CHAPTER 5

Basic Network Configuration

Basic Network Configuration

This section covers basic network configuration set-up and testing. Also covered are basic concepts and operations, including
the difference between LAN and WAN networks and how IP Addressing is used.

In a networked environment, such as a company, typically there are many computers connected together using a router or a
switch. In larger companies, there may be several different routers distributed in buildings and plant locations. A router allows
any LAN-side computer to communicate with other computers and devices outside the LAN (local area network). Routers
send data packets from one place to another place on a network. routers use network addresses to route packets to the correct
destination. For example, in a TCP/IP network, the IP (internet protocol) address of the network interface is used to direct
router destinations.

Because routers help computers inside the LAN “talk” with computers outside of the LAN, the security of a company’s LAN
may be compromised by gaps of open ports in the router. Security measures may have been instituted to compensate for these
vulnerabilities. Consult you network administrator to learn about the security measures taken to protect your network. VPN, or
virtual private network, is one such security measure to protect the intelligence of the LAN. A computer outside the LAN must
have an address or key known by the VPN to allow access to the LAN. Many companies use a VPN to connect two different
LANs, thus allowing the transfer of data between two networks.

LAN (local area network) vs. WAN (wide area network)

LOCAL AREA NETWORK

Simply put, a LAN is a computer network that connects a relatively small area (a single building or group of buildings). Most
LANs connect workstations and computers to each other. Each computer (also known as a “node”), has its own processing unit
and executes its own programs; however, it can also access data and devices anywhere on the LAN. This means many users
can access and share the same information and devices. A good example of a LAN device is a network printer. Most
companies cannot afford the budgetary or hardware expense of providing printers for each of its users; therefore, one printer
(or device) is placed on the LAN where every user can access the same printer.

The LAN uses IP Addresses to route data to different destinations on the network. An IP Address is a 32-bit numeric address
consisting of four numbers separated by periods (for example, 1.160.10.240).

NOTE: For more information on IP Addresses, see you local network administrator.

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Figure 2. Local Area Network Diagram

WIDE AREA NETWORK

A wide area network (WAN) connects two or more LANs and can span a relatively large geographical area. For example,
Telex Headquarters in Burnsville, MN is connected to several branch offices in Nebraska and Arkansas over a WAN. The
largest WAN in existence is the Internet.

Figure 3. Wide Area Network Diagram

ACCESSING THE WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

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Figure 3 shows LAN IP Addresses using a common IP Address, 10.2.100.X (192.168.X.X is another common address). Most
devices are shipped with these addresses as its default. It is recommended to use these addresses for LANs.

Figure 4. Network Address Translation

NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION (NAT)

Using the initial IP Address, then converting it to a valid WAN IP Address is how the network address translation works, in
theory. Once the IP address is changed, it is up to the network interface device (such as a router, gateway, switch, etc.) to keep
track of which computers are talking on which ports. For example, if two local devices (PC1 and PC2 in Figure 3) both wanted
to talk via port 1031, then the network interface device would have to change one of the port requests to the next available port,
1032.

PORTS

In general, a network port is an endpoint to a logical connection. The port number identifies what type of port it is. For
example, port 80 is used for HTTP traffic. When you type an address into the address bar of a web browser, your computer
goes to find an IP Address for the url you are requesting (http://www.telex.com). To obtain this address, the computer contacts
a DNS server (Domain Name Server). Once the IP Address is found, it tries to connect to the http port of the network device
(port 80). See Table 1 for a list of the more well-known port numbers.

Each network device can be set-up to respond or not respond to the various ports. The function of responding or “hosting a
service” is called “serving”.

TABLE 1. Packet Translation

Packet before Translation Packet after Translation

Source Destination Source Destination
Port
Port Port Port
IP Address IP Address IP Address IP Address Numbe
Number Number Number
r
To
10.2.100.2 1031 192.156.136.22 80 99.5.1.30 1031 192.156.136.22 80
Internet
From
192.156.136.22 80 99.5.1.30 1031 192.156.136.22 80 10.2.100.2 1031
Internet

If a second workstation on the LAN wants to communicate to the same server, and happens to use the same source port
number, then the LAN Modem will translate the source port number as well as the source IP address. In Table, 2, a second
LAN computer wants to access a web page. The NAT device now uses port 1032 for this connection where it used port 1031 in
Table 1.

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TABLE 2. Packet Translation

Packet before Translation Packet After Translation

Source Destination Source Destination
Port Port Port Port
IP Address IP Address IP Address IP Address
Number Number Number Number
To
10.2.100.1 1031 192.156.136.22 80 99.5.1.30 1032 192.156.136.22 80
Internet
From
192.156.136.22 80 99.5.1.30 1032 192.156.136.22 80 10.2.100.1 1031
Internet

Amazingly, all the address translation that occurs takes place automatically in order to make web browsing and other functions
easier. This is also a way for large web hosting services to speed up the network by having different devices perform different
functions.

