0% found this document useful (0 votes)
52 views25 pages

Fuels

This is a topic in chemistry subject in First year of Engineering.

Uploaded by

Disha Shetty
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
52 views25 pages

Fuels

This is a topic in chemistry subject in First year of Engineering.

Uploaded by

Disha Shetty
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25
Fuels 3.1 INTRODUCTION Fuels are sources of energy. The per capita energy censumption is considered to be the measures of living standards of people. About 200 years ago, fuels were used mainly for cooking, heating and lighting purposes, Nowa-days besides cooking, heating and lighting, fuels are used in transportation, communication, illimination and various manufacturing applications 3.1.1 Definition Fuels are substances which on combustion give out heat energy that can be effectively utilized for domestic as well as industrial purpose. : 3.1.2. Classification of fuels Fuels are classified in two ways: 1. Based on their availability: They are classified into Primary fuels viz, those which are available in nature and Secondary fuels viz, those which are derived from primary fuels. Primary Fuels, [_Secondary fuels -] Wood, Coal, Crude petroleum, Natural gas etc. L Coke, Petrol, Diesel, LPG etc. = 2. Based on their physical state: They are classified into, Solid, Liquid and Gaseous. Solid Liquid Gaseous Wood, Coke etc. Petrol, Kerosene etc. | Natural gas, LPG etc. 3.1.3 Characteristics of a good fuel ‘A good fuel should have the following characteristics. 1. High calorific value: The amount of heat given out by the complete combustion of unit quantity of fuel is known as calorific value. A good fuel should have high heat output per unit quantity. 2. Low moisture content: Higher the moisture content more will be the heat energy required to drive away the moisture. And as a consequence there will be loss of calorific w Applied Chemistry vabue, Lawes the moisture coment higher will be the calorific value. Hence 4 Sud chonsd have low mordure coment, 4 Moderate igsition temperature: She ignition temperature of a fuel is defined as th, minimum temperate to which the {uel is to be heated to start combustion, 1f 1, ignition temperature is too high, it is difficult to stant the combustion and if it is 1, low it may lead to fire hazards during their handling, 4. Moderate vebocity of combustion: the velocity combustion is too bigh, the (es Will yt exhauted soon, before the heat given out by it is properly utilized. On tine other hand, if the velocity of combustion is too low, the highest temperatures may rey be achievable, One can avoid large wastage of a valuable fuel if its velocity «4 combustion is propery regulated and its burning can be stopped as and when it + pot required, : _ Low contents of non-combustible matter or low ash content: Higher the non. combustible matters lower will be the calorific value. Again the high ash content causes disposal problems, 6. kasy availability: A good fuel should be easily available at an affordable rate. 7. Fasy transportation and storage: A good fuel should not occupy more space and sophisticated arrangements for storage and transportation. Further there must be minimum risks during their storage and transportation. &. Should not produce any obnoxious/poisonous matter on combustion: A good fuel should not release harmful combustion products like, CO, SO,, NO, H,S etc. Formation of these products causes harmful effects on health of living beings. Therefore, @ 9908 {uel should be environmentally friendly. Units of heat Calorie: calorie is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram A water through 1°C ie, from 15,5°C to 16.5°C. , Kilo Calorie: A Kilo calorie is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water through 1°C ie., from 15.5°C to 16.5°C. Y Psitish thermal unit (B.Th.U.): A B.Th.U. is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water through 1°F i.e., from 60°F to 61°F. Acemigrade heat unit (C.H,U,): A C.1H.U. is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water through 1°C i.e., from 15.5°C to 16.5°C. toons 2 CALORIFIC VALUE It is defined as the amount of heat energy given out when a unit quantity of fuel is completely burt, Following are the units