Nutrient Standards:

1. • Carbohydrate should provide 45–65% of kilocalories according to the AMDR. 2500 ×

0.45-0.65 = 1125–1625 kilocalories from carbohydrate; 1125–1625 divided by 4
kilocalories per gram of carbohydrate is approximately 281–406 grams of carbohydrate.

• Protein should provide 10–35% of kilocalories according to the AMDR. 2500 × 0.10-
0.35 = 250–875 kilocalories from protein; 250-875 divided by 4 kilocalories per gram of
protein is approximately 63–219 grams per day.

• Fat should provide 20–35% of kilocalories according to the AMDR. 2500 × 0.20-0.35 =
500–875 kilocalories from fat; 500–875 divided by 9 kilocalories per gram of fat is
approximately 56–97 grams per day.

2. Whole Grain:
- Consist of entire grain
- Is high in fiber
- Contains the germ, endosperm, and bran
Enriched Grain
- Has riboflavin, thiamin, niacin, and folic acid added
- Has iron added
Refined grain:
- Has been highly processed
- Has reduced amounts of B vitamins

3. Which of the following food components is generally not required to have a % Daily
Value displayed in the Nutrition Facts panel?
- Protein

4. What happens to your Daily Value for cholesterol when you eat more calories?
- It stays the same

5. EER (estimated energy requirement) is based on the average daily energy needs of a
healthy person

6. Nutritional standards, such as the RDAs, are not the basis for developing AI’s

7. Which of the following foods is a good source of protein and contains a lot of saturated
fat?
- Avocado, peanuts, dry peas, cheese

8. Fruit is generally a good source of all of the following substances, except

– protein
9. Daily Values are dietary standards developed for food-labeling purposes
 10. Which of the following statements is true?
- AMDRs have been developed for all nutrients.
- ULs meet the nutrient needs of nearly all healthy people.
- AIs are requirements for certain nutrients.
- RDAs contain a margin of safety.

Chemistry and Anatomy:

1. The digestive system relies on many organs to digest food, absorb nutrients from food, and
eliminate solid wastes. Arrange the primary organs of the digestive system in the order that
they function for digestion, absorption, and elimination.
a) Mouth and salivary glands
b) Stomach
c) Small intestine
d) Colon
e) Rectum
2. :
- The term gastric refers to the stomach.
- In the stomach, food becomes a watery mixture called chyme
- The pyloric sphincter controls the rate at which the chyme leaves the stomach and enters
the small intestine.
- The stomach also produces hydrochloric acid, which is important for digestion of protein.
3. Which is not an effective way of alleviating constipation:
- Ignoring normal urges to defecate, which "trains" the bowel to eliminate feces when it is
most convenient
4. :
- Where is sucrase found in the body? - On the microvilli of the small intestine
- Sucrase: - breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose
- How does sucrose change the configuration (shape) of sucrase? - By binding to the active
site of the enzyme
- How often can a sucrase enzyme be used to hydrolyze sucrose? – many times

5. :
- The tongue is involved in the taste of food and facilitates swallowing. The teeth
mechanically break food into small pieces.
- The pancreas produces and secretes digestive enzymes.
- After being absorbed, many nutrients enter the hepatic portal vein and travel to the liver.
- The liver has many functions, including the storage of several nutrients and detoxification
of many harmful substances.
6. What substance is insoluble in water? – fat
7. A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform similar functions.
8. Which of the following organs is an accessory organ of the digestive system?
- Heart, spleen, tongue, bladder
9. Which following statement is true?
- The liver is the primary organ of the cardiovascular system.
- Hemoglobin carries most of the enzymes in the blood.
- Cells need carbon monoxide to obtain energy.
- Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

10. Chemical digestion begins in the mouth.

11. Chemical messengers in the body are hormones.
12. Tiny, finger like projections of the small intestine that absorb nutrients are called villi.
13. A lacteal is a lymph vessel within each villus.
14. A chylomicron transports lipids in the bloodstream.
15. The stomach secretes hydrochloric acid.
16. Peristalsis helps move food/chyme through the digestive tract.
17. Which of the following conditions primarily affects the large intestine?
- GERD, gallstones, ulcerative colitis, peptic ulcers.

