Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Diploma Studies

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Subject: Mathematics-III Assignment: Probability

Subject Code: 09MA0302 Unit: 2
Faculty Name: Mr. Chirag Kathiriya Date: 24/07/2023

Tutorial-2: complimentary of probability (SOL)

Blooms
Q.
Questions / Instructions Taxonomy/
No.
Marks
(1) 3 Remember/
If the probability of an event is 8
, what is the probability of its complement?
knowledge
/1
ANS: 3 5
The probability of its complement is 1 − 8 = 8
(2) A die is thrown. Describe the following events: Analyze/8
(i) A: a number less than 7
(ii) B: a number greater than 7
(iii) C: a multiple of 3
(iv) D: a number less than 4
(v) E: an even number greater than 4
(vi) F: a number not less than 3
Also find A ∪ B, A ∩ B, B ∪ C, E ∩ F, D ∩ E, A – C, D – E, E ∩ F′, F′
ANS: When a die is thrown, the sample space is given by 𝑆 = {1,2,3,4,5,6}. Accordingly
(i) 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
(ii) 𝐵 = ∅
(iii) 𝐶 = {3,6}
(iv) 𝐷 = {1,2,3}
(v) 𝐸 = {6}
(vi) 𝐹 = {3,4,5,6}
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
𝐴∩𝐵 =∅
𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {3,6}
𝐸 ∩ 𝐹 = {6}
𝐷∩𝐸 = ∅
𝐴 − 𝐶 = {1,2,4,5}
𝐷 − 𝐸 = {1,2,3}
𝐹 ′ = {1,2}
𝐸 ∩ 𝐹′ = ∅
(3) Two dice are thrown. The events A, B and C are as follows: Understand/8
A: getting an even number on the first die.
B: getting an odd number on the first die.
C: getting the sum of the numbers on the dice ≤ 5.
Describe the events
(i) A′ (ii) not B (iii) A or B (iv) A and B (v) A but not C (vi) B or C (vii) B and C
(viii) A ∩ B′ ∩ C′
ANS: The possible outcomes of the event of the throwing two dice are
(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6)
(2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6)
(3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6)
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 Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Diploma Studies
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(4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6)

(5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6)
(6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)
Accordingly
𝐴 = {(2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6),
(6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}
𝐵 = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6),
(5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6)}
𝐶 = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (3,1), (3,2), (4,1)}

(i) 𝐴′ = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6),
(5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6)}
(ii) Not 𝐵 = 𝐵′
= {(2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6),
(6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}
(iii) A or B
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6)
(2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6)
(3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6)
(4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6)
(5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6)
(6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}

(iv) 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = ∅
(v) 𝐴 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝐶 = 𝐴 − 𝐶 = {(2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6)
(6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}
(vi) 𝐵 𝑜𝑟 𝐶 = 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶
= {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6)
(2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6),
(4,1), (5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6)}

(vii) 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (3,1), (3,2)}

(viii)
(1,5), (1,6), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6),
′
𝐶 = {(4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6), (5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6),}
(6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)
∴ 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶′ =
′ ′
(2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6),
{ }
(6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)
(4) Two customers Shyam and Nikhil are visiting a particular shop in the same week Understand/6
(Tuesday to Saturday). Each is equally likely to visit the shop on any day as on
another day. What is the probability that both will visit the shop on
(i) the same day?
(ii) consecutive days?
(iii) different days?
ANS: There is a total of 5 days. Shyam can go to the shop 5 ways and Nikhil can go to the
shop in 5 ways.
Therefore, total number of outcomes = 5 × 5 = 25
(i)They can reach on the same day in 5 ways.
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 Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Diploma Studies
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𝑖. 𝑒 (𝑡, 𝑡), (𝑤, 𝑤), (𝑡ℎ, 𝑡ℎ), (𝑓, 𝑓), (𝑠, 𝑠)

5 1
𝑃(𝐴) = =
25 5
(ii) They can reach on consecutive days in these 8 ways
(𝑡, 𝑤), (𝑤, 𝑡ℎ), (𝑡ℎ, 𝑓), (𝑓, 𝑠), (𝑤, 𝑡), (𝑡ℎ, 𝑤), (𝑓, 𝑡ℎ), (𝑠, 𝑓).
8
𝑃(𝐵) =
25
1 4
(iii) 𝑃(different days) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴) = 1 − 5 = 5

(5) A game consists of tossing a one-rupee coin 3 times and noting its outcome each Understand/4
time. Hanif wins if all the tosses give the same result i.e., three heads or three tails,
and loses otherwise. Calculate the probability that hanif will lose the game.
ANS: The possible outcomes are
{HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
Number of total possible outcomes=8
(i) Let A be the event that ‘Hanif will win the game’. The number of outcomes
favourable to A is 2. (i.e., TTT and HHH)
2 1
∴ 𝑃(𝐴) = =
8 4

(ii) Let B be the event that ‘Hanif will lose the game’.
1 3
∴ 𝑃(𝐴′) = 1 − =
4 4

(6) A die is thrown twice. What is the probability that? Understand/4

(i) 5 will not come up either time?
(ii) 5 will come up at least once?
[HINT: Throwing a die twice and throwing two die simultaneously are treated as the
same experiment].
ANS: Total number of outcomes = 6 × 6 = 36
Total number of outcomes when 5 comes up on either time are (5,1), (5,2), (5,3),
(5,4), (5,5), (5,6), (1,5), (2,5), (3,5), (4,5), (6,5).
Hence, total number of favourable cases =11
11
∴ 𝑃(5 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑢𝑝 𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒) =
36
11 25
∴ 𝑃(5 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑢𝑝 𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒) = 1 − =
36 36
(ii) Total number of cases, when 5 can come at least once =11
11
𝑃(5 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒) =
36
(7) A lot consists of 144 ball pens of which 20 are defective and the other are good. Nuri Analyze/6
buy a pen if it is good, but will not buy if it is defective. The shopkeeper draws one
pen at random and gives it to her. What is the probability that
(i) She will buy it?
(ii) She will not buy it?
ANS: Total number of pens =144
Total number of defective pens =20
Total number of good pens =144-20=124
124 31
(i) probability of getting a good pen = 144 = 36

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31
𝑃(𝑛𝑢𝑟𝑖 𝑏𝑢𝑦 𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑛) =
36
31 5
(ii) 𝑃(𝑁𝑢𝑟𝑖 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑢𝑦 𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑛) = 1 − 36 = 36

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