CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija

MODULE 2
Biological
Development
Leila M. Collantes
Faculty, College of Education
Genetic Foundations
Genetics - study of heredity

Each of us is made up of trillion of

units called cells.

Within every cell is a control

center or nucleus.

Nucleus contains rod-like

structures call chromosomes.
Chromosomes store and transmit
genetic information.

Human chromosomes come in 23

matching pairs (an exception is the
XY pair in males).

Each member of a pair

corresponds to the other in size,
shape, and genetic foundation.
 The Genetic Code
The basis of heredity is a
chemical called
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

The double-helix structure of

DNA resembles a long,
spiraling ladder whose steps
are made of pairs of chemical
units called bases.
The Genetic Code
Chromosomes are coils
of DNA that consists of
smaller segments called
genes.

A gene is a segment of
DNA along the length
of the chromosomes.
Genes can be of
different lengths-
perhaps 100 to several
thousand ladder rungs
long.

Each gene is located in

a definite position on
its chromosome and
contains thousands of
bases.
 A unique feature of
DNA is that it can
duplicate itself through
a process called
mitosis.

Through mitosis the non sex cells divide in half over and over
again, the DNA replicates itself, so that each newly formed cell
has the same DNA structure as all the others.
Each cell division
creates a genetic
duplicate of the
original cell, with the
same hereditary
information.

Each cell (except the sex cells) continues to have 46

chromosomes identical to those in the original zygote
provided the development is normal.
Sex Cells
Sex cells and others
called it gametes – the
sperm and ovum.
Gametes are formed
through a cell division
process called meiosis.
During meiosis halves the number
of the chromosomes normally
present in body cells. When the
sperm and ovum unite at
fertilization, the resulting cell is
called a zygote, which is again have
46 chromosomes.
What determines sex?
Autosomes meaning not sex
chromosomes or chromosomes that
are not related to sexual expression.

There are 22 pairs of autosomes in

the human body.

The 22 matching pairs which

geneticists number from longest (1)
to shortest (22).
What determines sex?
Sex chromosomes is the twenty-third pair of chromosomes, one
from the father and one from the mother.

Sex chromosomes are either

X chromosomes or Y
chromosomes.
In females, this pair is called
XX; and in males, it is called
XY. So male sex chromosomes
is either an X or Y
chromosome.
The X is relatively large
chromosome, whereas the Y is
short and carries little genetic
material.

The Y chromosome contains

the gene for maleness, called
the SRY gene.
When an ovum (X) is fertilized
by an X-carrying sperm, the
zygote formed is XX, a genetic
female.

When an ovum (X) is fertilized

by a Y-carrying sperm, the
resulting zygote is XY, a
genetic male.
Multiple Offspring
Identical or Monozygotic
twins – (mono means one)
results from a single
fertilized ovum which
duplicate and separates
into two clusters of cells
that develop into two
individual. They are called
identical twins because
they have same genetic
makeup.
Multiple Offspring

Fraternal or Dyzygotic
twins – (di means two)
results from the release
and fertilization of two
ova, the resulting babies
are commonly called
fraternal twins . This is the
most common type of
multiple birth.
Patterns of Genetic Inheritance

Two forms of each gene

occur at the same place on
the chromosomes, one
inherited from the mother
and one from the father.
Each form of a gene is
called an allele.
Dominant – Recessive
Relationships

If only one allele affects the

child’s characteristics it is
called dominant; the second
allele which has no effect is
called recessive.
Examples of Dominant and
Recessive Diseases
Cooley’s anemia - Pale appearance,
retarded physical growth, and lethargic
behavior begin in infancy.

Cystic fibrosis - Lung. Liver, and pancreas

secrete large amounts of thick mucus,
leading to breathing and digestive
difficulties.
Examples of Dominant and
Recessive Diseases
Phenylketonuria - Inability to metabolize the
amino acid phenylalanine, contained in many
proteins, causes severe central nervous system
damage in the first year of life.

Sickle cell anemia - Abnormal sickling of red blood

cells causes oxygen deprivation, pain, swelling, and
tissue damage. Anemia and susceptibility to infections,
especially pneumonia occur.
Examples of Dominant and
Recessive Diseases
Tay-Sachs disease - Central nervous system
degeneration, with onset at about 6 months,
leads to poor muscle tone blindness,
deafness and convulsions.

Huntington disease - Central nervous system

degeneration lead to muscular coordination
difficulties, mental deterioration, and
personality changes. Symptoms usually do not
appear until age 35 or later.
Examples of Dominant and
Recessive Diseases

Marfan syndrome - Tall, slender build; thin,

elongated arms and legs; and heart defects
and eye abnormalities, especially of the
lens. Excessive lengthening of the body
results in a variety of skeletal defects
Examples of Dominant and
Recessive Diseases (X-linked
Diseases)
Duchenne muscular dystrophy -
Degenerative muscle disease.
Abnormal gait, loss of ability to walk
between 7 and 13 years of age
Examples of Dominant and
Recessive Diseases (X-linked
Diseases)
Hemophilia - Blood fails to clot
normally; can lead to severe internal
bleeding and tissue damage

Diabetes insipidus - Insufficient

production of the hormone vasopressin
results in excessive thirst and urination.
Dehydration can cause central nervous
system damage.
Incomplete Dominance
It is a pattern of inheritance in which
both alleles are expressed in the
phenotype, resulting in a combined
trait, or one that is intermediate
between the two.
X-linked Inheritance
It is applied when a harmful allele is carried on the X chromosome. Males are more likely
to be affected because their sex chromosome do not match. A well-known example is
hemophilia, a disorder in which the blood fails to clot normally.
CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY
Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija