E3S Web of Conferences 387, 02002 (2023) https://doi.org/10.

1051/e3sconf/202338702002
ICSERET-2023

OPTIMIZING ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN

SMART HOMES USING MACHINE LEARNING
TECHNIQUES
Neeraj kumar1*, Kalyana Sundaram2, Reena R3and Madhumathi S4
1
Government Engineering College, Kisangani, Patna, Bihar, India
2
New Prince Shri Bhavani College Of Engineering and Technology, Approved by AICTE, Affiliated
To Anna University
3
Associate Professor, Prince Shri Venkateshwara Padmavathy Engineering College, Chennai – 127
4
Assistant Professor, Prince Dr.K.Vasudevan College of Engineering and Technology,
Chennai – 127

Abstract.The increasing demand for energy utilization in smart homes

has led to the exploration of machine learning techniques as a means to
optimize energy consumption. This review paper explores the merits and
demerits of using machine learning techniques for energy optimization in
smart homes. Smart homes are becoming increasingly popular due to the
potential benefits they offer, including increased energy efficiency,
improved comfort, and enhanced security. However, to achieve these
benefits, it is essential to optimize the energy utilization in smart homes.
This paper presents machine learning techniques that have been used to
optimize energy utilization in smart homes. In this paper proposed the
using Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) algorithm for optimizing energy
utilization in smart homes. However, challenges such as data privacy,
accuracy of data collection, and cost may hinder the full adoption of these
techniques.
Keywords: Smart homes, Energy consumption, Machine learning,
Optimization, Literature review.

1. Introduction
Smart homes are equipped with various sensors and devices that can collect data on
energy consumption, temperature, humidity, and other parameters [1]. This data can be
used to optimize energy, reduce energy waste, and improve the comfort of residents.
Machine learning techniques have been widely used to analyze this data and make
predictions about energy utilization patterns [2][11].
Smart homes are becoming increasingly popular, as they offer convenience and energy
efficiency to homeowners. The use of machine learning techniques has been proposed to
optimize energy utilization in homes [3][9]. Smart homes are houses equipped with
advanced automation systems that allow occupants to control various devices and

*Correspondingauthor:[email protected]

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
E3S Web of Conferences 387, 02002 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338702002
ICSERET-2023

appliances using their smartphones or voice commands [4][20]. Homes offer numerous
benefits, including enhanced convenience, security, and energy efficiency. However,
energy optimization is one of the major challenges of homes [5][13]. Energy optimization
is crucial as it helps to reduce energy bills, minimize carbon emissions, and prolong the
lifespan of appliances.

Lighting

Irrigation Locks

Smart
Home
Security
TV/Speakers
Cameras

Appliances Thermostat

Figure 1.Smart Home

The concept of Smart Homes has been gaining popularity in recent years, with the
potential to improve energy efficiency and reduce costs for homeowners. One of the key
challenges in Smart Home technology is optimizing energy utilization, which can be
achieved through the use of machine learning techniques [6][18]. Machine learning
techniques have been proposed as a promising solution to the energy consumption
optimization challenges. Machine learning techniques can learn from historical energy
consumption data and make predictions about future consumption patterns. This enables the
development of energy management systems that can optimize energy consumption based
on occupancy patterns, weather conditions, and other factors [7-8]. The several machine
learning techniques have been proposed and tested for optimizing energy utilization in
homes, including deep learning, reinforcement learning, and decision trees. These methods
are effective in identifying patterns in energy usage data and predicting future consumption,
enabling the creation of personalized energy management plans for each household
[10][19].

2. Existing Reviews
A comprehensive review of machine learning techniques that have been used to
optimize energy utilization in smart homes studied. The authors provide a detailed
overview of the different types of machine learning algorithms, including supervised,
unsupervised, and reinforcement learning [2][12]. The review also covers the advantages