Carbohydrates:

1. Which monosaccharide is added to a glucose molecule to make the disaccharide in the

right-hand column?
- Maltose: Glucose
- Sucrose: fructose
- Lactose: galactose
2. Classify the simple sugars as disaccharides or monosaccharides.
- Disaccharide: Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose
- Monosaccharide: Fructose, Glucose, Galactose
3.
4. ;
- After a late night, you overslept this morning and woke up late for class. In a rush to
leave the house, you failed to eat breakfast. A few hours later, with an empty stomach,
your blood glucose drops. This prompts your pancreas to release glucagon to stimulate
breakdown of glycogen in the liver into glucose.
- After morning class, with your stomach growling, you stagger to the cafeteria and eat a
large pasta entree for lunch. Following this meal, your blood glucose rises and the
pancreas releases insulin which helps lower blood glucose levels by allowing glucose to
enter most cells.
- You go to your next class, but because you're so full from lunch, you doze off. You
awake to your classmate poking you in the arm as you realize the teacher is calling your
name to answer a question. With your heart racing, your body now releases epinephrine,
which increases glycogen breakdown in the liver and raises your blood sugar.
5. Diabetes mellitus: is a group of diseases characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and
protein metabolism. Diabetes is a leading cause of death in the United States.
- The majority of Americans with diabetes have type 2 diabetes formerly called adult-onset
diabetes.
- The major type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance.
- Approx. 5% of diabetes cases are type 1 diabetes, formerly called juvenile diabetes.
- The type of diabetes that may occur during pregnancy is called gestational diabetes
Women who have this condition are at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes after
giving birth.
6. Fiber plays a major role in maintaining proper intestinal health:
- A low-fiber diet can contribute to infrequent bowel movements, which is a condition
called constipation.
- If excessive straining occurs during defecation, the anal veins can swell, causing inflamed
hemorrhoids.
- High pressure inside the large intestine during bowel movements can cause small
pouches called diverticula to protrude through the intestinal wall.
- When these pouches are painfully inflamed, the condition is known as diverticulitis.
7. Polysaccharides (complex carbs):
- Digestible carbs: amylopectin, glycogen
- Nondigestible carbs: cellulose, gums, pectins, mucilages
8. Because animals store glycogen in their muscles, meat, fish, and poultry are good sources
of the complex carbohydrate. FALSE
9. Enzymes and their actions in carbohydrate digestion:
- Salivary amylase: begins the breakdown of starch in the mouth
- Lactase: breaks disaccharide into glucose and galactose
- Maltase: breaks disaccharide into two molecules of glucose
- Sucrase: breaks disaccharide into glucose and fructose
10. Dietary practices that can help reach calcium needs without aggravating lactose
intolerance symptoms:
- Eat aged cheese and yogurt
- Drink milk on an empty stomach
11. Dietary fiber and its health benefits:
- Fiber-rich food has lower energy content than the same volume of low-fiber food: helps
promote weight loss
- Fiber reduces cholesterol absorption and increases cholesterol excretion: reduces
cardiovascular disease risk
- Fiber increases fecal size and softness: promotes colon health.
12. In people with type 1 diabetes who are not being treated for the condition, blood sugar
levels remain chronically higher than normal because their: pancreas does not make and
release insulin.
13. The treatment for type 1 diabetes always includes: insulin, by injection of hormone into
body.
14. Insulin: allows glucose to enter cells.
15. Added sugars are a form of: simple carbohydrates.
16. The two major types of carbs in human diets are: simple and complex carbs.
17. Plants need certain substances and conditions to make carbohydrates. Of the following
substances and conditions, select all those that are needed for plants to make
carbohydrates:
- Water, sunlight & carbon dioxide
18. Rich source of soluble fiber:
- Oatmeal, citrus fruit, apples, carrots, beans
 Rich source of Insoluble Fiber:
- Whole-grain bread, brown rice
19. Glucose is a primary fuel for muscles and other cells
20. Dietary fiber is not digested by the human intestinal tract
21. Insulin is secreted after a meal, which lowers blood glucose level
22. Type 2 diabetes is often associated with excess body weight.
23. Ben often experiences abdominal discomfort, bloating, and diarrhea after consuming
milk. Which intestinal enzyme could Ben be deficient in? – Lactase