TABLE 3. Well-Known TCP Port Numbers

TABLE 3. Well-Known TCP Port Numbers Port

Numbe Description
Port r
Numbe Description 110 POP3
r 115 Simple File Transfer Protocol
1 TCP Port Service Multiplexer (TCPMUX) 118 SQL Services
5 Remote Job Entry (RJE) 119 Newsgroup (NNTP)
7 ECHO 137 NetBIOS Name Service
18 Message Send Protocol (MSP) 139 NetBIOS Datagram Service
20 FTP-Data 143 Interim Mail Access Protocol (IMAP)
21 FTP- Control 150 NetBIOS Session Service
23 Telnet 156 SQL Server
25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 161 SNMP
29 MSG ICP 179 Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
37 Time 190 Gateway Access Control Protocol (GACP)
42 Host Name Server (Nameserv) 194 Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
43 Whols 197 Directory Location Services (DLS)
49 Login Host Protocol (Login) 389 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)
53 Domain Name Server (DNS) 396 Novell Netware over IP
69 Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) 443 HTTPS
70 Gopher Service 444 Simple Network Paging Protocol (SNPP)
79 Finger 445 Microsoft-DS
80 HTTP 458 Apple Quick Time
103 X.400 Standard 546 DHCP Client
108 SNA Gateway Access Server 547 DHCP Server
109 POP2 563 SNEWS
569 MSN

IP ADDRESSES
If you do not know your IP Address, you can open a DOS screen in a Windows®- based environment and bring up the ipconfig
screen.

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To find your IP Address using ipconfig, do the following:

1. From the Start Menu, open a Command Prompt screen.

2. At the prompt, type ipconfig, then press Enter.

The IP configurations appear for your machine, such as the DNS suffix, IP Address, Subnet Mask, and Default
Gateway.

3. At the prompt, type Exit to close the screen.

NOTE: If you want more detailed parameters for your machine, type ipconfig/All. This screen shows the computers network
configuration settings.

Ping a Computer
Pinging a computer on the network makes sure it is able to be “seen” and receive messages on the network.

NOTE: You can also ping your RVON-8 card to verify that it is responding over the network by putting the cards IP Address
in place of the computer IP Address.

To Ping a computer on the network, do the following:

1. From the Start menu, select Run... .

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2. At the Run command, type CMD to open a Command Prompt screen.

3. At the prompt, type the IP Address of the computer you wish to ping (for example, 10.2.100.130).
4. Press Enter.

NOTE: If the computer you are pinging is not responding to the ping, you will receive a time-out message in the command
prompt screen.

POSSIBLE PITFALL WITH ROUTERS, GATEWAYS, AND SWITCHES

Anytime computers communicate through routers, gateways, and switches, they may be allowed or denied the connection.
Network interface devices can be configured to block specific outgoing requests, as well as incoming requests, based on the IP
Address and/or port. This is one of the security mechanisms of a router. This also happens when broadcast messages are sent
and received.

To view the path an IP Address takes to retrieve information, you can execute a tracert from the Command Prompt Screen.
1. From the Start Menu, open a Command Prompt screen.

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2. At the prompt, type tracert and type the url or IP Address you want to trace.

3. Press Enter.
The details of the tracer route are displayed.

NOTE: You will the message “request timed out” if the IP Address/ port IN or OUT is denied to the incoming or outgoing
message.
4. When you are finished, type exit to close the Command Prompt screen.

RVON Configuration
RVON cards use ports for communication of audio and control packets. Because routers can be configured to block certain
incoming and outgoing requests, you will need to open the following ports in your network to allow WAN connections to and
from a Network Interface Device. See Table X for the ports that need to be opened for the RVON cards to operate properly.

TABLE 4. Ports necessary for RVON card functionality.

Port Port Description

2076 UDP Call Control Signalling
2077 UDP Audio Packets
UDP Telex Proprietary
2079
Signalling
2080 TCP Telex Keypanel Protocol
2081 UDP Pass Through Serial
2082 TCP Firmware Download

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TABLE 4. Ports necessary for RVON card functionality.

Port Port Description

2100 Remote Administration
2102 Authentication Server

Below, is an example of a router configuration screen. Not all routers are configured the same way and may not look exactly
like this screen.

NOTE: Linksys™ supports up to 253 nodes on a router. This is why it is called a Router/Switch because there are WAN
functions like a router as well as having a 4-port LAN switch. It also does not support simultaneous forward and DHCP.