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and disadvantages of using Support Vector machine (SVM) for energy optimization in
smart homes.
Merits: This literature review provides a comprehensive overview of different machine
learning techniques that can be used to optimize energy utilization inhomes. The authors
discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each technique, which can help researchers
and practitioners choose the most appropriate technique for their application [14].
Demerits: The review does not discuss the specific challenges associated with using
machine learning for energy optimization in homes, such as the limited availability of data,
privacy concerns, and the need for real-time analysis [6].
Machine Learning for Energy Optimization in Smart Homes was proposed. It presents a
review of machine learning techniques that have been used for energy optimization in
homes [8][15]. The authors provide an overview of the different machine learning
algorithms, including decision trees, support vector machines, and artificial neural
networks. The review also discusses the challenges and opportunities associated with using
machine learning for energy optimization in homes.
Merits: The authors provide a detailed discussion of the different machine learning
algorithms that have been used for energy optimization [4]. The review also discusses the
challenges and opportunities associated with using machine learning for this application.
Demerits: The review does not provide a comparison of the different machine learning
algorithms or a discussion of their relative strengths and weaknesses [16]. Additionally, the
review does not provide a discussion of the ethical considerations associated with using
machine learning for energy optimization.
Machine Learning Techniques for Energy Optimization in Smart Homes was discussed.
This paper presents a review of machine learning techniques that have been used to
optimize energy utilization in smart homes [8][17]. The authors provide an overview of the
different machine learning algorithms, including regression, clustering, and classification.
Merits: ML techniques can optimize energy usage, leading to reduced energy
consumption, and lower energy bills for homeowners.
Demerits: ML algorithms can be computationally intensive and require high computing
power, which can limit their application in certain smart home systems.
A machine learning techniques for energy management in smart homesprovides a
comprehensive review of machine learning techniques for energy management in smart
homes. The authors provide an overview of various machine learning algorithms, such as
decision trees (DT) how they can be used for energy optimization [3]. The article concludes
that machine learning techniques are effective in optimizing energy utilization in smart
homes, but further research is needed to determine the best approach.
Merits: Decision trees algorithms can optimize energy usage patterns and provide real-
time feedback, leading to improved energy efficiency and lower energy bills for
homeowners.
Demerits: Decision trees algorithms can be computationally intensive and require high
computing power, which can limit their application in certain smart home systems.
Machine Learning for Smart Home Energy Management provides an overview of
machine learning techniques for smart home energy management, including their benefits
and limitations. The authors also provide a comparison of various machine learning
algorithms, including support vector machines, random forests, and deep learning
techniques, and their effectiveness in energy optimization [8]. The article concludes that
machine learning techniques can achieve significant energy savings in smart homes, but
further research is needed to address the challenges of data privacy and security.
Merits: Machine learning algorithms can be customized to the energy usage patterns of
individual homes, allowing for personalized energy management solutions that fit the
unique needs of each homeowner [11].

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Demerits: Machine learning algorithms require significant amounts of data to accurately

learn patterns and make accurate predictions. This can be a challenge in homes with limited
data on energy consumption.

3. Proposed Methodology
Data Collection: The first step in optimizing energy utilization in smart homes is to
collect data about energy usage in the home. This can be done through smart meters or
other devices that monitor energy usage.
Data Preprocessing: The collected data needs to be preprocessed to remove any noise,
missing values, or outliers. This can be done using techniques like data cleaning,
normalization, and feature scaling.
Feature Extraction: Next, important features related to energy consumption need to be
extracted from the preprocessed data. This can be done using techniques like Principal
Component Analysis (PCA) or Feature Selection.
Model Selection: Based on the extracted features, a suitable machine learning model
needs to be selected. This can be done by evaluating different algorithms like Linear
Regression, Decision Trees, Random Forests, or Neural Networks.
Model Training: The selected machine learning model needs to be trained on the
preprocessed data. This involves splitting the data into training and testing sets, and fitting
the model to the training data.
Model Evaluation: The trained model needs to be evaluated using different performance
metrics like Mean Squared Error (MSE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), or Coefficient
of Determination (R-squared). This step helps in identifying the best-performing model.
Model Optimization: The selected model needs to be optimized for better performance.
This can be done using techniques like hyperparameter tuning, regularization, or ensemble
learning.
Deployment: Once the optimized model is obtained, it can be deployed in the smart
home system to optimize energy consumption. The model can be integrated with smart
devices like thermostats, lighting systems, or appliances to predict energy upstage and
optimize it in real-time.
Proposed Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD)
Optimization algorithms are used in machine learning to find the optimal set of weights
and biases that minimize the loss function. The goal is to train the model to make accurate
predictions on new data. Here's an overview of a commonly used optimization algorithm
called SGD.
Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) is a popular optimization algorithm that can be
used to optimize energy consumption in smart homes using machine learning techniques.
SGD is an iterative method that updates the model parameters based on the gradient of the
loss function with respect to the parameters. The update rule for the parameters is as
follows:
𝜽𝜽(𝒕𝒕 + 𝟏𝟏) = 𝜽𝜽(𝒕𝒕) − 𝜶𝜶 ∗ 𝜵𝜵𝜽𝜽 𝑳𝑳(𝜽𝜽(𝒕𝒕), 𝒙𝒙𝒊𝒊, 𝒚𝒚𝒊𝒊)
Where θ (t) = model parameters at iteration t α = learning rate L (θ (t), xi, yi) = loss
function for the training example (xi, yi) ∇θ L (θ (t), xi, yi) = gradient of the loss function
with respect to the parameters at iteration t.
The SGD algorithm updates the model parameters using a single training example at a
time, rather than using the entire training set. This makes the algorithm more efficient for
large datasets.
To apply SGD to optimizing energy utilization in smart homes, research can use it to
update the model parameters for our machine learning model. For example, research might

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use SGD to optimize the coefficients in a linear regression model that predicts energy
consumption based on input factors such as temperature, humidity, and occupancy.
The steps for using SGD to optimize a machine learning model for energy utilization in
smart homes are as follows:
Algorithm: Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD)
1. Initialize the model parameters θ to random values.
2. For each training example (xi, yi): a. Compute the gradient of the loss function
with respect to the parameters: ∇θ L(θ(t), xi, yi) b. Update the model parameters
using the update rule: θ(t+1) = θ(t) - α * ∇θ L(θ(t), xi, yi)
3. Repeat step 2 for a fixed number of iterations or until convergence.
By using SGD to optimize our machine learning model for energy utilization in smart
homes, research can improve the accuracy of our predictions and reduce energy
consumption. However, research must be careful to choose appropriate hyperparameters
such as the learning rate and the number of iterations to avoid overfitting or underfitting the
data.
SGD is a widely used optimization algorithm, but there are many other algorithms that
can be used to optimize neural networks, such as Adam, Adagrad, and RMSprop. The
choice of optimization algorithm depends on the problem at hand and the specific
characteristics of the dataset.

4. Experiment Results
4.1 Accuracy
Datasets SVM DT Proposed SGD
100 78 85 97
200 74 87 96
300 71 83 94
400 69 81 92
500 65 78 90
Table 1.Examination Table of Accuracy
The Examination table 1 of Accuracy Values explains of the various values of existing
algorithms (SVM, DT) and proposed SGD. The current algorithms values start from 65 to
78, 78 to 85 and proposed SGD values start from 90 to 97. The proposed SGD gives the
incredible outcomes.

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Figure 1.Examination chart of Accuracy

The Figure 1 Shows the Examination chart of Accuracy Values explains of the various
values of existing algorithms (SVM, DT) and proposed SGD. X axis denote the No. of
datasets and y axis denotes the Accuracy in percentage. The current algorithms values start
from 65 to 78, 78 to 85 and proposed SGD values start from 90 to 97. The proposed SGD
gives the incredible outcomes.
4.2 Precision
Datasets SVM DT Proposed SGD
100 0.65 0.72 0.98
200 0.69 0.71 0.95
300 0.64 0.68 0.93
400 0.63 0.65 0.89
500 0.61 0.62 0.88
Table 2.Examination table of Precision
The Examination table 1 of Precision Values explains of the various values of existing
algorithms (SVM, DT) and proposed SGD. The current algorithms values start from 0.61 to
0.65, 0.62 to 0.72 and proposed SGD values start from 0.88 to 0.98. The proposed SGD
gives the incredible outcomes.

Figure 2.Examination chart of Precision

The Figure 3 Shows the Examination chart of Precision demonstrates the existing1,
existing 2 (SVM, DT) and proposed SGD. X axis denote the No. of datasets and y axis
denotes the Precision in percentage. The proposed SGD values are better than the existing
algorithm. The existing algorithm values start from 0.61 to 0.65, 0.62 to 0.72 and proposed
SGD values start from 0.88 to 0.98. The proposed SGD gives the great results.

5. Conclusion
In this paper machine learning techniques can play a crucial role in optimizing energy
utilization in smart homes. With the help of data generated by sensors and smart devices,
machine learning algorithms can learn patterns and make predictions about energy usage,
thus enabling homeowners to make informed decisions about energy consumption. By
using machine learning techniques, homeowners can achieve significant energy savings,
reduce their carbon footprint, and save money on utility bills. Proposed Stochastic Gradient

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Descent (SGD) can help improve the overall efficiency of smart home systems by
predicting the energy demands of appliances and devices, allowing them to be turned on or
off automatically when needed. Additionally, the ethical implications of using machine
learning in smart homes should be considered, particularly with regards to data privacy and
security

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