Lipids:

1. Major kind of lipid:

- Phospholipids
- Cholesterol
- Triglycerides
Not major kind of lipid:
- Glycerol
- Alcohol
- Lipoproteins
2. Saturated fats:
- Beef
- Butter
Monosaturated:
- Olive oil
- Peanut oil
Polysaturated:
- Soybean oil
- Fatty fish
3. What foods have naturally occurring trans fatty foods:
- Beef, whole milk, & butter
4. Good source of EPA and DHA: - Tuna
5. The recipe's ingredients include olive oil, salt, vinegar, egg yolks, paprika, and black
pepper. Which of the ingredients is an emulsifier?: - egg yolks
6. All vegetable oil is cholesterol-free because cholesterol is only found in animal foods.
7. Lipids have many functions in the body as well as in foods:
- Essential fatty acids must be supplied by food
- Subcutaneous fat stores triglycerides and helps keep the body warm
- Phospholipids are the “building blocks” for various proteins in body
- Cholesterol provides 9 kcal/g.
8. Types of Lipids and their chemical structure:
9. Triglycerides digestion and absorption steps:

a) salivary and gastric lipase partially digest fats in stomach

b) chyme containing large fat droplets enters the small intestine
c) bile salts emulsify fats into smaller particles called micelles
d) pancreatic lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids, monoglycerides and glycerol
e) micelles are reformed from the end products of digestion and transported to the edge of
the absorptive cell of the small intestine.
f) in the absorptive cell, monoglycerides, and fatty acids are combined to become
triglycerides
g) triglycerides and cholesterol are packaged into chylomicrons and enter the lymphatic
system.
10.

11. :

- Used bile salts are absorbed in the small intestine. After being absorbed, the used bile
salts enter the liver. this organ recycles the bile salts to make new bile.
- If soluble fiber is present in chyme, it can interfere with the recycling of used bile salts.
As a result, the used bile salts are eliminated in feces.
- When there is a lack of recycled bile salts, the liver uses cholesterol from the bloodstream
to make new bile.
12. Which of the following structures stores triglycerides in the form of fat droplets?: -
Adipose cell
13.
14. What is a healthy way to maintain or raise HDL cholesterol and/or lower LDL
cholesterol?
- Choosing more trans fats, such as shortening
- Performing moderate intensity physical exercise most days.
15. Lipoproteins and their descriptor:
- HDL: transports cholesterol from cells to liver
- LDL: carries most of the cholesterol in the bloodstream and transports cholesterol to cells
- VLDL: contains only about 15% of the cholesterol in the bloodstream but carries the
largest share of the triglycerides.
- Oxidized LDL: damaged LDL that is taken up by the arterial cells and forms plaque
- Chylomicron: carries absorbed dietary lipids away from the intestinal tract.
16. Solid fats generally have a high proportion of saturated fatty acids.
17. A saturated fatty acid has no double bonds within the hydrocarbon chain.
18. Which of the following statement is true:
- certain fish are rich sources of omega-3 fatty aids
- Omega-3 fatty acids increase the risk of cardiovascular disease
- Trans fats are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids
- The human body converts dietary fiber into omega-3 fatty acids.
19. Phospholipids are partially water-soluble.
20. Cholesterol is only found in animal foods.
21. The primary site of triglyceride digestion and absorption is the small intes.
 22. Lipoproteins transport lipids into the bloodstream.
23. Homocysteine is a possible marker for cardiovascular disease.

Proteins: