LESSON THREE

Text: More about the English.

Grammar: Future Tenses and Other Means of Expressing Futurity.
Reported Speech. Sequence of Tenses.
Degrees of Comparison of Adverbs.

MORE ABOUT THE ENGLISH

Like any other country Britain has its manners and customs as well as reputation.
Foreigners often say that in English trains people never speak to each other. But
this, of course, is not true.
Not long ago I was travelling to London. In my compartment there were many
passengers and they talked to each other almost all the time. They told each other
where they lived, where they were going and, of course, talked about the weather.
As soon as the train started a little girl, sitting by the window, called out: «We’re
off!» I found out that she was going to her aunt’s in Chiswick. «It’s somewhere near
the Thames but I don't know exactly where ... Shall we be passing anywhere near
it?» «Chiswick? That’s easy to find. You can get to it on the Tube. I'll show you
where to go when we arrive», I told her.
«Goodness,1 how fast the train is going!» said an old lady. «Do they go so fast in foggy
weather and at night?» Her neighbour smiled, took out a book and began to read.
Here was a typical Englishman: during the whole journey he did not say a single
word. But as we arrived in London, he got up, and turning to the lady he said with a
strong accent: «Excuse me. I do not understand English. I am from Poland».
The English people often say something about the weather when they begin a
conversation with strangers. In fact, people talk about the weather more in Britain
than in most parts of the world. For one thing, the weather in Britain changes very
quickly. One day may be fine and the next day may be wet. When you go to bed the
stars may be shining brightly and when you wake up it may be raining heavily. You can
never be quite sure what the weather is going to be like. The English often say «Other
countries have a climate, in England we have weather». For another thing, the
weather is a safe topic for conversation. When two Englishmen meet, if they can't
think of anything else to talk about or if they don’t know each other well enough to
discuss personal matters, they talk about the weather.
If it’s nice and warm and the sun is shining brightly, a person usually says, «It’s a
lovely morning, isn’t it?» or «Isn’t it hot today?», and the answer is «Yes, it’s
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wonderful weather we’re having.» After a night of heavy snowfall and hard frost he
may say: «A cold morning, isn’t it?», and the answer is «Yes, we’re having a very
cold winter.»
Or perhaps the day is dull; it is raining a little, the sky is grey and cloudy, and
everyone is wearing a raincoat or carrying an umbrella. As it gets darker a thick fog
covers London. Cars and buses put on their lights and move slowly along the wet,
slippery roads. As one friend meets another the usual remark is, «Isn’t the weather
awful!»
As the weather changes so often, it is of course quite important. It plays a big part in
the lives of the British people. Every daily newspaper publishes a weather forecast.
Both the radio and television broadcast news about the weather several times each
day.
NOTES
1. Goodness: an exclamation of surprise or wonder – господи! боже мій!

arrival n – прибуття: arrival at/in. e.g. John’s sudden arrival spoiled all our plans.
Shortly after our arrival in London, Lisa was taken to hospital.
arrive vi – прибувати, приїжджати: arrive in a country (city, big town); arrive at
a station (airport, village, hotel, etc.) e.g. Give me a call to let me know you’ve
arrived safely. Phr. arrive at an understanding/compromise, etc. –
досягнути/дійти взаєморозуміння/згоди, arrive at a decision/solution –
прийняти рішення. e.g. After much consideration, we have arrived at a decision.
broadcast vt (broadcast) – передавати по радіо; вести передачу; повідомляти:
broadcast news (a concert, a football match, sb’s speech, a weather report, etc.) Phr.
broadcast live – передавати наживо/в ефірі. e.g. The ceremony will be broadcast
live on television. The interview was broadcast live across Europe.
broadcast/broadcasting n – радіо, радіомовлення. e.g. The exciting thing about
the show is that it’s a live broadcast and anything can happen. Захоплюючим є те,
що шоу йде у прямій трансляції і будь-що може статися.
change vt 1. змінювати, міняти; обмінювати: change a plan (one’s
address/name/clothes, etc.) e.g. Can you change a ten dollar note? Чи можете ви
розміняти десятидоларову купюру? The company has had to change direction
because of developments in technology. vi 2. змінюватися, мінятися: change
drastically/radically/ profoundly, etc. e.g. The weather changes very often in
England. Sue has changed radically since I last saw her. 3. робити пересадку:

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change to a bus (for another Metro line). e.g. Passengers for Liverpool should
change at Crewe. Пасажири, які їдуть до Ліверпуля, мають зробити пересадку
у Креві.
change n – 1. зміна, заміна: social/political/economic changes; radical/striking/
changes; marked (little, momentous, needed, quick, sudden, welcome) changes –
значні (незначні, важливі, необхідні, швидкі, раптові, бажані) зміни. e.g. No
major changes were made to the book. The morning was cool; a welcome change
from the heat of the day before. Ранок був прохолодний; що було жаданою
зміною спеки, яка була напередодні. There was little change in his condition. –
Його стан майже не змінився. Phr. change for the better (worse) – зміна на
краще (гірше); for a change – для різноманітності. e.g. There was a change for
the better in the patient’s condition. Why don’t you pick on somebody else for a
change? Чому б вам не відібрати ще кого-небудь для різноманітності? 2.
пересадка (на транспорті). e.g. Even with a change of trains, the subway is
quicker than a cab at rush hour. 3. решта, дрібні гроші. Phr. count/get/take one’s
change – рахувати, отримувати решту; give/make/return change – давати
решту e.g. Have you got change for a pound? – Чи можете ви розміняти фунт?
Keep the change! – Залиште решту собі. Passengers are requested to examine their
tickets and change before leaving. – Пасажирів просять перевіряти білети та
здачу, не відходячи від каси. changeable, a – непостійний, нестійкий:
changeable weather; a changeable situation; person, etc. e.g. The changeable weather
that November brings can lead to foggy conditions. Нестійка погода, яка
приходить з листопадом, може сприяти виникненню туманів.
cover vt – 1. покривати; прикривати; вкривати. e.g. Dark clouds covered the sky.
She covered her eyes with her hands. Вона закрила очі руками. Phr. be covered
(with) – бути покритим. e.g. The ground is covered with dry leaves. 2.
охоплювати, містити в собі. e.g. What events does the article cover?
dull a 1. – нудний: a dull book (film, party, life, man, etc.) e.g. It sounded pretty dull
to me. The weekly meeting I must admit tends to be deadly dull. Я маю визнати,
що щотижневі збори стають нестерпно нудними. 2. похмурий, безрадісний,
хмарний: dull weather; a dull morning (day, etc). e.g. Outside the weather was hazy
and dull.
fast adj – швидкий: a fast runner (game, etc.); a fast train – швидкий потяг. e.g.
He’s one of the fastest runners in the world. My watch is ten minutes fast/slow. –
Мій годинник поспішає/ відстає на десять хвилин. fast adv – 1. швидко, хутко,
прудко: walk (read, move, etc.) fast. e.g. Slow down – you’re driving too fast. 2.

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міцно, сильно. Phr. be fast asleep – міцно спати. e.g. Nick was lying on the sofa,
fast asleep.
hard adj – 1. твердий, жорсткий e.g. Is this wood hard or soft? After months
without rain, the ground was too hard to plough. Після того, як не було дощів
протягом багатьох місяців, земля стала твердою для орання. 2. важкий,
тяжкий: hard work; a hard life (time, day, task, etc). e.g. It must be hard for her,
bringing up three kids on her own. Напевне, їй важко виховувати самій трьох
дітей. It was a hard day for all of them. To be successful in sport requires hard work
and a great deal of determination. 3. холодний, суворий, лютий (про мороз, вітер,
дощ тощо): a hard frost (wind, rain, etc.) e.g. It looked as though it would be a hard
winter. Здавалося, що зима буде холодною. Phr. be hard pressed for time
(money) – мати дуже мало часу (грошей). e.g. I’m hard pressed for time as well
as for money at the moment. hard adv – 1. наполегливо, уперто; старанно,
ретельно, енергійно: work (study, think, etc.) hard. e.g. He had thought long and
hard before getting involved with the project. 2. сильно, дуже. e.g. It was raining
hard yesterday. You need to hit the ball hard. Тобі треба сильно вдарити по м’ячу.
matter n – справа, питання: an important (serious, different, personal/private,
business, financial, legal, political, religious, etc.) matter; a matter for
discussion/negotiation/consideration etc. e.g. – What’s the matter? You look as
though you've been crying. – У чому справа?/Що трапилось? Ти виглядаєш так,
ніби ти плакала. What’s the matter with you? – Що з Вами? It was a personal
matter, and she had no intention of talking to any journalist about it. You look
worried. Is there anything the matter? Ти виглядаєш схвильованим. Щось не так?
Phr. it’s a matter of time (chance, taste, principle, choice, etc.) – це справа часу
(випадку, смаку, принципу, вибору тощо), as a matter of fact – насправді,
фактично, по суті, правду кажучи, власне кажучи, по суті справи; it’s no
matter – (це) не має значення. The amount of the increase or decrease is a matter of
preference. I can’t say which wine is best – it’s a matter of personal taste. Dad was
determined to get to the truth, no matter how long it took. Батько був рішучим у
своїх намірах дійти до істини і скільки часу це забере – не мало значення. As a
matter of fact, I have the woman’s name written on a train ticket.
move vt – рухати, пересувати: move a table (chair, etc.); vi рухатися,
пересуватися; переїжджати. e.g. He was too weak to move. When are you
moving to (into) the new flat? Phr. move away/off – від’їжджати; move in–
в’їжджати (у квартиру); move out – виїжджати (з квартири). e.g. Debby and I
aren't together any more. I’ve moved out. My best friend moved away when I was

