AIJREAS VOLUME 2, ISSUE 4 (2017, APRIL) (ISSN-2455-6300) ONLINE

ANVESHANA’S INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY DAM –A CASE STUDY

ANALYSIS USING STAAD-PRO

METTU RAJESH REDDY, M.Tech, M.NAGESHWARA RAO, HOD of CE,

Structural Engineering, Amara Institute of Structural Engineering, Amara Institute of
Engineering & Technology, Satulury, Engineering & Technology, Satulury,
Guntur(Dist.), A.P. Guntur(Dist.), A.P.
Email:[email protected]

Abstract In fact, gravity dams are now being built

A gravity dam is a solid structure, made of of mass concrete, whose design and
concrete or masonry, constructed across a river to construction aspects would be discussed in
create a reservoir on its upstream. The section of
this chapter. There are other dams built out
the gravity dam is approximately triangular in
shape, with its apex at its top and maximum width of concrete like the Arch/Multiple Arch or
at bottom. The section is so proportioned that it Buttress type. These have however not
resists the various forces acting on it by its own been designed or constructed in India,
weight. In this paper analysis of dam is carried out except the sole one being the arch dam at
using Staad.Pro software. Staad.pro is widely used
Idukki on river Periyar. In India the trend
for multi-storied buildings with beam and columns.
However Staad.Pro can analyse any type of for concrete dam is only of the gravity type
element such as, plate, shell or solid in addition to and therefore the design other types of
beam members. So, in the software with suitable concrete dams have not been discussed in
data, dam is modelled with solid elements. Result of this course. Interested readers may know
stresses and stress contours are described at the
more about such dams from standard
end of paper. The objective of paper is to have a
direction of analysis of dam considering solid books on the subject like Engineering of
elements using STAAD.Pro. Large Dams by Henry H. Thomas,
Volumes I and II published by John Wiley
INTRODUCTION and Sons (1976). A slightly outdated
Dams constructed out of masonry or publication, Engineering of Dams,
concrete and which rely solely on its self Volumes I, II and III by W P Creager, J D
weight for stability fall under the Justin, and J Hinds published by John
nomenclature of gravity dams. Masonary Wiley and Sons (1917) has also been long
dams have been in use in the past quite considered a classic in dam engineering,
often but after independence, the last though many new technologies have do
major masonry dam structure that was not find mention here.
built was the Nagarjunsagar Dam on river It is important to note that, it is not just
Krishna which was built during 1958-69. sufficient to design a strong dam structure,
Normally, coursed rubble masonry was but it is equally important to check the
used which was bonded together by lime foundation as well for structural integrity.
concrete or cement concrete. However For concrete dams, the stress developed at
masonry dam is no longer being designed the junction of the base becomes quite
in our country probably due to existence of high, which the foundation has to resist.
alternate easily available dam construction Usually concrete gravity dams are
material and need construction technology. constructed across a river by excavating

