 6𝑥 + 72 cos 6𝑥|
0
− 2x 𝜋 2
1 1
sin 2x =( + 0 − ) − (0 + 0 + )
+ 2 16 72 72
cos 2x 𝜋2 1
− 0 = −
sin 2x 16 36

More examples on integration by parts

⟹ ∫ 𝑥 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1 Example I
= 𝑥 2 sin 2𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 + 𝐶 (ln 𝑥)
2 2 4 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

283
Solution 𝑥10𝑥 10𝑥
1 ⟹ ∫ 𝑥10𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − +𝐶
Since (ln x) is a logarithmic function L and is an ln 10 (ln 10)2
𝑥2
algebraic function (A) Example III
L comes before A in LIATES 10
𝑑𝑣 1 ∫ 𝑥 log10 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⟹ 𝑢 = (ln 𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 2 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑢𝑑𝑣 𝑣𝑑𝑢 Solution
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
𝑢 = ln 𝑥 𝑢 = log10 𝑥 , =𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1  dv  x dx
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
x2
𝑑𝑣 1 v
= 2 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑢
1 10 = 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 ln 10 = ln 𝑥
𝑥
1 1
𝑣=− ln 10 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
ln 𝑥 ln 𝑥 1 1 𝑑𝑢 1
⟹ ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = − − ∫ − . 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥ln10
ln 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥2 1
= + ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑥 log10 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log10 𝑥 − ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 2 𝑥 ln 10
ln 𝑥 1 𝑥2 1 𝑥2
= − +𝐶 ∫ 𝑥 log10 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log10 𝑥 − ( )
𝑥 𝑥 2 2(ln 10) 2
ln 𝑥 ln 𝑥 1 𝑥2 1
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = − +𝐶 ⟹ ∫ 𝑥 log10 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log10 𝑥 − (𝑥 2 ) + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2 4 ln 10

Example II 10 10
𝑥2 1
∫ 𝑥10𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑥log10 𝑥 = | log10 𝑥 − 𝑥2|
1 2 4(ln10) 1
𝑑𝑢 99
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 ⇒ =1 = 50 
𝑑𝑥 4ln10
𝑑𝑣
= 10𝑥
𝑑𝑥 Example IV
𝑑𝑣 = 10𝑥 𝑑𝑥
10𝑥 𝑎𝑥 ∫ 3√2𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑣= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 =
ln 10 ln 𝑎 Solution
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
∫𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑡 √2𝑥 − 1 = 𝑚
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 − 1 = 𝑚2
𝑥10𝑥 10𝑥 2𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑚 𝑑𝑚
∫ 𝑥10𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑚
ln 10 ln 10

𝑥10𝑥 1 ∫ 3𝑚 𝑚𝑑𝑚 = ∫ 𝑚3𝑚 𝑑𝑚

= − ∫ 10𝑥 𝑑𝑥
ln 10 ln 10 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑚
𝑑𝑢
𝑥10𝑥 1 10𝑥 =1
= − ( )+𝐶 𝑑𝑚
ln 10 ln 10 ln 10 𝑑𝑣
= 3𝑚
𝑑𝑚
3𝑚 𝑎𝑚
𝑣 = ln 3 (Since ∫ 𝑎𝑚 𝑑𝑚 = ln𝑎 + 𝑐)

284
 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 Example V
∫𝑢 𝑑𝑚 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑚
𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝑚
∫ 𝜃 3 sin(𝜃 2 )𝑑𝜃
𝑚3𝑚 3𝑚
∫ 𝑚3𝑚 𝑑𝑚 = −∫ 𝑑𝑚
ln 3 ln 3 ∫ 𝜃 . 𝜃 2 sin(𝜃 2 )𝑑𝜃
𝑚3𝑚 1
∫ 𝑚3𝑚 𝑑𝑚 = − ∫ 3𝑚 𝑑𝑚 Let 𝑝 = 𝜃 2
ln 3 ln 3
𝑚3𝑚 1 3𝑚 𝑑𝑝 = 2𝜃𝑑𝜃
= − ( )+𝐶 𝑑𝑝
ln 3 ln 3 ln 3 𝑑𝜃 =
2𝜃
∫ 3√2𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑝
√2𝑥 − 1 (3√2𝑥−1 ) ∫ 𝜃. 𝜃 2 sin 𝜃 2 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝜃. 𝑝 sin 𝑝
1 3√2𝑥−1 2𝜃
= − ( )+𝐶 1
ln 3 ln 3 ln 3 = ∫ 𝑝 sin 𝑝 𝑑𝑝
2
√2𝑥 − 1 (3√2𝑥−1 ) 3√2𝑥−1 Sign change Differentiate Integrate
∫ 3√2𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 = − +𝐶
ln 3 (ln 3)2 + p sin 𝑝
− 1 −cos 𝑝
Example IV + 0 − sin 𝑝
2
∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑝 sin 𝑝 𝑑𝑝 = −𝑝 cos 𝑝 + sin 𝑝 + 𝐶
Solution 1 𝑝 cos 𝑝 1
∫ 𝑝 sin 𝑝 𝑑𝑝 = − + sin 𝑝
2 2 2 2
∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 2
𝜃 cos 𝜃 1
∫ 𝜃 3 sin 𝜃 2 𝑑𝜃 = − + sin 𝜃 2 + 𝐶
2
∫ 𝑥. 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 2

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 Example VI
𝑑𝑢
= 2𝑥 ∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 Solution
𝑑𝑥 =
2𝑥 𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 ⇒ =1
∫ 𝑥3𝑒 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑥. 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥. 𝑢𝑒 𝑢 . 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑣 = tan 𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑢𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 ∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
sin 𝑥
= 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥
Sign change Differentiate Integrate = 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − − ln cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
+ u 𝑒𝑢 = 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + (ln cos 𝑥) + 𝐶
− 1 𝑒𝑢
+ 0 𝑒𝑢 Example VII