of calorific value: Calorie/g, K.Caloriekg, 8.Th.UNb, C.H.U. Mb, Caloriefcc, K. Calorie /m?, B.Th.U/i?. Ful gz Types ° Most often every fuel consists of Hydrogen as a constituent element, Combustion he igation process, all the constituent elements of a fuel on combustion for thair tanecencee, onan arn on combustion forms CO, Hydrogen on combustion lon 11 io oxides ation forms SO, etc. The product of combustion like water has late ‘ on comin associated with it. Depending on whether this is Included or na wehere pes of calorific values Talal {@) Higher or Gross calorific value (HCV of GCV): It is defined as the amount of heat cout by the complete combustion of unit quantity of fuel and the products of combustion are cooled to room temperature, ie., 16°C oF 60°F. (he, the products of combustion are not allowed to escape) f calorific value Lower or Net calorific value (LCV or NCV): It is defined as the amount of heat given out by the complete combustion of unit quantity of fuel and the products of combustion allowed to escape into the atmosphere. (b) Thus, 9H HCV =NCV + Tao x Latent heat of condensation of steam (Because 1 part by weight of H corresponds to 9 parts by weight of H,O. 9H Therefore, if a fuel contains H% of hydrogen, it corresponds to 00 parts by weight of 4,0.) 3.2.2. Dulong’s formula and numericals Itis possible to calculate the higher calorific value of a fuel, purely based on the theoretical considerations. It is based on the fact that every element has higher calorific value. And the Higher calorific value of a fuel is sum of the calorific values of the constituent elements present init 1 ° eal [8080C + 34,500 (H a + 2,240 S] cals/gm Where C, H, O and S are expressed in percentages. Numericals based on Dulong’s formula (1) A coal sample has the following composition. a C=80%,H = 10% ,O= 2%, S=2%,N=1.5% and remaining ash. Calculate the HCV and LCV ‘suming latent heat of condensation of steam to be 540°cal/g. Applied Chemistry on 1 Solution: HCV = Too [8080C + 34,500 (H -2) + 2,240 S] cals/gm Where C, H, © and S are expressed in percentages. 1 2 HCV= 555 [8080x80 + 34,500 (10 =H) + 2.240 x 2] calsigm HCV =NCV + a x Latent heat of condensation of steam 9x10 100 (2) A sample of coal has the following composition by mass. NCV = HCV - 540 C=78%, H= 8%, N=2%, S= 1.5%, O= 5% and remaining ash. Using Dulong's formula, calculate HCV and NCV. (Latent heat of condensation of steam = 587 cals/g) y 1 ° Solution: HCV= 75g [8080C + 34,500 (H —"g-) + 2,240 S] cals/gm Where C, H, O and S are expressed in percentages. 1 5 HCV= 75 [808078 + 34,500 (8 - g°) + 2,240 x 1.5] cals/gm 1H HCV =NCV + = xcLatent heat of condensation of steam 9x8 NCV =HCV-—— x 540 100 Coal: Coal is a fossil fuel formed by the transformation of wood over a long period of time. Wood—>»Peat —> Lignite —> Bituminous —> Anthracite Fotis 9 4. chawie tha Cradation in Properties of Different Types of Coal. Fuels 3.3 ANALYSIS OF COAL 56 itis very essential to know the quality of coal before it is used for a particular purpose. This is done by analysis of coal. There are two ways in which analysis of coal can be done. 3.3.1. Proximate analysis This gives a rough picture of the quality of coal. This includes determination of, () % moisture (ii) % volatile matter (iii) % ash (iv) % Fixed carbon proximate Analysis (@ % Moisture: A known quantity of air dried coal sample is taken in a crucible and kept in an electric oven maintained at 105-110°C for about 1 hr.Then the coal sample is taken out from the oven, cooled in a desiccator and weighed again Lossin weight of coal % moisture = ————————_. wt. of coal (air dried) taken «100 Significance: This analysis gives us an idea about the calorific value of coal. Higher the moisture content lower will be the calorific value and vice versa. Again it also gives an insight into the transportation cost of coal. Gi) % Volatile matter: This can be done in two ways. (a) Starting with air dried coal sample: A known quantity of air dried coal sample is taken jin a crucible with vented lid and kept in a muffle furnace maintained at 950+ 25°C for exactly 7 minutes.