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away the loose overburden till firm rock is 3. Exceptional loads are designed on the
encountered which is considered as the basis of limited general applicability or
actual foundation. Nevertheless not all having low probability of occurrence like
rocks are of the same quality; they vary inertial loads associated with seismic
with different geological materials and the activity.
process by which they have been formed Technically a concrete gravity dam derives
over the years. For example, the hills of its stability from the force of gravity of the
the Himalayan range of the mountains are materials in the section and hence the
considered geologically young, as well as name. The gravity dam has sufficient
weaker than the massif of the Deccan weight so as to withstand the forces and
plateau. The quality of foundation not only the overturning moment caused by the
affects the design, it also guides the type of water impounded in the reservoir behind it.
dam that would be suited at a design site. It transfers the loads to the foundations by
Hence, discussions on the ground cantilever action and hence good
foundation aspects have been introduced in foundations are pre requisite for the
this lesson as well. gravity dam.
Design of concrete gravity Dam sections The forces that give stability to the dam
Fundamentally a gravity dam should include:
satisfy the following criteria: 1. Weight of the dam
1. It shall be safe against overturning at 2. Thrust of the tail water
any horizontal position within the dam at The forces that try to destabilize the dam
the contact with the foundation or within include:
the foundation. 1. Reservoir water pressure
2. It should be safe against sliding at any 2. Uplift
horizontal plane within the dam, at the 3. Forces due to waves in the reservoir
contact with the foundation or along any 4. Ice pressure
geological feature within the foundation. 5. Temperature stresses
3. The section should be so proportional 6. Silt pressure
that the allowable stresses in both the 7. Seismic forces
concrete and the foundation should not 8. Wind pressure
exceed. The forces to be resisted by a gravity dam
Safety of the dam structure is to be fall into two categories as given below:
checked against possible loadings, which 1. Forces, such as weight of the dam and
may be classified as primary, secondary or water pressure which are directly
exceptional. The classification is made in calculated from the unit weight of
terms of the applicability and/or for the materials and properties of fluid pressure
relative importance of the load. and
1. Primary loads are identified as 2. Forces such as uplift, earthquake loads,
universally applicable and of prime silt pressure and ice pressure which are
importance of the load. assumed only on the basis of assumptions
2. Secondary loads are generally of varying degree of reliability. In fact to
discretionary and of lesser magnitude like evaluate this category of forces, special
sediment load or thermal stresses due to care has to be taken and reliance placed on
mass concreting. available data, experience and judgement.
Objectives
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1. Method to calculate fundamental and rely on an arching action on the

period and design base shear. abutments through which of the water
2. Vertical distribution of base shear loads is passed onto the walls of the river
along the height of the dam. valley ii) Buttress dams – these types of
3. To analyse the dam by using staad- dams consist of a continuous upstream
pro. face supported at regular intervals by
buttress walls and the downstream side. iii)
LITERATURE REVIEW Gravity dams – A gravity dam is one
IIT, Kharagpur (2010) broadly classified which depends entirely on its own weight
dams according to construction materials. for stability. It may be constructed of
The classification is as follows; 1) masonry or of concrete. Other
Embankment dams - These are dams classifications of dams include
constructed of natural materials excavated 2.1.1 Based on function and use (i)
or obtained from the vicinity of a dam site. Storage dams (or conservation) dams:
The two main types of embankment dams These are dams constructed to store excess
include: 2) Earth-filled dams – This dam flood water during the rainy season when
uses compacted soil for constructing the there is a large flow in the river to be
bulk of the dam. It is constructed primarily utilized later during the period when the
by selecting engineering soils compacted flow in the river is reduced and is less than
uniformly and intensively in thin layers at the demand. The water stored in the
a controlled moisture content. This dam reservoir formed in the upstream is used
may be homogeneous where only one type for a number of purposes, such as
of soil is available and the dam height is irrigation, water supply and hydropower.
low or may be zoned where more than one (ii) Diversion dam: A diversion dam is
type of soil material is used. They are the constructed for the purpose of raising the
most economical type of dam and utilizes water level and divert water of the river
materials, usually available locally, that do into an off-taking canal (or a conduit) or a
not require a high degree of processing. conveyance system where it may be used
However, these dams are highly as run-off river hydroelectric scheme,
susceptible to erosion and require water supply or irrigation.
consistent maintenance. Also, soil 2.1.2 Hydraulic design, (i) Overflow
importing may be required if the soils in dams: An overflow dam is designed to act
the area or not clay soils. 3) Concrete dams as an overflow structure. The surplus water
– Use of mass concrete in dam constructed which cannot be retained in the reservoir is
started due to the ease of construction and permitted to pass over the crest of the
to suit complex designs, like having a overflow dam which acts as a spillway.
spillway within the dam body. Mas The overflow dam is made of a material
concrete can be strengthened by the use if such as masonry or cement concrete which
additives like slag, pulverized fuel ash does not erode by the action of
inorder to reduce temperature induced overflowing water. (ii) Non-overflow
problems or avoid undesirable cracking dams: A non-overflow dam is designed
and total cost of the project. such that there is no flow over it. Excess
Types of concrete dams include: i) Arch water is not allowed to flow over the top of
dams – these types of dams have the dam and a separatespillway away from
considerable upstream curvature in plan
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the body of the dam is provided to dispose