∫ 𝑢𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢𝑒 𝑢 − 𝑒 𝑢 ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 1 1 Let 𝑢 = ln 𝑥
∫ 𝑢𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢𝑒 𝑢 − 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶 𝑑𝑢 1
2 2 2 =
2 1 2 1 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑑𝑣 𝑥 𝑛+1
2 2 = 𝑥𝑛 ⟹𝑣=
𝑑𝑥 𝑛+1

285
 (ln 𝑥)𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑥 𝑛+1 1
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 (ln 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −∫ . 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑥
𝑥 𝑛+1 1 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥
= (ln 𝑥) − ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝑛+1 𝑛+1 = 𝑒𝑥
(ln 𝑥)𝑥 𝑛+1 1 𝑑𝑥
= − (𝑥 𝑛+1 ) + 𝐶 𝑑𝑣
𝑛+1 (𝑛 + 1)2 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Example VIII ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
Solution ∫𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 1
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑣 = − cot 𝑥
But the integral on R.H.S is still a product so we can
∫ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 cot 𝑥 − ∫ − cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 repeat the process
cos 𝑥
= −𝑥 cot 𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 Consider ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥
= −𝑥 cot 𝑥 + ln(sin 𝑥) + 𝐶 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 cot 𝑥 + ln sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
= sin 𝑥
Example IX 𝑑𝑥
𝑣 = − cos 𝑥
∫ 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − ∫ − cos 𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑑𝑢
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥, =1 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
= sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 ⇒ ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 − [−𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ sin 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑣 = − cos 4𝑥
8 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑥 1
∫ 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 4𝑥 − ∫ − cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 1
8 8 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝐴
𝑥 1 2 2
= − cos 4𝑥 + ∫ cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8 8
𝑥 1 Example II
= − cos 4𝑥 + sin 4𝑥 + 𝐶
8 32 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Cases where the original integral re-appears Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑥

When integrating functions with the original integral re- 𝑑𝑢
= 2𝑒 2𝑥
appearing we use integration by parts. This common with 𝑑𝑥
integrals consisting of periodic functions like sin x and cos x 𝑑𝑣
= sin 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Example I

286
 1 𝑑𝑣 𝑥 𝑥
𝑣 = − cos 3𝑥 = cos ⇒ 𝑣 = 2 sin
3 𝑑𝑥 2 2
1 2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 − ∫ − 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑒 −𝑥 sin − ∫ −2𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑑𝑥
3 3 2 2 2
1 2𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑥
= − 𝑒 cos 3𝑥 + ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑒 −𝑥 sin + 2 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑑𝑥
3 3 2 2
But the integral on RHS still a product so we can repeat
the process But the integral on RHS is still a product so we can repeat
the process
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Consider ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑢 = 𝑒 −𝑥 ⇒ = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑥
= cos 3𝑥 = sin
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑥
1 𝑣 = −2 cos
𝑣 = sin 3𝑥 2
3 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1 2 ∫ 𝑒 sin 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑒 −𝑥 cos − ∫ 2𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥
−𝑥
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 2 2
3 3 𝑥
1 2𝑥 2 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 sin 3𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
3 3 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= −2𝑒 −𝑥 sin + 4𝑒 −𝑥 cos − 4 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥
⇒ ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 2 2
𝑥
−1 2𝑥 2 1 2 Let ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐼
= 𝑒 cos 3𝑥 + [ 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 2
3 3 3 3 𝑥 𝑥
1 2𝑥 2 2𝑥 4 𝐼 = −2𝑒 sin + 4𝑒 −𝑥 cos − 4𝐼
−𝑥
= − 𝑒 cos 3𝑥 + 𝑒 sin 3𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 2
3 9 9 −𝑥
𝑥 −𝑥
𝑥
5𝐼 = −2𝑒 sin + 4𝑒 cos
2 2
Let 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑥
𝐼 = (2𝑒 −𝑥 sin − 4𝑒 −𝑥 cos )
1 2 4 5 2 2
𝐼 = − 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 − 𝐼 𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑥
3 9 9 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥 = (2𝑒 −𝑥 cos − 𝑒 𝑥 sin ) + 𝐶
4 1 2𝑥 2 2𝑥 2 5 2 2
𝐼 + 𝐼 = − 𝑒 cos 3𝑥 + 𝑒 sin 3𝑥
9 3 9
13 1 2𝑥 2 2𝑥 However, we can also use the alternative method to
𝐼 = − 𝑒 cos 3𝑥 + 𝑒 sin 3𝑥 integration by parts to evaluate the following integrals
9 3 9
9 1 2𝑥 2
𝐼= (− 𝑒 cos 3𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥) ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
13 3 9
⇒ ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Sign change Differentiate Integrate
+ 𝑒𝑥 cos x
9 1 2 - 𝑒𝑥 -sin x
= (− 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥) + 𝐶
13 3 9 + 𝑒𝑥 -cos x
2 3
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥
13 13
+ ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (− cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Example III
𝑥
∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 −𝑥 ⇒ = −𝑒 −𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐼
𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = −𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 𝐼

287
 2𝐼 = −𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝐼 = 2𝑒 −𝑥 sin − 4 𝑒 −𝑥 cos − 4𝐼
1 2 2
𝐼 = (−𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥) + 𝐶 −𝑥
𝑥 −𝑥
𝑥
2 5𝐼 = 2𝑒 sin − 4𝑒 cos
1 2 2
⟹ ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥) + 𝐶 2 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
2 𝐼 = (𝑒 sin − 2𝑒 −𝑥 cos ) + 𝐶
5 2 2
As before 𝑥 2 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Example III ∫ 𝑒 cos 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑒 sin − 2𝑒 −𝑥 cos ) + 𝐶
−𝑥
2 5 2 2
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Integration of inverse trigonometric
Sign change Differentiate Integrate
+ 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 functions
2𝑒 2𝑥 −1
- cos 3𝑥
3 Example I
−1
+ 4𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 ∫ tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
9
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Solution