(both moisture and volatile matter are lost) After that it is removed, cooled and weighed. % Volatile matter moisture = —bossin weight of coal __ 100 -% tt wt. of coal air dried) taken ~ mossture (b) Starting with moisture free coal: A known quantity of moisture free coal sample (obtained from the air dried coal) is taken in a crucible with vented lid and kept in a muffle furnace maintained at 950+ 25°C for exactly 7 minutes. After that it is removed, cooled and weighed. weight of Volatile matter wt. of coal (air dried) taken, significance: Coal having volatile matter burns with a long sooty flame. If such a coal is used in a furnace, the furnace will have to be suitably designed to provide sufficient space for burning of the volatile matter. If not, the volatile matter will leave the furnace without being burnt, leading to loss of calorific value. Again, sooty flame causes pollution problems. % Volatile matter *100 However, coal containing large volatile matter is useful in the synthesis of coal gas. 86 ApPliod Chomigyy, H ir dri le is taken in an open ery Gi) % Ash: A known quantity of air dried coal samp! HCible bumt at 750°C for exactly 4 an hour. The contents are then cooled and weighed, ‘ng of residue __ 99 wt of coal (air dried) taken Significance: Higher the ash content more will be the non ales and lowe, will be the calorific value, Also, higher ash content is associated with waste disposal Problem, Ash isa useless, non-combustible matter, which reduces the calorific value of coal Moreove, ash causes the hindrance to the flow of air and heat, thereby lowering the temperature, Als, | often causes trouble during firing by forming clinkers (i.e.) fused ash lumps), which block‘, interspaces of the grate, on which coal is being burnt. This in-turn causes obstruction to a supply, thereby the burning of coal becomes irregular, Hence, lower the ash content, better ty, Quality of coal, The presence of ash (similar to moisture) also increases transporting, handlin, and storage costs. It also involves additional cost in ash disposal. The presence of ash also cause early wear of furnace walls, burning of apparatus and feeding machanism. (iv) % Fixed carbon: This can be determined as below. % Fixed carbon = 100 -[% moisture + % volatile matter + % ash] Significance: Higher the % Fixed carbon, more will be the calorific value. A good qualin, coal should have low moisture content, low volatile matter and low ash content, whic} automatically leads to more % Fixed carbon. 3.3.2 Numericals based on Proximate analysis (1) 2.5g of air dried coal sample was kept in an electric oven for Ihr at 110°C. The weigh reduced to 2.355g. Further it was kept in a muffle furnace in a crucible with vented lid a 950+25°C for exactly 7 minutes. The weight of coal reduced to 2.05g. It was then burnt ing 1 , . furnace at 750°C for T hr. The residue weighed 0.35g. Report the proximate analysis results, Solution: wt. of airdried coal taken =2.5g. wt. of coal after losing moisture = 2.355g. <.wt. of moisture = 2.5-2.355 % moisture = ————————__ x wt. of air dried coal 0.145 «100 = 5.8. 56 % Ash: A knows Abpii Plog Chom, 750°C for exact "ety open » cn Weigheg "'ible , N quantity of air dried coal sample is taken in a burnt at ly % an hour. The contents are then cooled and % Ash=—_Weight of residue wt. of coal (air dried) taken T the ash content more will be the non combustible le. Also, higher ash content is associated with waste 100 1 psRificance: Highe will be the calorific valu Ash isa useless, no; n-combustible matter, which reduces the calorific valu ash ‘causes the hindrance to the flow of air and heat, thereby lowering the t often causes trouble during firing by forming clinkers (i.e.) fused ash lum, interspaces of the 8rate, on which coal is bein Supply, thereby the burning of le of cog emperature. st PS), Which 4... 1g burnt. This in-turn causes Obstruction *t Coal becomes irregular. Hence, lower the ach Content, bo! ence of ash (similar to moisture) also increases transporting ha! and sto involves additional cost in ash disposal. The Presence of ash a). early wear of furnace walls, burning of apparatus and feeding machanism, au Gv) % Fixed carbon: This can be determined as below. ‘%b Fixed carbon = 100 — [% Moisture + % volatile matter + % ash] Significance: Higher the % Fixed carbon, more will be the calori Coal should have low moisture content, low volatile matter and | ‘momatically leads to more % Fixed carbon. fic value. A gooq ual Ow ash content, whi, 3.3.2 Numericals based on Proximate analysis ir dried coal sample wa: 8- Further it was ke actly 7 minutes, Th 's kept in an electric oven for Thr at 110° ept in a muffle furnace in a crucible with le weight of coal reduced to 2.05g. It was tl (1) 2.5g of ai C. The weig reduced to 2.355, vented lid 950+25°C for ex then burt in 1 furnace at 750°C for 7 hr The residue weighed 0.35g. Report the proximate a nalysis result Solution: wt. of airdried coal taken = 2.5g. wt. of coal after losing moisture=2.355g. “wt. of moisture = 2.5-2.355 = 0.145g. wt. of moisture % moisture = or x Wt. of air dried coal 100 0.145 x 100 = 5.8. 57 puels «coal ater 10sin8 volatile matter of = 2.058. wt. of volatile matter = 2.355-2.05 = 0.305 wt. of volatile matter 100 wt. of volatile matter volatile matter = wt, of air dried coal 0.305 2.5 100 =12.2. wt. of vesidue after buming =0.35g. wt ofresidue _wofresidve 100 ash= CO, : Hy + $0, —H,0 12 44 2 18 2 KOH + CO,—> K,CO,+H,0 CaCl, + 7H,O —> CaCl,.7H,0 - Percentage of C = INcrease in weight of KOH bulb «12100 Weight of coal sample taken x 44 Increase in weight of CaCl_ tube x 2 100 :, Percentage of H = 2 Weight of coal sample taken 18 Significance: Carbon and Hydrogen in the coal directly contribute to the calorific value of coal. Higher the percentage of carbon and hydrogen greater will be its calorific value and better will be the quality of coal. Hydrogen is generally associated with the volatile matter and thus implies the use of coal for the byproduct manufacture or otherwise. Determination of % Nitrogen by Kjeldahl’s method: About 1g. of accurately weighed coal sample is digested in a Kjeldahl’s flask with conc. H,SO,, K,SO, (to elevate the boiling point), and HgSO, (acts as a catalyst). The nitrogen present in the coal gets converted into Ammonium Sulphate. The contents of the Kjeldahl’s flask are quantitatively transferred to a round bottomed flask fitted with a thistle funnel. The contents are made alkaline by adding NaOH and refluxed. Liberated ammonia is collected in a flask containing known quantity of known normal H,SO,. The unreacted H,SO, is titrated against std. NaOH using phenolphthalein indicator till the colour changes from colourless to pale pink. A blank titration of the same H,SO, is carried out. Coal+conc H,SO, Kjeldahl trap 2 ca HgSO,+K.SO, / \ + Condenser Standard acid Fig, 3.2 Nitrogen estimation by Kjeldhal method Calculations: Let wt. of coal sample taken= w gm. Let blank titration reading =x ml Back titration reading=y mi (x-y) ml of N normal H,SO, is used up. (x-y) ml of N normal NH, is liberated. 1000 ml of N NH, =14 g N (x= y)xNx14 (<-y) ml of N NH, = “oe gN ~y)xNx14 weyANxt4, WB coal = 1009 N (x-y)xNx14 100g coal = ————__— Nitrogen in coal has no significance and hence it is present in very smal amount.(~ 1%) Determination of % Sulphur by Bomb-calorimeter method: The bomb washings obtains from the combustion of known quantity of coal in a bomb calorimeter experiment contain sulis in the form of its sulfates. These washings when treated with barium chloride solution or barn nitrate solution, barium sulfate gets precipitated. It is filtered and washed with water and dried The weight of BaSO, is found. From this $% can be determined. Mol. wt. of BaSO,= 233; at wt. of S=32 Calculations: Let wt. of coal sample taken = w gm. wt. of BaSO, ppt. formed =xgm. 233g BaSO,= 32g S xg Ba50,- 32gs wg. of coal= “32 g5 xx32 233 100g coal= «100 Fuels 6 Weight of BaSO,, obtained x 32 100 Percentage of S$ = ———____4_——_—__________ Weight of coal sample taken in bomb = 233 Significance: Presence of sulfur in coal contributes to the calorific value of coal but its combustion products, SO, and SO, are highly corrosive to the equipments especially in presence Of moisture.Also the oxides of sulfur cause environmental pollution. Determination of % ash: Same as proximate analysis. ‘Oxygen: It is obtained by difference. 334 Numericals based on Ultimate analysis (1). 3g coal was heated in Kjeldahl's flask and NH, gas evolved was absorbed in 40mi of 0.5N H,SO,. The excess acid required 18.5ml of 0.5N KOH for exact neutralization. 