of the excess flood water.
The procedure is as outlined below:
i) Collect the stream flow data at
the reservoir site during the
critical dry period. Generally,
the monthly inflow rates are
required. However, for very
large reservoirs, the annual
inflow rates may be used.
ii) Ascertain the discharge to be
released downstream to satisfy
Design specifications and methodology
water rights. Design specifications
iii) Determine the direct Height of the dam = 90mts
precipitation volume falling on Length =50mts
the reservoir during the month. Base width=85 mts
iv) Estimate the evaporation losses Concrete grade=M40
which would occur from Steel grade-FE500
the reservoir. The pan Road width =10mts
evaporation data are normally Water flow distance= 10mts
used for the estimation of METHODOLOGY
evaporation losses during the
STAAD or (STAAD.Pro) is a structural
month.
analysis and design computer program
v) Ascertain the demand during originally developed by Research
various months.
Engineers International in Yorba Linda, A.
vi) Determine the adjusted inflow In late 2005, Research Engineer
during different months as International was bought by Bentley
follows: = Systems. An older version called Staad-III
+ − − vii) Computation of the for windows is used by Iowa State
storage capacity for each University for educational purposes for
month. = − civil and structural engineers. The
commercial version STAAD.Pro is one of
the most widely used structural analysis
and design software. It can also make use
The storage would be required of various forms of dynamic analysis from
only in those months in which modal extraction to time history and
the demand is less than the response spectrum analysis.
adjusted inflow. The dam body is modeled in STAADpro
using the SOLIDisoparametric finite
elements with eight nodes. Each node has
three translational degrees of freedom. The
stiffness matrix of the solid element is
evaluated by numerical integration with
eight Gauss – Legendre points. The dam is
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analyzed for several basic loads and load

combinations possibly met with during its
service. These are enlisted in table 1
below. The stresses induced are checked
for all the combinations and the
dimensions are so framed that the factor of
safety mentioned above is maintained. The
base of the dam is to rest on rock and the
extra excavation into be filled with
concrete of same strength, the foundation
rock of approximately equal to the height
of dam is modeled around and below the
foundation level.
The present study undertaken deals with
time history method of dynamic analysis.
Time history is available only for X Figure 3.2 shows the staad in put plan
direction, so in order to apply forces in
different angles, the structure has to be
rotated with incidence angle from 0 to 90
degrees, with an increment of 10 degrees
and column forces have been investigated
in all cases. Further in order to find the
accurate angle the interval of one degree is
used. The columns have been divided into
three main categories, including corner,
side and internal (middle) columns and the
results are compared.
Design in staad Figure 3.3 shows the elevation of dam
ANALYSIS INPUT AND RESULTS

Figure 4.1 shows the support areas in staad

Figure 3.1 shows the 3d construction in
staad

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Figure4.2 shows the geometry of the dam

Figure 4.6 shows the load assignment IS

codes

Job Information
Engineer Checked
Approved

Date: 07-Apr-17
Figure 4.3 shows the piping geometry
Structure Type SPACE FRAME

Number of Nodes 441 Highest Node

441
Number of Elements 257 Highest Beam
665
Number of Plates 444 Highest Plate
701
Number of Basic Load Cases 1
Number of Combination Load Case 3

Figure 4.4 shows piping assignments and

dead load conditions i.e self weight

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Figure 4.8 shows displacement