1 2 4 ∫(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥)(1)𝑑𝑥

= − 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥
3 9 9 x0 = 1 = algebraic function (A)
Let ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐼 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 = 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑔𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐼)
‘I’ comes before ‘A’ in the word LIATE
1 2 4
𝐼 = − 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 − 𝐼 ⟹ 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥
3 9 9
13 1 2𝑥 2 2𝑥 tan 𝑢 = 𝑥
𝐼 = − 𝑒 cos 3𝑥 + 𝑒 sin 3𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
9 3 9
9 2 2𝑥 1 (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑢)𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝐼= ( 𝑒 sin 3𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑢 1
13 9 3
1 =
(2𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 − 3𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑢
𝐼=
13 𝑑𝑢 1
=
⟹ ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑣
1 2𝑥 =1
= (𝑒 sin 3𝑥 − 3𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥) + 𝐶 𝑑𝑥
13 𝑣=𝑥
As before 𝑥
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑥2
Example IV 1
𝑥 ⟹ ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 − ln(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝐶
∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥 2
2
Sign change Differentiate Integrate Example II
+ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥
cos ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) 1𝑑𝑥
2
− −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥
2 sin 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥
2
+ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 sin 𝑢 = 𝑥
−4 cos
2 cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑢 1
∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥 =
2 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑢
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑢 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑢 = 1
= 2𝑒 −𝑥 sin − 4𝑒 −𝑥 cos − 4 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2
cos 𝑢 = √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑢
𝑥
Let ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐼 cos 𝑢 = √1 − 𝑥 2
2

288
 𝑑𝑢 1 −𝑑𝑝
= 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑥 𝑥 −𝑝𝑑𝑝
=1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ × = −𝑝 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑝 𝑥
𝑣=𝑥 𝑥
∫ √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥   1  x2  C
𝑥
∫(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1 − 𝑥 2 ∫ cos−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝐶

Consider Example IV
𝑥 ∫ 𝑥 2 tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1 − 𝑥2
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = tan−1 𝑥
Let √1 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑝 tan 𝑢 = 𝑥
1 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑝2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑝 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑢 1
𝑝𝑑𝑝 =
𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢
𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 −𝑝𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑢 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ × =
√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑝 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑢
= −𝑝 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑢 1
= −√1 − 𝑥 2 =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2
∫( 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑣
= 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
Example III
𝑥3
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣=
3
u  cos 1 x
𝑥3 𝑥3
cos u  x ∫ 𝑥 2 tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
3 3(1 + 𝑥 2 )
− sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑥3 1 𝑥3
𝑑𝑢 1 ∫ 𝑥 2 tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
=− 3 3 1 + 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑢 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1
=− 𝑥3
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑢 𝑥2 + 1
𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑥3 + 𝑥
= −𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑣 𝑥3 𝑥
=1 ⟹ =𝑥− 2
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑥 +1 𝑥 +1
𝑣=𝑥 𝑥3 𝑥
1 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 . − 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 +1 𝑥 +1
√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑥2 1
𝑥 = − ln(𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝐶
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 2 2
√1 − 𝑥 2
𝑥 ⟹ ∫ 𝑥 2 tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Consider ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑥3 𝑥2 1
= tan−1 𝑥 − − ln(𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝐶
𝑙𝑒𝑡 √1 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑝 3 6 6
1 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑝2
−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑝𝑑𝑝
Change of Variable

289
 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 1
(1) 𝑡 = tan (𝑔) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (ℎ) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 1 − 10𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
(2) 𝑡 = tan 𝑥
1
(𝑖) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
The above substitution can be applied to integration of cos 2𝑥 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
certain trigonometric functions
Case I Solution
Where the denominator of the variable being 1
(𝐚) ∫ 𝑑𝜃
integrated is a linear function of the trigonometric 1 + cos 𝜃
function. 𝜃
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑡 = tan
e.g. 𝑪 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 2
𝑪 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 1 𝜃
𝑪 + 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑑𝜃
2 2
Where C is a constant 2𝑑𝑡 2𝑑𝑡
x = 𝑑𝜃 ⇒ 𝑑𝜃 =
𝜃 1 + 𝑡2
We use the substitution t = tan 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2
2
1 1 2𝑑𝑡
∫ 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 2 ×
Case II 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1−𝑡 1 + 𝑡2
1+ 2
When the expression being integrated is a linear 1+𝑡
function of the second under trigonometric function 1
1 + 𝑡 2 + 1 − 𝑡2 2𝑑𝑡
e.g. = ∫( 2
).
(𝒊) 𝑪 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 1+𝑡 1 + 𝑡2
(𝒊𝒊) 𝑪 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝑪 + 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
(𝒊𝒗) 𝑪 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 = 𝑡+𝐶
(𝒗) 𝑪 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 Etc. 𝜃
We use substitution 𝒕 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 = tan + 𝐶
2
𝑥 1 𝜃
Note 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = tan 2 ⟹∫ 𝑑𝜃 = tan + 𝐶
1 + cos 𝜃 2
2𝑡
sin 𝑥 =
1 + 𝑡2
(𝐛) ∫ sec 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
1 − 𝑡2
cos 𝑥 = 1
1 + 𝑡2
∫ sec 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = tan 𝑥 cos 2𝜃
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = tan 𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑡 = tan 𝜃
2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
sin 2𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1 + 𝑡2 𝑑𝜃 = =
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 (1 + 𝑡 2 )
2
1 − 𝑡2
cos 2𝑥 = 1
1 + 𝑡2 1 − 𝑡 2 ) × 𝑑𝑡
∫ sec 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ (
Proof (students’ exercise). 1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2

Example I 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑡
Integrate the following: 1 − 𝑡2
1 1 1 𝐴 𝐵
(𝑎) ∫ 𝑑𝜃 (𝑏) ∫ sec 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 2
= = +
(1+cos 𝜃) 1−𝑡 (1 + 𝑡)(1 − 𝑡) 1 + 𝑡 1 − 𝑡
𝑥 1 𝐴(1 − 𝑡) + 𝐵(1 + 𝑡) = 1
(𝑐) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑑𝑥 (𝑑) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 1 + sin 2𝑥 1
If t = 1, 2B = 1  B 
1 1 2
(𝑒) ∫ 𝑑𝜃 (𝑓) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 1 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
5 + 3 cos 2 𝜃

290
 1 −1
If t = -1, 2A = 1  A  =
2 (1 + tan 𝑥)
1 1 1 −1
∫ + 𝑑𝑡 ⟹∫ 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
2(1 + 𝑡) 2(1 − 𝑡) 1 + sin 2𝑥 1 + tan 𝑥
1 1
ln(1 + 𝑡) − ln(1 − 𝑡) + 𝐶 1
2 2 (𝐞) ∫ 𝑑𝜃
1 1+𝑡 1
ln ( )+𝐶 5 + 3 cos 2 𝜃
2 1−𝑡
1 1 + tan 𝜃(1 + tan 𝜃) 𝜃
ln ( )+𝐶 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑡 = tan
2 1 − tan 𝜃(1 + tan 𝜃) 4
1 1 + 2 tan 𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 1 𝜃
ln ( )+𝐶 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑑𝜃
2 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 4 4
4𝑑𝑡
1 2 tan 𝜃 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑑𝜃
ln ( + )+𝐶 𝜃
2 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 4
1 1 4𝑑𝑡
ln(tan 2𝜃 + sec 2𝜃) + 𝐶 ∫ .
2 2
3(1 − 𝑡 ) 1 + 𝑡 2
5+
1 + 𝑡2
𝑥 1
(𝐂) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 1
2 sin 2 𝑑𝑥 5 + 5𝑡 2 + 3 − 3𝑡 2 4𝑑𝑡
∫ .
𝑥 1+𝑡 2 1 + 𝑡2
Let 𝑡 = tan
4 4 2
1 𝑥 ∫ 2
𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑑𝑥 8 − 2𝑡 4 − 𝑡2
4 4
4𝑑𝑡 2 2 𝐴 𝐵
𝑑𝑥 = 2
= = +
𝑥 4−𝑡 (2 + 𝑡)(2 − 𝑡) 2 + 𝑡 2 − 𝑡
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2
𝐴(2 − 𝑡) + 𝐵(2 + 𝑡) = 2
1
1 4𝑑𝑡 1
∫ = ∫( 2𝑡 ). If t = 2, 4B = 2  B 
𝑥 1+𝑡 2 1 + 𝑡2 2
sin 2 𝑑𝑥
1
2 If t = -2, 4A = 2  A 
= ∫ 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑡 2 1 1
= 2 ln 𝑡 + 𝐶 ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ − 𝑑𝑡
𝑥 4 − 𝑡2 2(2 + 𝑡) 2(2 − 𝑡)
= 2 ln tan + 𝐶 1 1
4 = ln(2 + 𝑡) − ln(2 − 𝑡) + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥 2 2
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 + 𝐶 1 2+𝑡
2 4 = ln ( )+𝐶
2 2−𝑡
1 𝜃
(𝐝) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 2 + tan 4
(1 + sin 2𝑥) = ln ( )+𝐶
𝜃
2 − tan 4
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑡 = tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑡 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
1 1 𝑑𝑡 (𝐟) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ . 1 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
1 + sin 2𝑥 2𝑡 1 + 𝑡 2
1+
1 + 𝑡2 Solution
1
1
1 + 2𝑡 + 𝑡 2 × 𝑑𝑡 1
=∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2 1 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 1 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
1 −1 +
∫ 𝑑𝑡 = +𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
2
(1 + 𝑡 ) 1+𝑡

291
 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑡2 𝑑𝑡
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 =∫ .
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 1 + 𝑡 + 1 1+𝑡 2
2

1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑡2
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 =∫ 𝑑𝑡
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 (2 + 𝑡 2 )(1 + 𝑡 2 )
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑡2 𝐴𝑡 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑡 + 𝐷
1 + 3𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = +
Let 𝑡 = tan 𝑥 (2 + 𝑡 )(1 + 𝑡 ) 2 + 𝑡 2 1 + 𝑡 2
2 2

𝑑𝑡 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(𝐴𝑡 + 𝐵)(1 + 𝑡 2 ) + (𝐶𝑡 + 𝐷)(2 + 𝑡 2 ) = 𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 = 𝐴𝑡 + 𝐴𝑡 3 + 𝐵 + 𝐵𝑡 2 + 2𝐶𝑡 + 𝐶𝑡 3 + 2𝐷 + 𝐷𝑡 2 = 𝑡 2
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝐴 + 𝐶 = 0 … … … … … … … … (1)
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 1 + 𝑡2 𝑑𝑡 𝐵 + 𝐷 = 1 … … … … … … … . . (2)
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3
×
1 + 3𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 1 + 3𝑡 1 + 𝑡2 𝐴 + 2𝐶 = 0 … … … … … … … . (3)
1 𝐵 + 2𝐷 = 0 … … … … … … … . (4)
=∫ 𝑑𝑡
1 + 3𝑡 2 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑛 (1). 𝐶 = −𝐴
𝑙𝑒𝑡 (√3)𝑡 = tan 𝜃 Substituting C = -A, in Eqn (3)
√3𝑑𝑡 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝐴 − 2𝐴 = 0
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 −𝐴 = 0
𝑑𝑡 =
√3 𝐴=0
𝐶=0
1 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ . 𝑑𝜃 From Eqn (4), B = -2D
1 + 3𝑡 2 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 √3
Substituting B = -2D in Eqn 2
1
∫ 𝑑𝜃 −2𝐷 + 𝐷 = 1
√3 −𝐷 = 1
1
𝜃+𝐶 𝐷 = −1
√3 𝐵+𝐷 =1
1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√3𝑡) + 𝐶 B–1=1
√3 𝐵=2
1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√3 tan 𝑥) + 𝐶 𝑡2 2 1
√3 ∫ 2
𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 2
− 𝑑𝑡
1 1 4−𝑡 2+𝑡 1 + 𝑡2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√3 tan 𝑥) + 𝐶 1 1 1
1 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 √3 [∫ 2 2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝐶]
𝑎 +𝑥 𝑎 𝑎
2 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 ∫ − 𝑑𝑡 =
(𝐠) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 1 1
[2 ( 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 𝑡)) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑡 + 𝐶]
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 √2 √2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 2√2
+ √2𝑡
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥2 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 2 2
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 √2
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 1 = √2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( tan 𝑥) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (tan 𝑥) + 𝐶
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑡 = tan 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑡 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
𝑑𝑡 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 1 − 10𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 1 10𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
2 2 −
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 1 =∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − 10𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
2