2.3g of the same coal sample in a Bomb-calorimer experiment gave 0.358 BaSO,. Calculate percentage of N and S in the coal sample. : Solution: (a) wt. of coal taken =3g. Blank titration reading = 40 mi. Back titration reading=18.5 ml Normality of H,SO,=0.5 (x-y)xNormality «1.4 %N= wt. of coal taken (40 - 18.5) x0.5 «1.4 _———. . = 5.016. “Me N=5.016. (b) wt. of coal taken =2.3g. wt. of BaSO, ppt. = 0.358. 233g. BaSO, = 32gs. 0,35%32 233 =0.048g. 2.3g coal =0.048g. .0.35g. BaSO,= 100 x 0.048 100g. coal = 5 = 2.086g. <%= 2.086 Applied Chomistry “ (2) In a Kjeldaht's method 3.58 of the coal sample was analyzed. The NH, gas evel, was absorbed in 50m! of 0.1N H,SO,. The residual H,SO, required 15mi of g iN NaOH for neutralization. Calculate the percentage of Nitrogen in the sample. Solution: wt. of coal taken = 3.5g. Blank titration reading=50 ml. Back titration reading =15ml. Normality of H,SO,=0.1 (x-y)* Normality «1.4 Wt. of coal taken N= _ 50 = 15) x 0.1 x 1.4 35 “14 %N=1.4 (3) 2.3g of coal sample was taken for C and H determination by combustion method. The increase in weight of tube containing anhydrous CaCl, was 2.28 and increase in weisyy of bulb containing KOH solution was 0.98g. calculate percentage C and H in the ‘coal sample. Solutions: wt. of coal sample taken =2.3g. Increase in wt. of CaCl, tube=2.2g Increase in wt. of KOH bulb = 5.98. To calculate %C: C+0,—-€O, 12g. 44g. 44g. CO, =12¢ C. 5.98 x12 0.988, CO, = ——— Now, 2.3g. coal=1.63g C. 100 x 1.63 2.3 = 70.90 “ %C=70.9 To calculate % H: ‘ +. 100g. coal = Fuels H,+ ¢ 0;—>H,0 2g. 18g. 18g. H,O=2g.H 2.2%2 1.2.28. H,0= =0.244g.H. 23g, coal=0.24gH. 0.244x100 |= +. 100g coal 23 =10.6 ° %H = 10.6 63 | | Liquid Fusls f > ata Ny gqasoliav - ” | Knocking: 7 ting 7 peksol. ax ge spel [Page NO, lowe, TTT Tk ea on i Jo» abnormal | combwation A, ot Qu. r wae: f oy bo ae coed oo: orp ‘hela \tie . dud | produced.’ wns the jnkeavioll goxnlowtion ere po ft 4 4 _Lenaqtan— and results r2tte a‘loss Ay | Petarl enor a: ie apa janition pec, amtexnol “combustion 1 Now In as a mishure oh otrac_ovndl Fact jcredem te -comprrease doze nate by velechajt.lmpenesi Crenmrally 5 Tecsdlnottan ch Hansel! Treads Ga a _ccequlocr amck uni orm w« = Sette, the _tuaeang ol iy Sa, o || nn. i a ment tne bea “Toa pau nate “hed, Hos! afc eney of, an_wkernal combustion engine. “amen eaany \ a with samereane i 64 —xatig’ Compreasion scatic.vo_Aediarec oa — cho volume 129 index at the end o) _the suction stroke’ to the vole at ~ ion stoke . Gi) Fed J) (iii) sacreavasch _wieos "Mth Longer wre ygimmun weray, Bremer 19 UE UTESET NEUEN. F 3.7.3 Octane number History: Edger in 1872 introduced the rating for gasoline. Octane number is. definey percentage by volume of iso-octane in a mixture of iso-octane and n-heptane which same knocking characteristics as that of fuel under test. St 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 CH,— CH, — CH, — CH,—CH,—CH,—CH, -Heptane (Octane number = 0) CH,— C — CH, — CH—cH, | | cH, cH, Iso-octane (Octane number = 100) oe 3.7.4 Cetane number 's defined as the percentage by volume of cetane in a mixture of cetane and 2-methy naphthalene which has the same knocking characteristics as that of fuel under test. CH; — ( CH,),4—CH, CH, Cetane (Cetane number = 100) CO a- Methyl naphthalene (Cetane number =0) 5 __Ochaane_xotling. = ot im Neacled pelrn oe — ja Oi cats any 7 “Lcompushion Teaded pelan| — eee aN Pb Og veetacls eposds aes Hae inner veal mole’: omol jam [Alkesnatie —ottand t-te —ackans me 9 7 Ao adds hit nckaanes Compounds | | “Cockers x0. 124 (ockane ne 13s") L a ow BT X CM asmotics ) 1 GTX gasoline ANne | vmibaabion. es ad Bury) ethu( MTRE) aie ZA ETRE, All these oun onygenotey have peg eaidation no. Wag po tnan op — PAGENO: | lowe: | [ [| a combaims Oxs gen the Sorin A _yedui ithe * “peer compd — i ap eee iA aathero” Lt eounly-vok en Jlaabowina eo i i T ether gap and suppl ier oxygen Yor Ho — al coms Ton oy P petzol am — . engines — | ng a jor ae 2 } cern foe tosily_precuced toy semple = ¥ hos Te seca Sha cr Soot prear = of these halogen.compuunnas 12 07 evr: and PbCI, which escape into air along with exhaust gases. 3.7.7 Catalytic converters and unleaded gasoline Mixing 0.1% TEL per gallon of gasoline increases the octane rating by 10-15 points. Since lead is toxic and causes environmental pollution, slowly it has been phased out from gasoline. 