Calculus II Reviewer

IMPROPER INTEGRALS
- These are integrals whose boundaries are infinite or have an infinite discontinuity within the bounds of
integration
Infinite Integral
- A kind of improper integral where one or both of the limits of integration are infinity
Sample problems:
∞
1. ∫ (2−4 x +6 x )dx
2

−4

Solution:
b

= lim
b → ∞ −4
∫ (2−4 x +6 x 2)dx replace ∞ with b∧takethe limit

= 2 x−2 x 2 +2 x3 +C or 2( x−x 2 + x 3) + C proceed with integration

= lim 2 [ ( b−b +b )−(−4−16−64 ) ]

b→∞

= 2 [ ( ∞−∞ 2+ ∞ 3) + 84 ] → limit does not exist/ divergent

Take note:
If the final answer yields with no exact value, the limit is divergent or it does not exist

5
dw
2. ∫
0 4 w−20

Solution:
lim ¿
= b→5 −¿
b
dw
∫ 4 w−20 ¿
0

dw 1 du 1
= ∫ 4 w−20 = 4 ∫ u = 4 ln|4 w−20|+C

lim ¿
= b→5 −¿ 1 b
ln|4 w−20| ¿
4 0

1
= ¿ → limit does not exist /divergent
4
2
3 dz
3. ∫ 6
−1 √ 4−2 z
lim ¿
= b → 2 ∫ 3 dz ¿
−¿
b

6
√ 4 −2 z
−1

5
−3 du −3 u 6 −9 √6 ( 4−2 z )5
3 dz ∫
−1
−3
=∫6
√ 4−2 z 2 u 6 2 ∫
= 1 = u du = 2 ( 5 )=
6
+C
5
6
lim ¿
= a→2 −¿ −9 6
( √ ( 4 −2 z )5 ) b ¿
5 −1

−9
= 5 ( √ ( 4−4 ) − √ ( 4+2 ) ) ≈ 8.01183 → limit exist /convergent
6
5 5 6

4. ∫ x e
2 +3 x
dx
−∞

= lim
a →−∞ a
∫ x e2+ 3 x dx
 ( ) (3 )
3x 3x 3x
e 1 xe e
= ∫ x e 2+3 x dx=¿ e 2∫ x e3 x dx =e2 x − ∫ e3 x =e2 − +C ¿
3 3 9

( ) 0a
3x 3x
xe e
= lim e 2 −
a →−∞ 3 9

( ) ( )
3 (0) 3 (−∞)
(0) e e3 (0) 2 (−∞) e e 3(−∞ )
=e 2
− -e − ≈−0.821 →the limit exist / convergent
3 9 3 9
3
1
5. ∫ dx
0 √ 3−x
lim ¿
= b → 3 ∫ 1 dx¿
−¿
b

√3 −x 0

1
2 1 1
1 1 −u
= ∫ 3−x dx=−∫ u du= 1 =−2 u =−2( 3−x ) +C
2 2

√ √
2
lim ¿
= b → 3 [ −2( 3−x ) ] b ¿
−¿
1
2
0

1 1
= −2 ( 3−3 ) 2 +2 ( 3−0 ) 2 ≈ 3.464 → the limit exist /convergent
3
1
6. ∫ dx as we can observe , the equationis discontinous at 0 , therefore :
−2 x3
0 3
1 1
=∫ 3
dx+∫ 3 dx let ' s try the first one ¿ know if ' s divergent∨convergent
−2 x 0 x

1 x−2
=∫ dx= +C
x3 −2
lim ¿
= b→0
[ ]
−2
−¿ x b
¿
−2 −2

0−2 −2−2
= − =→the limit does not exist /divergent
−2 −2
Take note:
*The limit that you will be using to represent as a or b depends if it’s what makes the
equation discontinuous. However, if the number which makes the equation
discontinuous is not found among the two given limits, then you should choose numbers between
the given limits to find it.
*If the first integration results to divergent, then the integral in general is divergent also.

7. ∫ (1+2 x )e dx
−x

= lim ∫ (1+2 x) e dx
−x

b→∞ 0

= −( 1+2 x ) e− x +2 e− x =−e− x −2 x e−x −2 e− x =−3 e−x −2 x e−x +C

b→∞ 0
= [−3 e−∞ −2(∞)e−∞ ]−[−3 e−0−2(0)e−0 ]=3 →the limit exist /convergent
Applications of Integration
Lesson 1: Finding the Arc Length using integration
In finding the length of an arc, we have two formulas to use:
If the equation is in the form y=f ( x ) :

√
b
L=∫ 1+
a
( )
dy 2
dx
dx

If the equation is in the form x=f ( y )

√
d

( )
2
dx
L=∫ 1+ dy
c dy
Sample problems:
x 4 +3
1. y= ,1 ≤ x ≤ 5
6x
First step: determine what type of function. In this case, it is in the form y=f ( x ) , so we’ll be using
the first formula.
Second step: differentiate the equation
4 4
x +3 dy = x −1
y= =
6x dx 2 x 2
Third step: square the first derivative

( ) ( )
2
dy 2 x 4−1 x 8−2 x 4 +1
= =
dx 2 x2 4 x4
Fourth Step: Substitute to the formula and then take the integral using appropriate technique

√ √ √ √
b 5 5 5

( )
2 8 4 4 8 4 4 8
dy x −2 x + 1 4 x + x −2 x +1 2 x +x +1
L=∫ 1+ dx=∫ 1+ dx=¿ ∫ dx=¿∫ dx ¿ ¿
a
dx 1 4x
4
1 4x
4
1 4x
4

√( x 4 +12 )
[ ]
2
5

∫ √ 4 8
2 x + x +1
dx=∫
5
dx=∫
5
x +1
4
x 1
5
x
dx=∫ 2 +∫ 2 dx= −
4
1 5
5 3

1 √ 4 x4 1 2x 1 2x
2
1 2x 1 2x 6 2x 1

53 1 13 1
= − −( − )≈ 21.06
6 2(5) 6 2(1)
π 2π
2. x=sin y , ≤ y ≤
3 4
In this case, it is in the form x=f ( y ) , so we’ll be using the second formula. Same process…
 dx
x=sin y= =cos y
dy

( )
dx 2
dy
2
=cos y

2π
4

∫ √ 1+ cos2 y dy ≈ 0.55
π
3

1 2 1
3. x= y ,0 ≤ x ≤
2 2
1 2 dx
x= y = = y
2 dy

( )
dx 2
dy
=y
2

∫ √1+ y 2 dy Notice that the integral requires the following trigonometric substitution:
0