292
 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑡 = tan 𝑥 1 1
=
𝑑𝑡 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 − 4𝑡 2 (1 + 2𝑡)(1 − 2𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝐴 𝐵
𝑑𝑥 = +
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 1 + 2𝑡 1 − 2𝑡
2 𝐴(1 − 2𝑡) + 𝐵(1 + 2𝑡) = 1
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑡
∫ . 1
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − 10𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
2 2 If 𝑡 = 2, 2𝐵 = 1
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑡 𝐵=
1 + 𝑡 − 10𝑡 2
2
2
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑡 If 𝑡 = − 2, 2𝐴 = 1
1 − 9𝑡 2
1 1 1 1
= = 𝐴=
1 − 9𝑡 2 1−3 𝑡 2 2 (1 + 3𝑡)(1 − 3𝑡) 2
1 1 1
𝐴 𝐵 ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ + 𝑑𝑡
+ 1 − 4𝑡 2 2(1 + 2𝑡) 2(1 − 2𝑡)
1 + 3𝑡 1 − 3𝑡
𝐴(1 − 3𝑡) + 𝐵(1 + 3𝑡) = 1 1 1 + 2𝑡
If 𝑡 =
1
2𝐵 = 1
, ln ( )+𝐶
3 4 1 − 2𝑡
1
𝐵= 1 1 + 2 tan 𝑥
2 ln ( )+𝐶
1 4 1 − 2 tan 𝑥
If 𝑡 = − 3, 2𝐴 = 1
1 Splitting the Numerator
𝐴= When a fractional integrand with a quadratic denominator
2
1 1 cannot be written in simple partial fractions, it is often to
∫ + 𝑑𝑡 express it as a sum of two fractions by splitting the
2(1 + 3𝑡) 2(1 − 3𝑡)
1 1 numerator.
ln(1 + 3𝑡) − ln(1 − 3𝑡) 1+𝑥 1 𝑥
6 6 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ + 𝑑𝑥
1 1 + 3𝑡 1+𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥2
= ln ( )+𝐶 1
6 1 − 3𝑡 = tan−1 𝑥 + ln(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝐶
1 1 + 3 tan 𝑥 2
= ln ( )+𝐶 The key to a more general application of this method is to
6 1 − 3 tan 𝑥
express the numerator in two parts, one of which is a
1 multiple of the derivative of the denominator.
(𝐢) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(cos 2𝑥 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)
1 Numerator = A(Derivative of denominator) + B
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
2
1 Example
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
2 5𝑥 + 7
1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 8
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 Formula
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 1 − 4𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 Numerator = A(derivative of denominator) + B
−
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 5𝑥 + 7 = 𝐴(2𝑥 + 4) + 𝐵
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑡 = tan 𝑥
5𝑥 + 7 = 2𝐴𝑥 + 4𝐴 + 𝐵
𝑑𝑡 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Equating coefficients of the same monomial;
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 = 5 = 2𝐴, 4A + B = 7
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 5
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝐴=
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ . 2
1 − 4𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 1 − 4𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
2
4𝐴 + 𝐵 = 7
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑡 5
1 − 4𝑡 2 4( ) + 𝐵 = 7
2

293
 10 + 𝐵 = 7 1 18𝑥 + 6 3
= ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝐵 = −3 6 9𝑥 + 6 + 5 9𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 5
5 1 1
5𝑥 + 7 (2𝑥 + 4) + −3 ln(9𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 5) + 3 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 6 9𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 5
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 8 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 8 But 9𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 5
5 6𝑥
(2𝑥 + 4) 3
∫ 22 − 2 𝑑𝑥 = 9 (𝑥 2 + ) + 5
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 8 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 8 9
5 1 2
= ln(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 8) − 3 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = 9 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥) + 5
2 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 8 3
2
Consider = 9 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥) + 5
3
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 8 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 − 4 + 8 2 1
2
= (𝑥 + 2)2 + 4 = 9 (𝑥 + 𝑥 + ) + 5 − 1
3 9
1 1 1 2
⟹ ∫ 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 8 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (4 + (𝑥 + 2)2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 4 + 9 (𝑥 + )
3
1 9 1 2
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 4 (1 + (𝑥 + ) )
(𝑥 + 2)2 4 3
4 (1 + 4 )
1 1
𝑥+2 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
Let = tan 𝜃 9𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 5 9 1 2
2 4 (1 + 4 (𝑥 + 3) )
1
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2 3 1
𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑙𝑒𝑡 (𝑥 + ) = tan 𝜃
1 1 2 3
⟹∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
(𝑥 + 2) 4(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃) 3
4 (1 + 4 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2
1 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
= 𝜃+𝐶 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝜃
2 3
1 𝑥+2
= tan−1 ( )+𝐶 1 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 1
2 2 ∫ 2
. 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃 + 𝐶
5𝑥 + 7 4(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃) 3 6
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 1 1 3 3𝑥 +1
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 8 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ ( )] + 𝐶
5 3 𝑥+2 9𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 5 6 2 3
= ln(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 8) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( )+𝐴 1 3𝑥 + 1
2 2 2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+𝐶
6 2
3𝑥 + 4
Example II ⟹∫ 𝑑𝑥
2
(9𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 5)
3𝑥 + 4
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 1 1 3𝑥 + 1
9𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 5 = ln(9𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 5) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+𝐶
Solution 6 2 2
Example III
Numerator = A(Derivative of denominator) + B
𝑥
((3𝑥) + 4) = 𝐴(18𝑥 + 6) + 𝐵 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1
3𝑥 + 4 = 18𝐴𝑥 + 6𝐴 + 𝐵
Solution
1
𝐴= 𝑥 = 𝐴(4𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵
6
4𝐴 = 1
6𝐴 + 𝐵 = 4
1
𝐵=3 𝐴=
1 4
3𝑥 + 4 (6 (18𝑥 + 6) + 3) −𝐴 + 𝐵 = 0
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐴=𝐵
(9𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 5) 9𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 5