78 Applied Chemisty. Unleaded gasoline is supplied in India to minimize undesirable lead emissions on one hand ang to enable incorporation of catalytic converters with the internal combustion engines. Catalytic converter is fitted in the exhaust system after the exhaust manifold of petrol drive, vehicles. When the exhaust gases containing partially oxidize d carbon, unoxidized hydrocarbons and NOx, come into contact with the coated catalyst surface, they get catalytically converte, into CO, and H,O. Under suitable conditions of engine operation NOx gets reduced to N, 2CO + 2NO ——+ 2CO, + N, Hydrocarbons + NO + 0, ——> 2CO, + H,O +N, 2CO + 20 ——» 2c0, Hydrocarbons +O, ——» CO,+H,O Catalysts made of noble metals like Pt and Pd are susceptible to get poisoned by lead and they are very expensive. Hence leaded petrol can not be used in engines with catalytic converte The newly developed catalytic converter technology consists of a ceramic or metallic honeycoms support coated with a low cost catalyst placed in a suitably designed non-corrosive metalic housing. 3.7.2 Knocking in diesel engines The diesel engine is a compression ignition engine Lenka eter chain hydro Kate, having boiling range 180-360°C. Here air is passed into the cyli es O ay, 500psi (upstroke). Due to compression the temperature of air rises to about 500°C. The dice: is injected towards the end of the compression stroke in the form of fine droplets into te _ compressed air. The injected oil droplets absorb the heat from the compressed air, and « vapourised, attain self ignition temperature and burn spontaneously during the downward However the combustion of fuel in the diesel engines is not instantaneous but there ex 7 lag between fuel injection and ignition. This time lag or ignition delay is a measure of knock. in diesel fuels. If the fuel has a short ignition delay, the fuel injected into the buming > continues to burn at the rate at which it is injected. On the other hand, if fuel has along delay, then the fuel accumulation occurs in the engine even before ignition. When ignite: explosive combustion occurs with sudden increase in pressure. This is called “Diese! knog. Longer the ignition delay, greater is the diesel knock. 3.7.3 Octane number 3.7.4 Cetane number Is defined as the percentage by volume of cetane in a mixture of cetane and 2-mel naphthalene which has the same knocking characteristics as that of fuel under test. CH, — ( CH,),4—CH, cH, Cetane (Cetane number = 100) a- Methyl naphthalene (Cetane number = 0) al ” The Table 3.3 illustrates the distinguishing properties between octane rating and cetane The percentage by volume of cetane in a mixture: of cetane and a-methy! naphthalene which has the same knocking characteristics as that of fuel under test, Cetane rating is used for diesel. Cetane rating increases in the order: St.chain alkanes; branched chain alkanes; alicyctics; aromatic hydrocarbons The fyel with high octane rating has low cetane The fuel with high cetane rating has low octane rating, rating Octane cating increases in the order: St.chain alkanes. branched chain alkanes; alicyclics aromatic hydrocarbons 3.7.5 Antiknocking agents The hich camoression ratio used in the moder internal combustion (IC) engines demands 3.7.8 Antiknocking agents in diesel fuel The cetane number of a diesel fuel can be increased by addition of certain compounds called dopes or ignition acceleralors. The ignition acceleralors added are ethyl nitrate (C,H,NO, ethy! nitrite (C,HeNO,), isoamyl nitrate [(CH,), CHCH,NO,] and acetone peroxide. e °O CH.— | Hoo dc, These are compounds which when added to diesel fuel, will reduce the delay period, besides reducing the flash point of the fuel. Ignition accelerators are added only as small amounts {about 2%). They are not effective on diesel fuels having low celane number. Diese! engines may be classified as low, medium and high speed engines & different types of diesel oils are used for each engine. The following table illustrates the different types of diesel ils, and their properties uses Medium oils with cetane value | 500-1500 25-35 iecacanenta| ma [We Tipe of delegine [remot eameiaers | wo | twa | Tractors locomotives etc. Buses, trucks etc,

You might also like