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Cubic Crystals

Cubic crystals have a unique characteristic where planes and directions with the same indices are perpendicular to each other. For other crystal systems, there are no simple geometric relationships between similarly indexed planes and directions. There are 7 crystal systems that are divided into 14 Bravais lattices based on their unit cell parameters and symmetry operations. Common metal crystal structures include face-centered cubic, body-centered cubic, and hexagonal close-packed arrangements of atoms.

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40 views21 pages

Cubic Crystals

Cubic crystals have a unique characteristic where planes and directions with the same indices are perpendicular to each other. For other crystal systems, there are no simple geometric relationships between similarly indexed planes and directions. There are 7 crystal systems that are divided into 14 Bravais lattices based on their unit cell parameters and symmetry operations. Common metal crystal structures include face-centered cubic, body-centered cubic, and hexagonal close-packed arrangements of atoms.

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sairam
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Cubic crystals

• One interesting and unique characteristic of cubic crystals is


that planes and directions having the same indices are
perpendicular to one another

• For other crystal systems there are no simple geometrical


relationships between planes and directions having the same
indices
4-index notation for Hexagonal crystals
Miller-Bravais indices
The third index is included to
emphasize the symmetry; if
the third index were not
included, you might not realize
that, e.g., the (110) and
are crystallographically
equivalent.

(hkl)  (hkil) i = -(h+k)


Directions in Hexagonal Crystal
3-indices (Miller indices)
and
4-indices (Miller–Bravais
indices), coordinate system
Bravais Lattices
Named after named after Auguste Bravais

Centering
7 Crystal Systems 14 Bravais Lattices

• Primitive
• Body Centering
• Face Centering
• Base Centering
Bravais Lattices (14)
Crystal Primitive Body- Face- Base-
Parameters
System (Simple) Centered Centered Centered
abc
Cubic X X X

abc
Tetragonal X X

abc
Orthorhombic X X X X

abc
Rhombohedral X

abc
Hexagonal X

abc
Monoclinic X X

abc
Triclinic X

HCP Structure

Hexagonal unit cell


Atomic layer arrangement
Hexagonal packing
Stacking Sequence
• ABCABC... Stacking Sequence
• 2D Projection

A
B B
C C
A
A sites B B B
C C C C
B sites B B
C sites

• FCC Unit Cell


A
B
C
Cubic closed packing
FCC unit cell BCC unit Cell
Atoms Per Unit Cell
• Corners - shared by eight unit
cells (x 1/8)

• Edges - shared by four unit cells


(x 1/4)

• Faces - shared by two unit cells


(x 1/2)
Common Metal Structures
• Face-Centered Cubic (FCC)
– 8 corners x 1/8 + 6 faces x 1/2
– 1 + 3 = 4 atoms/u.c.
• Body-Centered Cubic (BCC)
– 8 corners x 1/8 + 1 center
– 1 + 1 = 2 atoms/u.c.
• Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP)
– 4 corners x 1/6 + 4 corners x
1/12 + 1 middle
– 2/3 +1/3 + 1 = 2 atoms/u.c.
Simple Cubic Structure (SC)
• Rare due to low packing density (only Po has this structure)
• Close-packed directions are cube edges.

• Coordination # = 6
(# nearest neighbors)
Body Centered Cubic Structure (BCC)
• Atoms touch each other along cube diagonals.
--Note: All atoms are identical; the center atom is shaded
differently only for ease of viewing.

ex: Cr, W, Fe (), Tantalum, Molybdenum


• Coordination # = 8

2 atoms/unit cell: 1 center + 8 corners x 1/8


Atomic Packing Factor: BCC
• APF for a body-centered cubic structure = 0.68
Face Centered Cubic Structure (FCC)
• Atoms touch each other along face diagonals.
--Note: All atoms are identical; the face-centered atoms are shaded
differently only for ease of viewing.

ex: Al, Cu, Au, Pb, Ni, Pt, Ag


• Coordination # = 12

4 atoms/unit cell: 6 face x 1/2 + 8 corners x 1/8


Atomic Packing Factor: FCC
• APF for a face-centered cubic structure = 0.74
maximum achievable APF

Unit cell contains:


6 x 1/2 + 8 x 1/8
= 4 atoms/unit cell
Atomic Packing Factor: HCP
Close-packed directions:
length = 2R = a
c/a =( 8/3 )

Unit cell contains:


4 x 1/(3 x 2) + 4 x 1/(6 x 2) + 1
= 2 atoms/unit cell

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