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twelve. When are you moving in? movement n – рух. e.g. I heard some movement
in the other room. She motioned to the door with a movement of her head. – Вона
вказала на двері рухом голови.
pass vt/vi 1. проходити; проїжджати; проходити повз, минати: pass by –
проходити повз, along – вздовж, across/over – через. e.g. He passed along the
corridor to a small room at the back of the building. A big Cadillac passed us as we
walked up the hill. 2. пролетіти, промайнути, спливати (про час): e.g. Time
passes very quickly. She became more ambitious as the years passed. 3. скласти
(іспит). e.g. He passed his examination well. Phr. pass with flying colours –
скласти іспит з блискучим результатом. 4. передавати. e.g. She passed a cup of
tea to the headmaster. passer-by n – перехожий. e.g. A passer-by said the noise was
from a wedding celebration.
publish vt – публікувати; видавати, опублікувати: to publish a newspaper (book,
magazine, etc.); to publish news (advertisements, etc.). “I’ve had a remarkable life,”
says the 60-year-old author, who has published 35 books. A publishing house/office
– видавництво.
start v – 1. (vi) вирушати; рушати у дорогу; рушати (про поїзд тощо): start for
some place (Lviv, etc.). Phr. start on a trip (journey) – вирушати у подорож;
start off for/on – починати подорож; start back – вирушати у зворотну дорогу.
e.g. We shall start in five minutes. Frank said we should start back. The children
were always excited to start off on a camping trip. start n – початок. Phr. from start
to finish/from beginning to end. e.g. Just getting up at the start of the day without
complaining is an achievement. Прокинутись на початку дня і не скаржитись є
вже досягненням. She read the letter from start to finish without looking up.
stranger n – незнайомець, чужа людина. He is a stranger here (to me, to the
place). e.g. Julie finds it easy to speak to complete strangers. strange adj – 1.
незнайомий, невідомий: a strange face (voice, place, etc.). e.g. I was just 20, a
young girl in a strange city. For some strange reason I slept like a baby despite the
noise. 2. незвичайний, дивний: a strange question (look, thing, story, idea, etc.).
There is something strange about the man (place, etc.). Щось незвичайне є у цієї
людини (місці). A strange noise woke her up.
sure a – упевнений. e.g Are you sure of his knowledge? Perhaps they’ll come but I
am not quite sure about it. Phr. be sure of oneself – бути самовпевненим; make
sure – переконатися, впевнитися; for sure – напевно. e.g. He made sure that the
door was closed. No one knows for sure what really happened. Go ahead and try, if
you're so sure of yourself. surely adv – звичайно, безперечно. e.g. Our car must be

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worth more than $1,000, surely!
travel vi – подорожувати, мандрувати, їздити: travel by train (plane, air, sea,
etc.) He travelled all over the world (round the country, etc.) e.g. Those of us who
travel abroad know that he is right. Surely this man could afford to travel by train.
travel n – подорож, мандрівка. e.g. He told us about his travels. We went by bus –
the cheapest means of travel.
true a – 1. правдивий, правильний; істинний, справжній: a true story (fact,
description, etc.). e.g. No, honestly, it's a true story. It's a great story, but not always
true to life. 2. вірний, відданий: a true friend – відданий друг/товариш. He is a
true friend of our family (to me). Phr. come true – збутись e.g. People say that if
you make a wish at the top of the hill, it always comes true. If you have found true
friends, you have real treasure. the truth n – істина, правда: find out/discover/get
to the truth. Phr. tell the truth – говорити правду; правду кажучи. e.g. Ellis
explains how truth and freedom are linked. Her guess came a little too close to the
truth for my liking. Її припущення було близьким до правди, що мені дуже
сподобалось. The truth of the matter is that nothing has changed since the last
election. I don't know a great deal about flowers, to tell the truth. (un)truthful adj –
(не)правдивий e.g. As a child Alis was obedient and truthful. Most of what they do
and others do to them is illegal, deceitful and untruthful. Здебільшого те, що вони
роблять і те, як інші вчиняють з ними, є нелегальним, обманним і
неправдивим.
turn vt/vi 1. повертати(ся). Phr. turn (to the) right/left (round the corner) e.g.
He turned (his head) and said something. She turned and left the room. 2.
звертатись до когось (з питанням, за порадою, по допомогу тощо): turn to sb
(with a question, for advice/help, etc.) e.g. I don't know who to turn to. Phr. turn
out/off – гасити (світло), вимикати (газ); turn on – вмикати (радіо, світло);
e.g They’ve turned the gas off for a couple of hours. Don’t forget to turn out the
lights when you go! Bob turned on his computer and checked his mail.
(un)safe a – (не)безпечний; (не)надійний: a safe topic (subject, place, hour, etc.)
e.g. Don’t drive so fast, it’s not safe. We watched from a safe distance. The reasons
for the new tunnel were that the old one was a terrible bottleneck, and that it was
unsafe. Було дві підстави для будівництва нового тунелю: по-перше - старий
тунель був дуже вузьким для проїзду і по-друге – небезпечним. Safely adv –
безпечно. e.g. Most air travellers would be prepared to pay more to be sure of
travelling safely.
wake vi (woke, woken) up – 1. прокидатися; vt 2. (роз)будити (когось): e.g.

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Wake me up at seven o’clock, please. Try not to wake the baby.
wear vt/vi (wore, worn) – 1. бути одягненим (у щось); носити (одяг тощо).
Carolyn always wore bright colours like red. I'm wearing a scarlet dress to the party.
2. носитися. e.g. This material wears well. Worn-out – поношений, ношений,
зношений: worn-out clothes (shoes, etc.) e.g. The carpet on the stairs is getting worn
out.
whole a – увесь, цілий (вживається тільки як означення): the whole world (town,
day, book, group, etc.) the whole of Europe (Asia, etc.) Phr. on the whole – у
цілому, загалом; e.g. I didn't see her again for a whole year. I don't believe she's
telling us the whole story. It was months before the whole truth came out. Минуло
багато місяців доки з’ясувалася уся правда. On the whole you are right.

WORD COMBINATIONS
call out – крикнути, вигукнути;
for one thing – з одного боку;
for another (thing) – з іншого боку;
put on (out) the lights – вмикати (вимикати) світло;
play a big (small, important, etc) part in sth – відігравати велику (малу,
важливу тощо) роль у чомусь;
weather forecast – прогноз погоди.

EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Replace the words in bold type with their opposites. Make all
necessary changes. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
1. There was a light frost during the night. 2. Clearing away the snow was hard
work for a boy of his age. 3. Part of the day he was writing an article for the local
newspaper. 4. She only looks kind. 5. The girl heard every single word of her
parents’ conversation. 6. The sky is clear. 7. The girl was ill. There was a dull
look in her eyes. 8. The boy is a slow learner. 9. The woman put away her purse.
10. The train left the station on time. 11. The car turned right. 12. The man
moved quickly to the door.
1. Dark
2. Easy
3. Global
4. Mean

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 5. Neither
6. Cloudy
7. Bright
8. Fast(easy)
9. Free, refrain, abstain
10. Late
11. Wrong
12. Slowly

Exercise 2. Recast the following according to the model.