294
 1 = 𝐴(−3 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) + 𝐵(3 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥)
𝐵=
4 = (−3𝐴 + 𝐵) sin 𝑥 + (𝐴 + 3𝐵) cos 𝑥
1 1 = (𝐴 + 3𝐵) cos 𝑥 + (𝐵 − 3𝐴) sin 𝑥
𝑥 (4𝑥 − 1) +
⟹∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 4 4 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 𝐴 + 3𝐵 = 2 … … … … … … … (𝑖)
1 4𝑥 − 1 1 1 𝐵 − 3𝐴 = 9 … … … … … … … (𝑖)
= ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 From Eqn (i);
4 2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 4 2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1
1 1 1 𝐴 = 2 − 3𝐵
= ln(2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 𝐵 − 3(2 − 3𝐵) = 9
4 4 2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1
Consider 𝐵 − 6 + 9𝐵 = 9
𝑥 10𝐵 = 15
2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 = 2 (𝑥 2 − ) + 1
2 3
𝑥 1 1 𝐵=
2 (𝑥 2 − + ) + 1 − 2
2 16 8 3
1 2 7 𝐴 = 2 − 3( )
2 (𝑥 − ) + 2
4 8
1 1 5
⟹∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐴=−
2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 7 16 1 2 2
8 (1 + 7 (𝑥 − 4) ) 2 cos 𝑥 + 9 sin 𝑥
4 1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑒𝑡 (𝑥 − ) = tan 𝜃 3 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥
√7 4
4 5 3
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − 2 (−3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) (3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
√7 =∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
√7𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = 5 −3 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 3
4 =− ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
8 √7𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 2 3 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 2
∫ . 𝑑𝜃
7(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃) 4 5 3
2√7 = − ln(3 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥) + 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝜃+𝐶 2 2
7
2√7 4 1 Example II
= tan−1 (𝑥 − ) + 𝐶 sin 𝑥
7 √7 4 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥
⟹∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 =
2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 Solution
1 √7 4𝑥 − 1 Numerator=A(Derivative of the Denominator) +
ln(2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+𝐶
4 14 √7 B(Denominator)
Splitting the numerator for trigonometric functions sin 𝑥 = 𝐴(− sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) + 𝐵(cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥)
The above method is appropriate to integrals of the form sin 𝑥 = −𝐴 sin 𝑥 + 𝐴 cos 𝑥 + 𝐵 cos 𝑥 + 𝐵 sin 𝑥
𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 = (𝐵 − 𝐴) sin 𝑥 + (𝐴 + 𝐵) cos 𝑥
𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥 𝐵 − 𝐴 = 1 …………… (i)
When splitting the numerator for the trigonometric
𝐴 + 𝐵 = 0 …………… (ii)
functions
Solving Eqn (i) and Eqn (ii) simultaneously,
Numerator = A (derivative of the denominator) + B (Denominator) 1 1
 A , B
2 2
Example sin 𝑥
2cos𝑥 + 9sin𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 =
∫ 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥
3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
2 cos 𝑥 + 9 sin 𝑥

295
 1 1 4 3 4
− 2 (− sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) (cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥) 𝐴=− ( )=−
∫ +2 𝑑𝑥 3 25 25
cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 𝜋
2 sin 𝑥
⇒∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 − sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 1 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 0 3 sin 𝑥 + 4 cos 𝑥
− ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 4
2 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 𝜋/2 −25(3 cos 𝑥−4 sin 𝑥) 3 𝜋/2 (3 sin 𝑥+4 sin 𝑥)
.= ∫0 3 sin 𝑥+4 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 + 25 ∫0 3 sin 𝑥+4 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1 1
= − ln(cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥) + 𝑥 
2 2 4 2
3x
25

=  ln(3sin x  4cos x) 
Example III 25 0 25 0
4 3𝜋 4
2 cos 𝑥 + 3 sin 𝑥 = − ln 3 + + (ln 4)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 25 50 25
cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 3𝜋 4 4
= + ln ( )
50 25 3
Solution
2 cos 𝑥 + 3 sin 𝑥 = Revision Exercise
𝐴(− sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) + 𝐵(cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥) 1. Express in partial fractions.
𝐴 + 𝐵 = 2…………… (i) x  11 x
−𝐴 + 𝐵 = 3…………… (ii) (a) (b)
( x  3)( x  4) 25  x 2
Solving Eqn (i) and Eqn (ii) simultaneously
3 x 2  21x  24 4 x2  x  1
1 5 (c) (d)
A B ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3) x( x 2  1)
2, 2
8 x 2  15 x 2  15 x  5
2 cos 𝑥 + 3 sin 𝑥 (e)
⟹∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ( x  3)( x  2)
cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥
−1 5 2 x 3  x 2  15  5
(− sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) 2 (cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥) (f)
∫ 2 + 𝑑𝑥 ( x  3)( x  2)
cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 2. Express the following in partial fractions:
1 5 5 x 2  10 x  11 2 x2  x  3
= − ln(cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥) + 𝑥 + 𝐶 (a) (b)
2 2 ( x  3)( x 2  4) ( x  1)( x 2  2)
3x 2  2 x  5 11x
Example IV (c) (d)
𝜋 ( x  1)( x 2  5) (2 x  3)(2 x3  1)
sin 𝑥 3𝜋 4 4
Show that ∫02 3 sin 𝑥+4 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 50
+ 25 ln (3) 20 x  84 2 x3  x  1
(e) (f)
( x  5)( x  9)
2
( x  3)( x 2  1)
Solution 3. Express the following in partial fractions:
sin 𝑥 x5 5x  4
Consider ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (a) (b)
3 sin 𝑥 + 4 cos 𝑥 ( x  2) 2
( x  1)( x  2)
sin x  A  3cos x  4sin x   B  3sin x  4cos x 
5x2  2 x 4  3x  1
(c) (d)
3𝐴 + 4𝐵 = 0 … … … … … … (1) (3x  1)( x  1) 2 ( x  2)( x  1) 2
3𝐵 − 4𝐴 = 1 … … … … … … (2) 4. Express in partial fractions
4𝐵
From Eqn (1) 𝐴 = − 3 3x  7 3
(a) (b) 2
4𝐵 x( x  2)( x  1) x ( x  2)
3𝐵 − 4 (− ) = 1
3 2 x 4  17 x  1 68  11x
16𝐵 (c) (d)
3𝐵 + =1 ( x  2)( x 2  5) (3  x)(16  x 2 )
3 2x  1 2 x 2  39 x  12
25𝐵 (e) (f)
=1 ( x3  1) (2 x  1) 2 ( x  3)
3
3 5. Find the following integrals
𝐵=
25

296
  2
1 1
(a)  x( x  2) dx (b) 
( x  3)(5 x  2)
dx (e)  x sin x dx
2
(f) x
2
ln x dx
0 1
7x  2 x 3 e
(c)  3 (d)  (g)  x 2 e  x dx
1
3x  x 2
dx
16  x 2
dx (h) x 3
ln x dx
x2
2 1
1
(e)  2 dx (f)  2 dx 
2 
x  4x  5 x  4x  5
 x sin x dx e
2 x
(i) (j) sin x dx
2 x2  2 x  3 22  16 x 0
(g) 
0
dx (h)  dx
( x  2)( x 2  3)  x( x  1) dx
4
(3  x)(2  x)(4  x) 11. Find using integration by parts
4 x  33 12. Find the integral of the following
(i)  dx
(2 x  1)( x 2  9) (a)  x ( x  1) dx (b) 
x
dx
6. Evaluate the following, correct to 3 significant ( x  2)3
figures. 13. Show that:
(a) 2  cos 2 x dx  cos x sin x  x  c
5 0
2 2
(a)  2 dx (b)  dx
x 1 (1  x)(1  x 2 )
3 1
(b) 3 cos3 x dx  cos 2 x sin x  2sin x  c
x9 13 x  7
3 3
(c)
2
 x( x  1)( x  3) dx0
(d)  ( x  4)(3x
2
 2 x  3)
dx 14. Find the following integrals, using the the given
change of variable.
7. Find the following indefinite integrals (a)  3 x 14 x  1 dx , 14 x  1 = u
3 1
(a)  (b) 
 x 5 x  2 dx ,
dx dx (b) 5x  2 = u
( x  1)( x  2) 1  x2
 x(2 x  1) dx , 2x – 1 = u
6
1 x (c)
(c)  x( x  3) dx (d)  2 dx
x 4 x
4x 2x  5 (d) 
x2
dx , x2 = u
(e)  2 dx (f)  dx
x  2x  3 ( x  2)( x  3) (e)  ( x  2)( x  1) 4 dx , x–1=u
8. Evaluate the following definite integrals
 ( x  2) ( x  3) x–2=u
5 2
2
x
4
5 (f) dx ,
(a)  dx (b)  2 dx
( x  1)( x  2) x  x6 x( x  4)
1
5
3
1
3
(g)  ( x  2) 2
dx , x–2=u
2x 3x
(c) x  4x  3
dx (d)  1 x dx ( x  1)

2
(2 x  3 = u
2
4 0 (e) dx ,
1 (2 x  3
3 x
3 3
1
(e)  (1  x)(1  3x) dx (f)  x( x  1) dx 15. Find the following integrals using a suitable change
0 2 of variables only when necessary.
9. Find the following indefinite integrals
(a)  x sin x dx (b)  x cos 12 x dx
(a) x 2 x 2  1 dx (b)  2x 2 x  1 dx
3x 2  1
 xe dx  x ln 2 x dx  ( x3  x  4)3 dx  cos
x 3
(c) (d) (c) (d) 2x dx

 xe dx (f)  x sec x dx
 sin x (f)  cot 2 x cosec 2 x dx
2x 2
(e) (e) cos x dx

 x sin x cos x dx (h)  x tan x dx 2

(g) x
 2 x(4 x  1)3 dx 
2
(g) (h) dx
(i)  x cos x dx
2
(j)  x cos x dx
2
(2 x 2  5)
10. Find the following definite integrals 3x sin x
 1
(i)  (4  x)
dx
x
dx (j) 
 x cos xdx  xe dx
x
(a) (b)
0 1 16. Evaluate the following definite integrals by changing

3 e the variable and the limits.
(c)  x sin 3x dx (d)  ln x dx 3 1

 x ( x  2) dx  x( x  1)
4
0 1 (a) (b) dx
2 0

297
 2 2
x 1 1 4 2 3
  
  (2 x  1)( x  2) (b) (c)
3
(c) dx (d) dx
1 2x 1 1
2(5  x) 2(5  x) x 1 x  2 x  3
0
x3 3 1 2 1 2 2
   
(e)
3
 2x  1
dx (d)
x 1 x x 1
(e)
x  2 2 x  1 3x  2
8
1 3
17. Evaluate the following definite integrals either by (f) 2x 1  
x3 x2
writing down the integral as a function of x or by
2 3x  1 2 1
using the given change of variable. 2. (a)  2 (b)  2

6 x3 x 4 x 1 x  4
 sec 1  3x
4
(a) x tan x dx (sec x = u) 1 2x 3
(c)  2 (d)  2

0
x 1 x  5 2x  3 2x  1
2
3 2 1 5 x
 sin   (f) 2  
5
(b) x dx (cos x = u) (e)
0 x3 x3 x5 x  3 x2  1

1 3

2
cot x 3. (a)
(c)


cosec x 3
dx (cosec x = u) x  2 ( x  2)2
6
1 1 2
18. Evaluate (b)  
1
2 4 x  1 x  2 ( x  2)2
x
(a)  1  x2
dx (b)  2x 4  x dx
(c)
23

1

7
4(3x  1) 4( x  1) 2( x  1) 2
0 0

0 4

 x( x  1) 4 dx  sec
2 4
(c) (d) x dx 1 2 1
(d) x  
1 0 x  2 x  1 ( x  1)2
x2
1 2

1 ( x  2)3 ( x  6)3 dx  ( x  1)(2  x) 1 7 10

4
(e) (f) dx 4. (a)  
2 1 6( x  2) 2 x 3( x  1)
 8
2 3
x2 3 3 3
   
3
(g) cos x dx (h) dx (b)
 5 3x  4 2x 2
4 x 4( x  2)
2 3
 1 5 x  61
2
(c) 2x  4  
(i)  sin x
0
cos x dx 3( x  2) 3( x 2  5)
5 2 3
x (d)  
19. Calculate the area enclosed by the curve y = , 3 x 4 x 4 x
x2  1 1 x
the x-axis, x = 2 and x = 3. (e)  2
x 1 x  x 1
20. Calculate the area under y = sin3x from x = 0 to
2 5 3
2 (f)  
x . (2 x  1) 2
2x  1 x  3
3
21. Calculate the volume of the solid generated when the 1 k ( x  2) 1 k (5 x  2)
5. (a) ln (b) ln
 2 x 17 x3
area under y = cos x from x = 0 to x  is rotated
2 kx 2 k
(c) ln  (d) ln
through four right angles about the x-axis. 3x  1 x 16  x 2
22. The area of a uniform lamina is that enclosed by the 1 k ( x  5)
(f) ln k ( x2  4 x  5) 2 
1
 (e) ln
curve y = sin x, the x-axis, and the line x  . Find 6 ( x  1)
2
the distance from the x-axis of the centre of gravity of (g) ln  k ( x  2) ( x 2  3) 
 
the lamina.
k (3  x) (2  x)
2
(h) ln
Answers (4  x)3
1
1. (a)
2

1 (i) 2ln  k (2 x  1)   ln ( x  3)( x  3) 3 
x3 x4 2

298
 1 1 2
6. (a) ln 43  0.288 ln 2    1.13 (5 x  1) 2 (15 x  4)  c
3
(b) (b)
2 4 375
45 1 1
(c) ln  0.352 (d) 3ln 2  ln 3  2.63 (c) (2 x  1)7 (14 x  1)  c
64 2 224
 x 1  1 1  x  2
( x  4) x  2  c
7. (a) ln    c (b) ln  c (d)
 x  2 2 1  x  3
1  x  3 1
(c) ln 
1
(d) ln( x 2  4)  c (e) ( x  1)5 (5 x  13)  c
3  x  2 30
1
(e) ln(( x  3) ( x  1))  c
3
(f) ( x  2) 6 (21x 2  156 x  304)  c
168
(f) ln  ( x  2)( x  3)   c x2  4 x  8 1
32 12 (g)  c (h) ( x  6) 2 x  3  c
8 (a) ln (b) ln (c) ln 6 x2 3
27 7 1 2
(2 x 2  1) 2  c (2 x  1) 2 (3 x  1)  c
3 3

3 9 1 27 4 15. (a) (b)

(d) ln (e) ln (f) ln 6 15
2 8 3 2 3 1 3 1 1
9. (a) sin x – x cos x + c (c) ( x  x  4) 2  c (d) sin 2 x  sin 3 2 x  c
2 2 6
(b) 2 x sin 12 x  4cos 12 x  c 2 1 3
(cos x) 2  c cot x  c
3
(e) (f)
1 3 3
-x
(c) -e (x + 1) + c (d) x 2 (2 ln 2 x  1)  c
4 1 1
(g) (4 x 2  1) 4  c (h) 2x2  5  c
1 2x 16 2
(e) e (2ln 2 x  1)  c (f) x tan x  ln(cos x)  c
4 (i) 2(8  x)4  x  c (j) 2cos x  c
1 1
(g) sin 2 x  x cos 2 x  c 16. (a)
26
(b)
1
(c) 3 
2
4 4 15 30 3
1 7
(h) x tan x  ln(cos x)  x 2  c (d) (e)
67
2 20 48
1 1 1
(i) x 2  x sin 2 x  cos 2 x  c 17. (a)
7
(b)
8 1
(c) (4  2
4 4 8 36 15 6
(j) ( x  2)sin x  2 x cos x  c
2
256 1
2
18. (a) 1  12 3 (b) (c)
10. (a) -2x (b) 15 10
e 4 23
 (d) (e) (f) 24.3
(c) (d) 1 3 108900
9 4 74 2
1 8 7
(g) (h) (i)
(e)  2 (f) ln 2  3 27 3
4 3 9 9 1 2 1
1 3 2
19. 2 3  3 20. 21.  22. 
(g) 10e2  17e3 (h)  e 8 4 8
4 4
1 
(i)   2 (j) (e  1)
2
1
11. ( x  1)5 (5 x  1)  c
30
2
( x  1) 2 (3 x  2)  c
3
12. (a)
15
( x  1)
(b) c
( x  2) 2
1
(4 x  1) 2 (6 x  1)  C
3
14. (a)
20

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