Figure 4.7 shows analysis input data

assignments

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Figure 4.13 shows torsion, shear along Z

bending along Y

Figure4.9 shows bending

Figure 4.10 shows displacement along axis

Figure 4.11 shows displacement conditions

for load assignment Figure 4.15 shows post processing

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LIVE LOAD ANALYSIS

Figure 5.16 shows live-load analysis

Graph shows the beam displacement along

axis

Figure 4.16 shows the membrane and

bending

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Figure5.20 wind direction -z with 15KN-

.m
Figure5.18 wind direction x with 15KN-.m Discussions
The load conditions and final deflection
results are given below
ISOTROPIC CONCRETE
E 2.17185E+007
POISSON 0.17 DENSITY 23.5616
ALPHA 1E-005
DAMP 0.05
END DEFINE
SELFWEIGHT Y -1 LIST 1 TO 701
Conclusions
The dam has been analysed with CODE-IS
-6512-1984, the variable deflection found
Figure5.19 wind direction -x with 15KN- very less approximately 0.002mts which
.m can be considered as negligible.
After performing the analysis the errors
found to be zero that means the design of
the structure is considerable and the
standard loads are taken for analysis of
live and wind loads.
Staad –pro given results have to be
optimised practically to implement
structure finalization in future.
From the modeling and analysis the results
can be concluded as per the following
points:
Figure5.20 wind direction z with 15KN-.m 1) Maximum stress in dam with openings
is 4193.257 KN/m2 and without openings
it is 3117.744 KN/m2.
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2) The dam without openings the [11] IS 6512” (1984), Bureau of Indian
maximum stresses are concentrating near Standards, New Delhi , India.
u/s face ranges from 0.59 N/mm2 to 0.977 [12] Small dams - Guidelines for Design,
N/mm2. Construction and Monitoring", (2002)
3) Dam with openings, Maximum stress French Committee On Large Dams Comité
concentrated around the openings are 4.13 Fançais Des Grands Barrages.
N/mm2. [13] v.SohelAhmedQuadri,
4) So far earthquake forces static loading MangulkarMadhuri N, “Investigation of
is given as per the STAAD.Pro definitions critical angle of incidence for the analysis
and command and not manually, however of RCC frames”, International Journal of
dynamic analysis is not considered in this Advances in Science Engineering and
paper. Technology, ISSN 2321-9009, Volume-2,
5) There are some uncertainties still Issue-3, July 2014.
prevailing regarding stability at support [14]SohelAhmedQuadri,
conditions. MangulkarMadhuri N, “Investigation of
critical direction of seismic force for the
References analysis of RCC frames”, International
[1] Karuna Moy Ghosh,”Analysis and Journal of Civil Engineering and
Design Practice of Hydraulic Concrete Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976-6308,
Structure” PHI Learning Private Limited Volume 5, Issue 6, Hune 2014.
[2] US Army Corps of Engineers, “ [15]. Hatami, K. (2001); Seismic Analysis
Gravity Dam Design” EM 1110-2-2200 30 of Concrete Dams, National Defence,
June 1995 Royal Military College of Canada,
[3] Bentley, “ STAAD.Pro” www.zworks.com/seismic
www.bentley.com/en- analysis/concrete dams/ Seismic Analysis
US/Products/STAAD.Pro of Concrete Dams.
[4] “Practice for Galleries and different [16]. Iroko, A. O. (2001); Hysterical
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[5] IS 12966 (Part 2) -1990, “Practice for (Vibration), B. Eng. Project, Submitted to
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[6] IS 6512 -1984, “Criteria for style of [18]. Lotfi, V. (2001); Seismic Analysis of
Solid Gravity Dam, Bureau of Indian Concrete Gravity Dams using Decoupled
Standards, New Delhi. Modal Approach in Time Domain,
[7]IS 1893 (Part 1) -2002, “Criteria for Electronic Journal Of Structural
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[8] Design Criteria for Concrete Arch and
Gravity Dams" (1977), USBR, EM No.19
[9] "Gravity Dam Design", (30 June 1995),
US Army Corps of Engineers, EM 1110-2-
2200.
[10] “IS 1893” (1984), Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi, India
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