Model 1. Newspapers publish a weather forecast every day.
Newspapers publish a weather forecast daily.
Model 2. «Korrespondent» is a social-political magazine that is published once a
week.
« Korrespondent » is a weekly magazine.
1. The Kyiv Metro trains carry more than six million passengers every day. 2.
What magazine that is published once a quarter of the year do you know? 3. The
doctor told the patient to take the medicine every hour. 4. The Budget day is an
event in the life of the country that usually takes place once a year. 5. The
number of readers in the Library named after Vernadskiy is more than 5,000 a
day. 6. They have meetings every month to discuss business matters.
1. Daily
2. Seasonly???
3. Hourly
4. Annually
5. Daily
6. monthly
Exercise 3. Recast the following, using adjectives with the suffix -y. Make
necessary changes.
Model: It often rains in autumn.
Autumn is a rainy season.
1. Sometimes London has bad fogs in November. 2. After a night of hard frost the
river was covered with ice. 3. When we woke up in the morning the sun was
shining brightly. 4. There is hardly any part in the town that has so much wind as
the district around these hills. 5. You can’t bathe today. The water is as cold as
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ice. 6. Today the sky is covered with heavy clouds. 7. There was dirt all around
the place. 8. There was a heavy storm on the sea last night. 9. The beach was
covered with fine sand.

Exercise 4. Translate the following into English, using a different phrasal verb in
each of the sentences.
Take out, call out, read out, come out, get out, run out,
look out, bring out, go out
1. Сусід по купе дістав бутерброд і почав їсти. 2. Вона не любить
виходити на вулицю в таку погоду. 3. Старий чоловік ледве виліз з
машини. 4. Принеси сюди стільці. Давай посидимо у саду. 5.
Нашвидку випивши чашку кави, він вибіг з дому. 6. Вийди на
хвилинку, мені потрібно поговорити з тобою. 7. На вулиці хлопці
голосно вигукували назви газет. 8. Вона виглянула з вікна, але на
вулиці вже нікого не було. 9. Прочитай третє речення уголос.

1. A neighbor in the compartment took out a sandwich and began to eat. 2. She
does not like to go outside in such weather. 3. The old man barely got out of the
car. 4. Bring out chairs here. Let's sit in the garden. 5. Quickly drinking a cup of
coffee, he ran out of the house. 6. Come out for a minute, I need to talk to you. 7.
On the street, the boys were calling out the names of newspapers. 8. She looked
out the window, but no one was on the street. 9. Read the third sentence out aloud.

Exercise 5. Study the following charts.

tell smb smth or tell smth to smb say smth to smb
 I told my mother that I would study  She said something to her neighbour.
well.  What did you say to her?
 Tom told about the incident to his
parents.
Special expressions with tell Special expressions with say
To tell a story/a joke/a secret/a lie, to To say a word/a few words/a name/a
tell the difference/the truth/the time, sentence/a phrase, to say a

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to tell fortune, etc. prayer/“hello”/“good bye”/“no”, etc.
I don't really want to go out, to tell the My niece said an angry word this
truth. I told her a lie about what I was morning.
doing. He was always telling jokes and Thank you. I wouldn’t say “no” to
making people laugh. another glass of this juice.

Word choice: Speak, Talk

When you are saying things, you can use talk She talked about her job.
(more usual) or speak (slightly literary.)
Always use talk if you have a conversation. We talked about our relationship.
Someone who can talk has learned to use She could talk before she was two.
language.
If you can speak, you are able to say I was too scared to speak.
something on a particular occasion
When you mention what language someone “Hello, may I speak to Jim
uses or ask someone on the telephone, use Smith?” “Yes, speaking”.
speak.
You can speak words. I spoke the words as clearly as I
could.
You can talk sense or talk nonsense. I think she talks a lot of sense.

Exercise 6. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of “say”, “tell”,
“speak” and “talk”.
1. Pete is ______ the children funny stories now. 2. Who ______ you that he
would leave for Warsaw? 3. When did you _______ Mary to come? 4. They have
had a row and they’re not _______ 5. I haven’t _______ to Steve about all this. 6.
It was the first time she had ever _______ of marriage. 7. All through the
afternoon, they sat and _______ about their trip. 8. Oleg _______ that he would
take us for a drive. 9. My friend _______ me that it hadn’t rained in her town for a
week. 10. How do babies learn to _______? 11. None of the children can _____
the time. 12. Some residents were scared to _______ publicly. 13. Even under
torture Mark refused to _______. 14. Didn’t the teacher _______ you to listen to
her? 15. Jones _________ at the teachers’ annual convention. 16. Who _______
that we are having an exam tomorrow? 17. I am sure he ________ a lie yesterday.
18. I ______ you that I couldn’t come. 19. Why didn’t you _______ “hello”? 20.
They didn’t _____ me anything. They just sat there without ________ a word. 21.
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What does the notice _______ ? 22. He looked as if he was going to _______
something. 23. It is _______ that he was a spy during the war. 24. Anywhere you
want to leave, just ______ the word. 25. Don’t let Dad hear you _______ like that.
26. Davis will _______ about “Trends in Network Computing”. 27. “Let’s not
_______ politics now,” said Hugh impatiently.

Exercise 7. Translate the following sentences using “say”, “speak”, “tell” or

“talk”.
(A) 1. Він сказав, що його сім’я переїжджає на дачу у вівторок. 2. Накажи
брату розбудити мене о шостій. 3. Твій приятель, як завжди, проговорив цілу
годину, але не сказав нічого нового. 4. Передай йому, що швидкий потяг
прибуває до Риги о 10 годині вечора. Попроси його зустріти мене на вокзалі.
5. Секретарка сказала, щоб я звернувся до вас з цим питанням. 6. З ним
цікаво поговорити, він багато мандрував по Європі. 7. Студенти кажуть, що
книга нудна й їм хотілося б почитати щось більш сучасне. 8. У нашому купе
був чоловік, який говорив з сильним акцентом, і я ледве розумів, що він
розповідав. 9. Скажи їм, щоб вони сідали вечеряти без мене, я трохи
запізнюсь. 10. Він пройшов повз мене і не сказав ні слова.
(B) 1. Він сказав мені, що він фермер. 2. Ти часто говориш нісенітниці, це
інколи втомлює мене. 3. Ви ніколи не даєте мені сказати й слова. 4. Ти
можеш відрізнити ігристе вино від шампанського? 5. Цей експеримент був
не вартий трьох років кропіткої праці, не говорячи про гроші на його
реалізацію. 6. Скажи Петрову, що я чекаю на нього тут. 7. Бібліотекар сказав
мені повернути цю книжку сьогодні. 8. Я бачив його вчора, але він мені
нічого не сказав про збори. 9. Джон відмовився сказати мені її ім’я. 10. Вона
сказала, що поїде додому. 11. Поговори з юристом. Я сподіваюсь, його
поради допоможуть владнати цю справу. 12. Вона завжди говорить правду,
чи не так? 13. Учитель каже, що наша донька дуже здібна. 14. Хто сказав цю
фразу? 15. Ніколи не розповідай таємниць людині, яка поширює плітки (to
spread rumours). 16. Я пропрацювала в готелях багато років, отже я знаю про
що говорю. 17. Вони розмовляли тихим голосом, і я не міг розібрати, про що
вони говорили. 18. Дуже важко сказати, скільки часу займе ця робота. 19.
Батьки повинні розмовляти з дітьми про зловживання наркотиків та
алкоголю (drug and alcohol abuse).

11
Exercise 8.Translate the following sentences “little”, “a little”, “few”, “a few”.
1. Я знав, що в тому, що він розповідав, було мало правди. 2. Він трохи
подумав, перш ніж відповісти. 3. З кожним днем погода потроху змінюється,
і зараз вже значно холодніше, ніж було на початку місяця. 4. Не йди нікуди,
ми будемо обідати через кілька хвилин. 5. Його мало хто розуміє, він
говорить з сильним акцентом. 6. Він завжди мало говорить, а в той вечір
взагалі не промовив ні слова. 7. Мало хто їздить цим потягом. 8. Я побачу
його через кілька днів.

Exercise 9. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs.

(A) 1. The old man slept badly ____ the train, and woke ____ several times ____
the night. 2. «Do I have to change trains?» «Yes, ____ the next station.» 3. If you
want to get ____ the underground station, go ____ this street as far as the traffic
lights, then take the first turning ____ the left. 4. They were not quite sure ____
the exact day ____ their son's arrival. They only knew that he would arrive ____
Kyiv some day the coming week. 5. The train arrives ____ this small station ____
night and stops ____ three minutes only. 6. I'll wake you ____ five; we must start
____ the trip very early, before it gets too hot to travel. 7. «Please stand ____
when I call ____ your names», the teacher said. 8. This is not a topic ____
conversation ____ front ____ the children. 9. «What do you know ____ your
neighbours?» «Not much. We say good-morning ____ each other, speak ____ the
weather and that's about all». 10. I am so happy to hear you are moving ____ a
new flat next month. 11. The weather forecast said that the weather was changing
____ the better. 12. «What's the matter ____ you? What did the doctor tell you?»
«I've just found ____ that my brother's condition has changed ____ the worse.»
13. He was ____ such difficulty that he turned ____ help ____ a complete
stranger. 14. The professor said my report was good but, to make it better, I must
make a few changes ____ it. 15. The teacher's second question was ____ the part
Cromwell played ____ the history ____ England, and the girl knew the answer
____ that, too. 16. I am not sure I always get him right, he speaks ____ such a
heavy accent. 17. Will you put ____ the light, it's getting dark and I can't see what
I am reading any more. 18. It was a most unusual picture to see the streets of this
southern town covered ____ snow. 19. Motorists don't like driving ____ foggy
weather. 20. A raincoat is good only ____ rainy days; why do you wear it ____ all
weathers? 21. Why do you speak so highly ____ this writer? ____ one thing, it's
12
early days to say what will become of him (it's his first book), ____ another, he is
still very young.
(B) 1. In such a case, some form of conflict resolution must be adopted to arrive
____a solution. 2. He finally arrived ____ a compromise with her, which was that
he could have three independent advisers. 3. I bought these gloves ____ my
daughter, but they're too large. Can I change them ____ a smaller size? 4. I want
to change my dollars ____ pesos, please. 5. The company has recently changed
___ a more powerful computer system. 6. How about dinner out ____ a change?
7. Andrew was making change ____ a customer. 8. I have about a dollar ____
change. 9. Excuse me, have you got change ____ a pound? I only had about a
pound ____ small change. 10. The bulletin board was covered ____ messages. 11.
It's going to be hard ____ the kids if you move ____ . 12. Mom and Dad had
always planned to move ____ a smaller house when we grew up. 13. Always
check behind the car when you move____. 14. They moved ___ ___ London
when he was little. 15. It was all strange ___ him, but he’d soon learn his way
around. 16. No one knows ____ sure how many people are infected. 17. Kids
nowadays seem very sure ____ themselves. 18. Good research is the only way to
get ____ the truth. 19. He began to realize the awful truth ____ her past. 20.
Travellers would offer them bread and milk to be sure ____ a safe trip. 21. ___ the
whole, he seems like an intelligent, likable person.

Exercise 10. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word. Use the correct form.
Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
A) matter (n), arrival, arrive, pass (v) (2), change (v) (2), cover (v), move (v) (2),
truth, whole, hard (3), awful, exact, dull, sure (2), true, strange
1. The traffic lights _______ from green to red and all cars stop. 2. Let's go out on
the platform. The train will be _______ any minute now. 3. The light is too
strong, it's bad for the eyes, _______ the lamp with something. 4. That was an
_______ thing to do! Go and say you're sorry. 5. There's no such thing as easy
work. All work is _______. 6. She wrote to a friend asking him to meet her
daughter on her _______ in Kyiv, giving him the _______ time, date and place. 7.
Some people say that Dickens is too _______ for the modern reader, but nothing
can be farther from the ________. 8. I wonder what’s the _______ with John.
He’s being so quiet these days. 9. After a night of heavy rain the roads were very
slippery. I _______ along in my car very slowly, but I was afraid the _______
13
time. 10. Did he say he was coming at four? Are you _______ you heard him
right? 11. Several years _______ before the magazine published the _______
story of the poet's life. 12. The other day my neighbour came to me with a
_______ story. It was something about noises he heard at night. I didn't know
what to think. 13. The boy was learning _______ but there was still a lot to learn.
14. She telephoned to say that as she was _______ to another part of the town, she
would be also _______ her place of work. 15. A week _______, then another, and
still there was no news of the expedition. 16. Times were _______ and they were
forced to sell their house.
B) pass (v) (3), travel (v) , stranger (n) , sure (3), whole, fast (2), true (4) , matter
(n) (5), publish, start (n), wake, cover (v), change (v) (3), surely, travel (n),
movement (2), truthful, turn (v), safe (adj)(2), hard (3), changeable, wear (v)
(3), start (v)(2).
1. To force them to _______ early is beyond comprehension. 2. She was like a
larger than life fantasy that had just come _________. 3. You have your ________
life ahead of you! 4. The leaves on trees ________ colour in the autumn. 5. By the
age of 30 his work had _______ radically and he withdrew all his previously
published music. 6. “Exercise” is a word which _________ a vast range of
activities. 7. The company must give a ________ response to clients' requests. 8. I
had to ________ planes in Denver. 9. Then Mrs Demister ________ him as usual
with a cup of tea, and he felt better. 10. He was producing boots that sold well but
did not _________ well. 11. Set the alarm clock – better _______ than sorry! 12.
Most of the household was still _____ asleep. 13. Diamond is probably the
______ substance known to man. 14. Tyson hit him ________ on the chin. 15.
The idea of an infinite universe is _________ for us to imagine. 16. Local people
took the ________ into their own hands and hired their own security guards. 17.
Do you think I can __________ these shoes with this dress? 18. – Is something
the _________? - Just a headache. I'll be fine in a minute. 19. As long as we keep
to the main road we should be _________. 20. The size of the pleat is a ________
of choice. 21. She ________ sandals, even in the winter. 22. A slight _________
of the curtains showed where she was hiding. 23. – Can't it wait? It’s hardly a
________ of life or death, is it? 24. – You look worried. Have you had many
visitors yet? – No, as a ________ of fact you’re the first.25. He watched her

14
graceful _________ as she came towards him. 26. He _______ me and didn’t say
a word. 27. He has clearly not been ___________ about the nature of their
relationship. 28. They sat in silence while the minutes ___________. 29. – I'm
taking my driving test today. - Do you think you'll _____________? 30. They are
____________ the dictionary on CD-ROM. 31. We arrived late and missed the
_________ of the film. 32. Many of the farming families have lived here for
hundreds of years, and tend to treat everyone else as ___________. 33. She
__________ her head in surprise. 34. 'What time does the show _________?' 'I'm
not _________.' 35. Did you lock the front door?' 'I think so, but I'd better make
___________. 36. There must __________ be some explanation. 37. John likes to
visit his old friends and also __________ to see his brother who has had a stroke.
38. The new job involves a fair amount of __________. 39. As far as Gabriel was
concerned this was _____ love. As for Robin, he dealt with his pain very
privately, rarely allowing anyone but Mama to see his ______ feelings. 40. Love
is strange, and _____ love is strange but __________. 41. The weather in Ukraine
has become very _________ lately: people have to carry umbrellas with
themselves.

GRAMMAR
FUTURE TENSES

Exercise 11. Study the following charts.

1. Neutral future or prediction. The weather will be warm
Future tomorrow.
Simple 2. Prediction with a condition. I’ll make some tea if you wait.
3. The decision made at the I’m going out – I’ll go with you.
S will V moment of speech.
Will S V? 4. For promises (to promise, Will you help me to do the
S will not V to swear, to guarantee, etc.), translation? (request)
warnings, threats, requests,
hopes and offers.
The Future Simple is used with the following time expressions:
15
 tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, tonight, soon, next
week/month/year, in a week/month/year, in two/three days
1. Temporary event at a This time next week we’ll be
definite moment in the future. flying to Paris.
Future 2. Temporary state in the I’ll be travelling in summer.
Continuous future.
3. Events which are going to Are you coming to the disco on
S will be Ving happen anyway, that is, they Friday night? – I can’t. I will be
Will S be Ving? are planned. studying for my exam then.
S will not be 4. Polite enquiries for the near Will you be translating tonight?
Ving future. (asking about plans)
The Future Continuous is used with the following time
expressions: tomorrow at 5 o’clock, at this time tomorrow, all
day tomorrow.
Future Perfect An event or an action which I’ll have translated the text by 5
S will have V3 will finish before a certain o’clock.
Will S have V3? moment in the future.
S will not have The Future Perfect is used with the following time expressions:
V3 by, by then, by the time.
Future An event/action which will She will have been working as a
Perfect start before a certain moment in manager for three years.
Continuous the future and will still be
S will have happening at that moment.
been Ving The Future Perfect Continuous is used with:
Will S have by ..., for, by the end of the next month.
been Ving? After the time expressions by the time, until, before, we use the
S will not have Present Simple because they introduce time clauses
been Ving

Other Ways of Expressing Futurity

1. Expresses an intention thought We are going to get married
about before the moment of next spring.
Be going to speaking.
2. Expresses a prediction when it Look at those clouds! It’s
is based on present evidence. We going to rain soon.
16
 can see the future from the
present.
The Present Expresses the actions we have I’m meeting Pam for lunch
Continuous decided and arranged to do in tomorrow.
the near future.
The Present Expresses future events that are We leave for Paris at dawn
Simple based on a timetable or tomorrow.
calendar, and events that are Next term starts on 4
seen to be unalterable. February.
It is used in questions to ask for Shall I make some tea?
Shall instruction, to offer, and to What time shall we come
make suggestions. round?
Be to + The President is to visit Poland next Monday. (formal English)
infinitive
Be about to + (to refer to the near future)
infinitive, be on Look! The bus is about to leave.
the point of/be The company is on the point/verge of closing down.
on the verge of
+ ing form
be due to + Their flight is due to arrive at 7:30. (timetables)
infinitive
Verbs such as (for plans and intentions)
decide/plan/ We intend to buy a bigger flat.
arrange/intend/ Do you arrange to meet Mark this weekend?
hope/guarantee/
mean + to +
infinitive,
anticipate/
predict + ing
form
Be sure to/be (to express certainty about the future)
certain to/be He is sure to come.
bound to + The manager is bound to be angry if you come late.
infinitive

Exercise 12. Complete the following sentences, using the Future Continuous

17
Tense according to the model.
Model: My vacation is coming to an end. (return to the University in two days).
I'll be returning to the University in two days.
1. I can't discuss the matter with you now. But (see you tomorrow), won't I? 2. «I
think, he'll be here in time». «Yes, I think he will» (he, come by the fast train). 3.
She is on a visit, (she, not dine with us today). 4. I don't think they will come.
(they, move to a new flat). 5. There are a lot of people here and (more, arrive next
week). 6. Let's wait, (he, wake up soon). 7. Look, it is getting dark, (it, rain in a
minute). 8. There's nothing he likes better than to tell stories. I wonder what (he,
tell us next). 9. «Who (give) a talk on the current situation Friday next? 10. Don't
leave yet. (we, have supper in about twenty minutes).

Exercise 13. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the Future
Continuous. The first mistake has already been corrected.
In the future, robots will be perform performing more and more tasks for humans.
This will be having both positive and negative effects. On the one hand, while
robots will be doing the boring and dangerous jobs, humans will be devoting more
time to interesting pursuits. In this respect, robots be making life a lot easier for
humans. On the other hand, the widespread use of robots will creating a lot of
future unemployment. There is a risk that robots will taking on jobs that humans
need in order to earn a living. And some robots could even become dangerous. I’m
afraid that in the not-too-distant future, robots will be operating nuclear power
stations! And before too long, robots will to be fighting in wars. Although, on
second thoughts, that will be better than humans killing each other!
Exercise 14. Translate the following sentences, using the Future Continuous
Tense.
1. Давайте йти швидше. Через хвилину піде дощ. 2. Я не писатиму йому. Я
побачусь з ним наступного понеділка. 3. Приходьте, будь ласка. Соколов
буде розповідати про свою поїздку до Канади. 4. Через місяць ми
переїжджатимемо на нову квартиру. 5. Коли ти будеш завтра проходити повз
кінотеатр, купи два квитки. 6. – У чому ти будеш на вечірці? – У новій сукні
блакитного кольору. 7. Нікуди не йди. Потяг прибуває через кілька хвилин.
8. Влітку ви знову будете подорожувати, чи не так?

Exercise 15. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Simple, the Present
18
Continuous or the Present Simple.
1. Where you ____________ (go) for your next holiday? 2. I ____________ (give)
you a lift to work tomorrow if you like. 3. Do you know that Ann ____________
(come) at the end of the week? 4. I’m afraid I’m not quite ready. – Never mind. I
____________ (wait). 5. Shop assistant: We have some very nice strawberries.
Customer: All right. I ______________ (have) a pound. 6. We
________________ (have) a party next Saturday night. You _____________
(come)? 7. Why you ___________ (take) the carpets down? You ____________
(paint) the walls? – No, I ______________ (take) the carpets to the cleaner’s. 8.
There are a lot of mistakes in this document. – All right. I ___________ (type) it
again. 9. Leave a note for him on the table and he _________ (see) it when he
_________ (come). 10. He _________ (leave) for London tomorrow night. You
__________ (see) him off? 11. What about this camera? You _________ (try) to
take photos? It’s not allowed, you know… – No, I _________ (try) to sell the
camera. 12. The train _________ (leave) in half an hour. We _________ (take) a
taxi not to be late for it. 13. He ___________ (come) if you ask him. When you
___________ (send) him the invitation? 14. – You ____________ (do) anything
special tomorrow? – Yes, my nephews ___________ (come) and I ___________
(show) them round London. 15. I hear you ___________ (go) to the regatta
tomorrow. You ____________ (sail) in it? 16. My wedding ____________
(approach). I ___________ (tell) you the exact date soon. 17. Maria
____________ (work) today so I __________ (get) the papers for her. 18. Jane,
you ___________ (come) or you ____________ (stay)? 19. I hear that you
___________ (get married) on Saturday. Your parents _________ (come)?

Exercise 16. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
1. Jack usually gives me a lift home, but we both (come) ___________ home by
train tomorrow as his car is being repaired. 2. Will you (still work) ____________
if I __________ (come) at 9.00? 3. Tomorrow I ___________ (meet) with the
CEO at 10.00. 4. I ____________ (see) them if I __________ (have) time. 5. Her
children _________ (get married) soon and she ________ (live) alone. 6. He says
he ______________ (meet) us at the bus stop, but I’m sure he ____________
(forget) to turn up. 7. You ___________ (forward) my mail to the Grand Hotel,
please? 8. I ______________ (stay) there as usual for the first fortnight in August.
9. I don’t think, they ______________ (get married). 10. Do you think you
19
______________ (still work) here in five years time? 11. I __________ (tell) her
what you say but she _____________ (not believe) it.

Exercise 17. Put the verbs in brackets into:

(A) Future Simple, Present Continuous, Future Continuous, be going to.
1. I’ve chosen a school for my son. You ______________ (send) him to a public
school or to a State school? 2. You ______________ (go) by car? If so, would
you give my brother a lift? 3. I can’t understand this letter. You ______________
(translate) it for me, Miss Pitt? 4. You ______________ (come) to the Motor
Show with me next Wednesday? 5. They _____________ (drive) to school
tomorrow. 6. I’ll be going abroad next week. Is there anything I can get you? –
You _______________ (pass) through Paris? – Yes, I _______________ (spend)
a few days there. – Then you ___________ (get) me some perfume? 7. We
______________ (fly) to London next month.
(B) Future Simple, be going to, Present Simple or Present Continuous.
1. I think this party ____________ (win) the next election. 2. I hope you
____________ (come) and ____________ (visit) me. 3. Careful! That glass
____________ (fall) over. Too late! 4. She ______________ (have) a baby. 5. I
bet John ____________ (be) late home. The traffic is always bad at this time. 6.
John ____________ (be) late home. He left a message on the answerphone. 7.
Don’t lend Keith your car. He ____________ (crash) it. 8. Look out! We
____________ (crash). 9. We _______________ (play) tennis tonight? 10. I
_______ just ______________ (take) the dog for a walk. 11. I ____________
(see) my girlfriend tonight. I ____________ (ask) her to marry me. 12. When she
grows up, she ____________ (be) a ballet dancer.13. - Why did you buy a flat in
such a terrible condition? - It was cheap. We _____________ (modernize) it
completely, and then ___________ (rent) it out. 14. The ferry ___________
(leave) at eight o’clock tomorrow morning. 15. He ____________ (fly) to Turkey
next month. He has already booked his flight. 16. The new exhibition _______
(open) on April 3rd and ____________ (finish) on May 31st.

Exercise 18. Complete the sentences with phrases containing future meaning
from the box.
be due to, be sure/bound/certain, anticipate, plan, be likely to,
be unlikely to, be (not) to, on the point of, on the verge of
20
1. Carriageway repairs on this stretch of the motorway ___________ to start on
26th May. 2. The payment ___________ to take ten days. Please contact us if it
does not arrive within that time. 3. They’re ___________ to arrive before six. The
traffic is always awful on Fridays. 4. The new timetable __________ to annoy
some of the teachers when they see it. 5. Your application __________ to fail if
you don’t get the divisional director’s approval. 6. You ___________ to disturb
the head teacher while the inspectors are here next week. 7. These pills
___________ not to be taken with any other form of medicine. 8. Don’t provoke
your little brother. You can see he’s __________ losing his temper. 9. Because of
the erosion of their habitats, some species are ___________ extinction. 10. Don’t
worry about Dad – he’s ___________ not to find out about the loan. 11. The
President ___________ to hold an official reception for the visitors. 12. The result
of our appeal against the parking fine ___________ come out tomorrow. 13.
Scientists in the human genome project feel that they ___________ discovering
the secret of life. 14. The exam results ___________ to arrive at the school today.
We can ring tomorrow to find out whether they have arrived. 15. The examiner
________ to accept a handwritten script these days. 16. The store ___________ to
close. 17. Your venture ___________ to fail if you don’t prepare fully. 18. I
_________ to tell you when you are interrupted. 19. We __________ congestion
on all major routes out of London this weekend. 20. We’re ___________ a stay of
only three days.