Network Terminology
Bridges

A bridge is a device that connects two LANs, or two segments of the same LAN that use the same protocol.
Sometimes called “transparent bridges, they work at the OSI model Layer 2. Simply put, they are not
concerned with protocols. Their main job is to pass data to a destination address that is predetermined in the
data packet.

With a bridge, all of your computers are on the same network subnet (see Subnet). This means your
computers can communicate with each other and have their own Internet connection. If you assign your own
IP Addresses be sure to use the same first 3 “octets” of the IP Address (for example, 192.168.0.X).

Domain Name Server (DNS)

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A DNS Server is an Internet service that translates domain names (for example, in the URL http://
www.telex.com, the domain name is the telex.com) into IP Addresses. The Internet is based on IP Addresses
which are numeric and since domain names are alphabetic, they are easier to remember. Every time a domain
name is used it must go through the DNS server to be translated into an IP Address.

Gateway

A gateway is a node on a network that serves as an entrance to another network. The gateway routes traffic
from a computer to an outside network that is serving the web pages. For example, the gateway for a home
computer is the ISP provider that connects the user to the Internet.

In a corporate environment, the gateway often acts as a proxy server and a firewall. Gateways are similar to
routers and switches in that they forward data to the destination and provide the path for which the data will
travel to the destination.

Hub

A hub is a common connection point for devices in a network. A hub has multiple ports. When a data packet
arrives at a hub, it is copied and distributed to all of its ports so that all nodes on the LAN can see the packets.

There are three types of hubs:

passive hub - this hub serves as a conduit for the data, enabling it to go from one device to another.
intelligent hub (also known as manageable hubs) - this hub includes addition features that enable administrators
to monitor traffic through the hub.
switching hub - this hub reads the destination address of each packet and then forwards the data pack to the
appropriate port.

IP Address (Internet Protocol Address)

An IP Address is an identifier or numerical name for a computer or device on a network. Data between
computers are routed over the network using these addresses to identify the computer the message is being
sent to and the computer the message is being sent from.

The format of an IP Address is a 32-bit numeric address written as four numbers separated by periods. For
example, an IP Address looks like 10.100.1.1.

IMPORTANT: When working within an isolated network (meaning there is no Internet access), IP
Addresses can be assigned at random just as long as they are unique to each computer and device. When the
isolated network is connected to the Internet, registered Internet Addresses must be obtained. This is to
prevent duplication of addresses.

The four numbers in and IP Address are used in different was to identify a particular network and host on
that network. There are three classes of Internet Addresses.

CLASS A - supports 16 million hosts on each of 127 networks.

CLASS B - supports 65,000 hosts on each of 16,000 networks.
CLASS C - supports 254 hosts on each of 2 million networks.

LAN

A LAN is a computer network that connects a relatively small area (a single building or group of buildings).
Most LANs connect work stations and computers to each other. Each computer (also known as a “node”),
has its own processing unit and executes its own processing unit and executes its own programs; however it
can also access data and devices anywhere on the LAN. This means that many users can access and share the
same information and devices. A good example of a LAN device is a network printer. Most companies

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cannot afford the budgetary or hardware expense of providing printers for each of its users; therefore, one
printer (i.e., device) is placed on the LAN where every user can access the same printer.

The LAN uses IP Addresses to route data to different destinations on the network. An IP Address is a 32-bit
numeric address written as four numbers separated by periods (for example 1.160.10.240).

Port

A port, when referring to TCP and UDP networks, is an endpoint in a logical connection. The port number
identifies the type of port it is. For example, port 80 is used for HTTP traffic.

Routers

A router is a device that forwards data packets over networks. Most commonly, a router is connected to at
least two networks (normally LANs or WANs). Routers are located at gateways, the place where two
networks are connected. Routers do little data filtering, they mainly deliver the data.
Subnet

A subnet is a portion of a network that shares a common address component. On a TCP/IP network, a subnet
is described as all computers or devices whose IP Address have the same prefix.

Subnetting a network is useful because it provides security for the network as well as increases performance
of the network. IP networks are divided using subnet masks.

Switches

A switch is a device that filters and forwards data packets between networks. Switches operate at the data
layer, and sometimes at the network layer.

WAN

A wide area network connects two or more LANs and can span a relatively large geographical area. For
example, Telex Headquarters in Burnsville, MN is connected to several of its branch offices in Nebraska and
Arkansas over the wide area network. The largest WAN is the Internet.

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Notes

Bosch Security Systems, Inc. Technical Manual F.01U.193.277 Rev. 12

Bosch Security Systems, Inc.
12000 Portland Avenue South
Burnsville, MN 55337 U.S.A.
www.boschcommunications.com