Exercise 19. Complete this conversation with phrases from the box. Use each phrase only once.
anticipate, are on the point of, expect, guarantee to, hopes to,
is about to, is likely to, is sure to, plans to, should
Sue: When do Brian’s exams start, then?
Ann: Well, he (1) __________ start them. The first one is tomorrow in fact.
Sue: Do you (2) __________ him to do well?
Ann: We think he will. He’s taking nine subjects, and he’s quite optimistic. He (3)
__________ pass at least six of them – he’s very good at those six subjects. We
think that he (4) __________ pass two of the others: French and Art – he’s studied
very hard, but he’s not naturally gifted in those subjects! We’ve got no hopes at all
21
for Music. He (5) ________ fail it. I don’t know why the school entered him for it.
Sue: What does he want to do next year?
Ann:a That depends. If he does well, he (6) __________ stay on at school for two
more years and study sciences.
Sue: Can he stay at the same school?
Ann: Well, that’s the problem. No, he can’t, because his school only takes pupils
up to sixteen. But we’ve just heard that they (7) __________ opening the new
sixth form college in Fareham. We (8) __________ being able to send him there,
but we don’t know for certain.
Sue: And if he doesn’t pass enough of the exams?
Ann: Well, he might leave and look for a job. Sandy – you know, my elder sister –
says she (9) __________ have a vacancy for a trainee in her business, but
obviously she can’t (10) __________ take him. We’ll just have to see.

Exercise 20. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Ти збираєшся кудись на ці вихідні? – Ми з Томом поїдемо на озеро ловити
рибу. 2. Ми влаштовуємо вечірку в суботу. Прийдуть Роберт і Кейт. 3. Він
приїжджає наступного місяця і я сподіваюся, що в нього буде достатньо
часу поспілкуватися з нами. 4. Ти знаєш, що я маю рацію, і колись ти це
визнаєш. 5. Невже ти збираєшся їй це сказати? Але ж це нечесно. 6. Певний
час він не гратиме в гольф. Він зламав ногу і пробуде ще тиждень у лікарні.
7. Сьогодні увечері я побачуся з Пітером, a завтра він від’їжджає до
Ліверпуля. 8. Результати іспиту будуть відомі завтра. 9. Я не йду з ними до
театру – буду закінчувати курсову.

The Use of the Present Simple Tense in Adverbial Clauses of Time and
Condition with the Meaning of the Future
Exercise 21. Study the following chart.
You'll do it when you find the time.
He’ll speak to her while you are busy with your work
I won’t discuss this question until (till) he comes.
We’ll have a party before she leaves.
She’ll go to the country if it doesn't rain.

Exercise 22. Complete the following sentences on the above pattern.

22
1. You'll understand this book when you (get older). 2. If the weather (change for
the better), we'll go to the country. 3. He will phone you as soon as he (wake up).
4. I'll call for a doctor if she (get worse). 5. You will never make this mistake again
if you (learn things the right way). 6. I won't speak to you again until you (tell me
the whole truth). 7. If she (go by a fast train), she'll arrive in time. 8. We'll stay in
Kyiv till we (get an answer to our letter). 9. He will get to her place before
everybody (arrive). 10. When the train (arrive in Kyiv) I'll get off to buy
newspapers. 11. You won't be cold if you (wear a warm coat). 12. After they
(make changes in the plan) we'll discuss it again. 13. If you (speak so fast), nobody
will understand you.

Exercise 23. Answer the following questions, using adverbial clauses of

condition.
(A) Model: When will the train pass Kyiv? (not be late).
If it is not late, it will pass the city at 2:30.
1. How long will it take you to read a book of three hundred pages? (do nothing
else). 2. When will you finish your course paper? (everything; be all right). 3. Will
he take her to the theatre? (get one more ticket). 4. Will you go to the country
tomorrow? (not rain). 5. Will he travel to the Crimea by train? (not get a ticket for
the train; go there by plane). 6. When will he make his report on Britain's
economy? (get well).
(B) What will happen if:
1. we talk all at once? (hear nothing). 2. you teach him everything at once? (learn
nothing). 3. we don't wait for him? (not find the way to the museum). 4. you don't
work hard at your English? (get a poor mark). 5. he doesn't arrive in time? (not
wait for him). 6. the weather doesn't change for the better? (stay in town).

Exercise 24. Fill in the Future Simple or the Present Simple.

(A)1. I (go) and see Venice as soon as I (reach) Italy. 2. If you (not be) at home by
six, I (eat) without you. 3. If Adam (sell) his car he (afford) a holiday in Florida. 4.
Take some coins in case you (need) to phone. 5. If the situation (get) worse, I
(lose) my job.
(B)1. I (have) to stop my daughter before she (get) into trouble. 2. She (relax) after
she (hear) the results of the interview. 3. He (not recover) soon unless he (take) the
prescribed medicine. 4. He (not buy) a new car until the company (pay) him all the
23
money it (owe) him. 5. The refugees (be able) to stay here till some urgent
measures (take).

Exercise 25. Translate the following sentences info English (mind the use of
tenses in adverbial clauses of time and condition).
1. Якщо ви відсунете книжкову шафу від вікна, у кімнаті буде світліше. 2.
Якщо ви будете проходити повз кінотеатр, купіть два квитки на нову картину
Спілберга. 3. Щойно знайду її адресу, я вам зателефоную. 4. Скільки часу
вам знадобиться на дорогу до університету, якщо ви будете жити за містом?
5. Що ми будемо робити, якщо Неля запізниться? 6. Якщо вона залишиться
вдома з дитиною, я поїду з вами. 7. Якщо погода буде дощова, я візьму плащ.
8. Ми не почнемо обговорювати це питання, доки не зберуться (прийдуть) всі
студенти нашої групи. 9. Доки ти ходиш по крамницях, я зберу речі.
(B) 1. Він зробить копії з усіх документів, якщо в нього не буде інших справ.
2. Вона зателефонує вам увечері? Якщо вона зателефонує вам, попросіть
принести мені книгу. 3. Якщо він не піде в бібліотеку, він буде вдома. 4. Ми
будемо вдома завтра, чи не так? Якщо ми не будемо завтра вдома і не
подивимося цю програму наживо, ми переглянемо її в Інтернеті. 5. Її не буде
завтра в офісі? Якщо її не буде, залиште лист у секретаря. 6. Завтра погода
буде гарна. Якщо погода буде гарна, ми поїдемо за місто. 7. Коли вона
приходить додому, вона знімає пальто і черевики. 8. Я завтра побачу Тома.
Якщо я побачу його, я розповім про свою поїздку до Парижу. 9. Щойно він
згадує цю кумедну історію, він починає сміятися. 10. Я поїду до Парижу
наступного тижня. Перед тим як я поїду, я зустрінуся з вами. 11. Я прийду
додому о шостій годині. Коли я прийду додому, я надішлю вам повідомлення
електронною поштою.

Reported Speech. Sequence of Tenses

Exercise 28. Study the following chart.
1. Ask her when they will move to their new flat.
2. I wondered if they would discuss this question at the meeting.
1. I don't know if she will come tomorrow.
2. He wanted to know when I would make a report on the work of the English
speaking club

24
Exercise 29. Complete the sentences according to the above chart.
1. I was not sure if he (get to the village before dark). 2. He doesn't know when they
(arrive). 3. I wonder when he (wake up). 4. Do you know when he (have a talk with
her about her future work)? 5. They asked him if he (go by plane). 6. They want to
know if there (be any changes in their plans).
Exercise 30. Practice the following according to the model.
Model: I don't know if (when) he will come but if (when) he comes (does), I'll speak
to him about it. (Give two variants if possible.)
1. I don't know if she (get the tickets for the concert) but if (phone you). 2. We don't
know if the weather (change for the worse) but if it (not go to the country). 3. She
doesn't know if she (find out his address today) but if she (send him a telegram). 4.
He doesn't know if the teacher (look through our course-papers this week) but if
she ... we (have time to make changes). 5. We don't know when the delegation
(arrive) but when they (show them the places of interest). 6. I don't know if he
(come) but if he ... his arrival (change my plans). 7. I don't know if he (stay) for the
weekend but if he (ask him to tell us about his trip to England). 8. She doesn't
know when he (wake up) but when he (phone you).

Exercise 31. Complete the following sentences, bearing in mind the chart and
the model above.
1. The students knew when the delegation (arrive) but they were not sure if (at the
appointed time). 2. We asked the weather man when the weather (change for the
better) and if (remain good till the end of the month). 3. I wasn't sure if they (get to
the station in that fog in time). 4. It was not clear if the weather (change) but what
we wanted to know was if the plane (be late). 5. She was not sure if anybody (meet
at the station) and she wanted to know if (have to find a taxi). 6. Mother did not ask
me if (come late) but she wanted to know when (return). 7. The foreign tourists
wondered if (have a chance to see Lviv). 8. At the time I did not know whether (buy
tickets for a fast train).

Exercise 32. Study the chart, and use Reported Speech in the following sentences.
Direct Speech Reported Speech
He asked: "What are you discussing?" He asked what we were discussing.
He asked: "Will you be seeing her?" He asked if I would be seeing her.

25
She said: "The children were playing in She said that the children were playing
the garden when it started raining.” in the garden when it started raining.

1. «Don't wait for me. I'll be dining out » he said. 2. «The weather is changing for
the worse», the guide said. «It will be raining in a minute». 3. «Our office will be
moving to a new building, won't it?» the secretary asked. 4. «All the passengers
were looking out of the compartment window when the train was passing the lake»
the porter said. 5. «What big cities shall we be passing?» the fellow traveler asked
me. 6. “Hurry up. The train will be starting in a minute» I shouted to him. 7. «What
were they broadcasting when he turned on the radio?» she asked. 8. «The baby is
waking up, be quiet, please» Mother said to me. 9. «She was wearing a new dress at the party and looked very
beautiful» he said.

Direct Speech Reported Speech

He asked: "What will you do, if you don't He asked what I would do if I did not get
get the ticket for the train?" the ticket for the train.
She said: "I’ll leave as soon as I get the She said (that) she would leave as soon
telegram." as she got the telegram.
1. «Will it be safe to stay in the mountains for the night if the weather doesn't
change for the better?» we asked the guide. 2. The porter said: «I’ll wake you up,
when the train arrives in Lutsk». 3. My wife said to me: «While you are away, I'll
do the packing». 4. «As soon as I hear from him, I’ll let you know», my neighbour
said to me 5. «After he leaves hospital, they'll take him to the South», the doctor
said. 6. «They'll wait for the fisherman to return until it gets dark», the local man
explained to me. 7. «Don't leave until I phone you», he asked me. 8. «I’ll live in town
till my husband returns from the expedition and when he returns, we’ll go to the sea-
side together», she said.

Exercise 33. Open the brackets and paraphrase the dialogue for Reported
Speech.
FOOD AND TALK
Last week at a dinner party the hostess (ask) me to sit next to Mrs. Rumbold. She (be)
a large unsmiling lady in a tight black dress. She (not look) up when I (take) my seat
beside her. Her eyes (be fixed) on her plate and in a short time she (be) busy eating.
I (try) to make conversation.

26
«A new play is coming to the Globe soon», I said, «Will you be seeing it?»
«No», she answered.
«Will you be spending your holidays abroad this year?» I asked.
«No», she said.
«Will you be staying in England?» I asked.
«No», she answered.
In despair I (ask) her whether she (enjoy) her dinner. «Young man», she answered,
«if you eat more and talk less, we shall both enjoy our dinner».
(After «An Elementary Course» by L. G. Alexander)

Exercise 34. Translate the following sentences from Ukrainian into English.
Pay attention to the Sequence of Tenses.
1. Я знаю, що він незабаром прийде. 2. Я знав, що він незабаром
зателефонує. 3. Я думаю, що вона спатиме в цей час. 4. Я думав, що вона
спатиме о цій порі. 5. Вона думає, що зробить усю роботу до п’ятої години.
6. Вона думала, що закінчить усю роботу до п’ятої години. 7. Я був
упевнений, що до 10 години він уже вивчить вірш. 8. Я знав, що до 9 години
мама вже приготує вечерю і о 9 годині вся сім’я сидітиме за столом. 9. Я
боявся, що прийду занадто пізно. 10. Вона боялася, що її друг зовсім не
прийде. 11. Вони написали, що скоро повертаються з відрядження. 12. Я був
упевнений, що зустріну його на станції. 13. Я думаю, що він скоро напише
нам листа. 14. Чи сказали вам, що в грудні ми писатимемо останню
контрольну роботу в цьому семестрі? 15. Він зрозумів, що ніколи її не
забуде. 16. Я думаю, що вони згадуватимуть про нас.
Degrees of Comparison of Adverbs
Exercise 35. Study the following chart.
Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree
late later the latest
early earlier the earliest
exactly more exactly the most exactly
beautifully more beautifully the most beautifully
often oftener/ more often the oftenest/the most
often
quickly quicker/more quickly the quickest/the most

27
 quickly
slowly slower/more slowly the slowest/the most
slowly
well better the best
badly worse the worst
much more the most
little less the least
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives. Among them are: hard, fast,
free, high, low, deep, early, late, long, near, straight, right, wrong, hourly, daily,
weekly, monthly, early.
Adjective Adverb
It’s a really fast car, I must admit. The car goes very fast.
Я повинен визнати, що це дійсно Машина їде дуже швидко.
швидка машина
Linda is a hard-working student. Everybody works hard in that
department.
Лінда – працьовита студентка. У тому відділі усі наполегливо
працюють.
She has very little time to finish the They have seen each other little
annual report on time. recently.
У неї дуже мало часу, щоб Останнім часом вони мало
закінчити вчасно річний звіт. бачилися.
His long journey wasn’t so tiring as Have you been traveling long?
he had expected.
Його довга подорож не була такою Ви давно подорожуєте?
стомливою, як він очікував.
The yearly budget was approved. They approve a budget yearly.
Річний бюджет затвердили. Вони затверджують бюджет
щорічно.
Kris arrived in the late afternoon. Kris arrived late in the afternoon.
Кріс прибув пізнім вечором. Кріс прибув пізно ввечері.
Some adverbs have two forms, each with a different meaning:
hard старанний hard старанно hardly ледве, ледь

28
 late пізній late пізно lately останнім часом
near близький near близько nearly приблизно,
майже
high високий high високо highly дуже, сильно,
надзвичайно
free вільний, free безкоштовно freely вільно; без
безкоштовний перешкод
deep глибокий deep глибоко deeply глибоко,
сильно, дуже
Note: after the linking verbs to feel, to smell, to taste, to look, to be, to become, to
sound, to remain, to stay, to seem, to appear, etc. only adjectives are used as
predicatives: He felt happy. She is feeling bad (good).

Exercise 36. Underline the correct form and translate the sentences.
1. We heard voices as we drew near/nearly the village. The day of his interview
was drawing near/nearly. 2. We’ve saved some money, but it’s not near/nearly
enough. 3. She paused dramatic/dramatically. Landing on the moon was one of
the most dramatic/dramatically scientific adventures of the twentieth century. 4
The age difference between the brothers is really quite slight/slightly. Her
husband was slight/slightly shorter than she was. 5. A gold chain swung free⁄
freely around his neck. 6. Children under four can travel free⁄freely. 7. EU
members are allowed to travel free⁄freely between member states. 8. Information
is free⁄freely available on the Internet. 9. The harvest was late⁄lately this year
because of the rain. 10. What have you been doing late⁄lately. 11. What annoyed
him most/mostly was the way she wouldn’t even listen. 12. I was most⁄mostly
surprised to hear of your engagement. 13. She still looks pretty⁄prettily miserable.
14. The bridesmaids were pretty⁄prettily dressed in pink. 15. He tried hard⁄hardly
to solve the problem, but he couldn’t do it. 16. The music was so loud that I could
hard⁄hardly hear what he was saying. 17. It happened short⁄shortly before the
war. 18. He cut me short⁄shortly. 19. I saw him stop short⁄shortly and then walk
back. 20. He loved his daughter dear/dearly. 21. He sold (bought) it dear/dearly.
22. It cost him dear/dearly. 23. He paid dear/dearly for it. 24. I firm/firmly
believe that he can be made to see our point. 25. I shall stand firm/firmly. 26.
Computers have sure/surely made a difference in our lives. She is sure/surely to
arrive on time. 27. On the new stereo, many of the records sounded
29
different/differently. This time we shall do it different/differently.

Exercise 37. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the adjectives or adverbs.
1. Just listen! This tune sounds _________, doesn’t it? (wonderful, wonderfully).
2. I didn’t sleep very _________ while we were on holiday (good, well). 3. Your
exam results were very _________ (good, well). 4. The medicine tastes
_________ (bitter, bitterly). 5. Paul protested _________ about the new proposals
(vehement, vehemently). 6. Professor Calandra looked _________ at the student’s
sketches (quick, quickly). 7. The campers remained _________ (calm, calmly)
despite the thunderstorm. 8. They became _________ (sick, sickly) after eating the
contaminated food. 9. Our neighbors appeared _______ (relaxed, relaxing) after
their vacation. 10. The music sounded too _________ (noisy, noisily) to be
classical. 11. Our business is going very _________ (good, well) at the moment.
12. I like your jacket. It looks _________ on you (good, well).

Exercise 38. Translate into English.

1. Я знаю, що вона виконає роботу старанніше за тебе. 2 Вона почувалася
так погано, що ми відразу викликали швидку допомогу. 3. Давайте
піднімемося трішки вище. 4. Якщо ти хочеш наздогнати групу, ти повинен
працювати наполегливіше. 5. Ця машина дуже економічна. 6. Я бачив, що
вона слухає мене уважніше за всіх. 7. Я знаю його досить добре, але не так
добре, як ти. 8. У той день вона розмовляла зі мною суворіше, ніж завжди. 9.
Він відвідує свою родину рідше, ніж його сестра. 10. Чим спекотніше, тим
гірше він себе почуває. 11. Чим скоріше ти приймеш ці ліки, тим швидше ти
одужаєш. 12. Чим скоріше ти виїдеш, тим раніше ти дістанешся місця
призначення. 13. Я повинна зазначити, що твій дядько змінюється на краще.
14. Я знаю, де можна придбати такий телевізор дешевше.15. Нарешті вона
почала говорити голосніше. 16. Справи на фірмі йшли все гірше й гірше. 17.
Вона розповідає цю історію дуже кумедно. 18. Хоча вони й були
близнюками, вони завжди одягалися по-різному. Взагалі це не має значення.
19. Ця троянда пахне чудово. 20. Гірше не стане від того, що вона допоможе
тобі. 21. Він намагався заробляти на життя усіма можливими шляхами. 22.
Це більш за все лякало мене. 23. Хто рано лягає і рано встає, здоров’я,
багатство і розум наживе. 24. Вона не може поїхати з дому надовго. У
кращому випадку, вона може залишитися у нас на два дні. 25. Вона говорила

30
легко, але твердо. 26. Вона сприймає навколишній світ по-філософськи. 27.
Дощ все посилюється (badly). 28. Ця дівчина надзвичайно егоїстична. 29. Ви
страшенно добрі сьогодні. 30. Вони сказали це одночасно і розсміялися. 31.
У найгіршому випадку, я завжди можу повернутися до батьків додому. 32.
Мені хотілося б бути економічно незалежним. 33. – Ти упевнений, що все
правильно почув? – Абсолютно.

Exercise 39. Translate the following sentences, using 'much', far', 'a great
deal, 'still' with the adverbs in the comparative form.
1. Деяким людям набагато більше подобається подорожувати взимку, ніж
влітку. 2. Мій брат говорить французькою набагато краще, ніж
англійською. 3. Перед іспитами студенти, як правило, значно більше та
наполегливіше вчаться. 4. По неділях я встаю набагато пізніше ніж
звичайно. 5. Моя сестра набагато частіше ходить до театру, ніж я. 6. Вчора
наші спортсмени грали ще швидше. 7. Зі словником ви перекладете статтю
набагато точніше. 8. Сьогодні сонце світить набагато яскравіше ніж учора.
9. Сьогодні ти прийшов набагато пізніше, ніж учора. 10. Я ще більше
кохаю його за відвертість. 11. Вона заходить значно частіше, ніж ти. 12. Їй
майже п’ятдесят, але виглядає вона значно привабливіше від своїх
ровесниць.
The Article
(a) With names of natural phenomena
Exercise 40. Study the chart and explain the use of the article.
It was rain, rain all the week-end.
A heavy rain started when we arrived at the station.
The rain lasted for two days.
We had a lot of snow last night.
For the most part, however, Boston in a heavy snow was skiers’ Eden.
In the morning the snow was thick on the road.
Yesterday we had 10 degrees of frost.
There was a heavy frost in the night.
The frost killed all the plants.

Exercise 41. Fill in the blanks with articles where necessary.

31
1. Last week ____ heavy rain with ____ wind started when we arrived at the
station. 2. ____ rain lasted for one week and ____ weather changed our plans for
the worse. 3. ____ weather is ____ most important topic in Britain. 4. It was ____
snow, snow all the week-end. 5. We had a lot of ____ snow last winter. 6. In the
morning ____ snow was thick on the road. 7. It’s ____ awful day, isn’t it? 8. No,
as for me, it’s ____ lovely day because I like ____ rain in autumn. 9. In winter
was ____ heavy frost at night. 10. Yesterday we had only 2 degrees of ____ frost.
11. I could see footprints in ____ snow. 12. Over six inches of _____ snow fell
last night.

Exercise 42. Translate the following.

1. Густий туман укрив все місто. 2. Давай почекаємо, дощ скоро
закінчиться. 3. Вітер з заходу зазвичай приносить дощ. 4. Він виглянув у
вікно – навкруги лежав сніг: на деревах, доріжках саду, клумбах (flower
beds). 5. Вітер був сильним, і йти було важко. 6. Сильний мороз знищив
фруктові дерева. 7. Вчора ввечері йшов сильний сніг. 8. Подивись, сніг біля
фабрики зовсім чорний.

(b) With parts of the day and seasons

Exercise 43. Study the charts and explain the use of the article.
It is a frosty winter. It is a warm autumn.
It is a cold summer. It is a rainy spring
But: It is late spring. It is early winter.
It was a cold, sunny day in early spring.
It is real autumn. It is broad (high) summer.
Lunches are served in this hotel only in high summer.

in the morning on a dark evening at night this morning

in the evening on a sunny afternoon at dawn last night
in the daytime on a summer night at dusk next day
in the night on a cold morning at twilight yesterday afternoon
in the afternoon at noon tomorrow midnight
It is early/late morning (evening, etc.).
It was a bright Sunday morning of early/late autumn (spring, etc).

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They came in the morning (afternoon, etc); in (the) autumn (winter, etc).
It was a rainy morning (night, etc); a rainy autumn (spring, etc).
I met him on the morning of the exam; in the autumn of 2007.
He’s been here since Friday morning (autumn, etc).

Exercise 44. Fill in the blanks with articles where necessary.

1. ____ autumn has come and early in ____ morning sheets of ____ ice covers the
puddles on the road. 2. ____ rain never stopped in ____ night, and ____ morning
started with ____ dull rain typical of ____ late autumn. 3. We had ____ cold
winter last year with a lot of ____ snow. ____ frost didn't let us go even during
____ day. 4. The champion said he would always remember ____ winter of 2005
when he went mountain-skiing for the first time. 5. All through ____ winter the
old hunter is alone in the taiga, the first tourists come only in ____ summer. 6.
You can get to Lutsk only by plane but in ____ bad weather there may be no
flights and the passengers have to wait in the airport all through ____ night hoping
that ____ weather may change for the better in ____ morning and they will be
able to catch a plane some time during ____ day. I have been waiting here since
____ Monday noon. 7. It was ___ late afternoon on ____ foggy September day
when we left the town in our car. 8. We are expecting them in ____ evening, some
time after seven.

Exercise 45. Fill in the blanks with articles where necessary.

1. It was ____ evening. It was ____ cold evening. 2. It was ____ late evening.
____ evening was very pleasant. 3. Let’s meet in ____ evening. I’ll be very busy
in ____ afternoon. 4. It was ____ early morning. It’s good to get up early in ____
morning. 5. It snowed at ____ night. 6. We started early in ____ morning. 7. ____
night came, ____ day broke, but there was no sign of the plane. 8. Don’t worry;
we’ll get home before ____ sunset. 9. The children were shivering though it was
____ warm night.

Exercise 46. Translate into English:

1. Чи любите ви читати “Гардіан” по суботах? 2. Була рання весна, і ми
зібрались відпочити в горах. 3. Я граю на скрипці з осені 2000. 4. Була
дощова осінь, птахи відлітали на південь. 5. Я побачу її завтра вранці в
університеті. 6. Восени 2001, коли ми були в Лондоні, ми жили в
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“Континенталі”. 7. Ми очікували на них в день на обід, але пішов дощ і вони
не прийшли. 8. Ми очікували на нову квартиру з весни 2004, і були дуже
задоволені, коли отримали її.

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