3.

4 ORGANISMS AND SUBSTANCE EXCHANGE – MASS TRANSPORT IN

ANIMALS (3) – MARK SCHEMES

Q1.
(a) Large surface area to volume ratio;
For diffusion;
OR
Flat / thin;
So oxygen can reach all haemoglobin / centre rapidly / short pathway;
max 2

(b) (i) Partially permeable / allows water through but not sucrose;
Accept semi-permeable / selectively permeable.
1

(ii) Phospholipid (in membrane) / bilayer dissolved / broken down;

Allows haemoglobin / contents to leak out;
2
[5]

Q2.
(a) It is a measure of the concentration of a gas
(in a mixture of gases or a liquid);
1

(b) 37-38%
Accept 36 – 39

(c) muscle contraction causes increased respiration;

increased CO2 production lowering blood pH / lactate released
lowering blood pH;
increased heat released therefore increased temperature;
increased O2 consumption lowering tissue PO2;
4

(d) haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen;

more O2 for respiration;
2

(e) 3.4 times = 2 marks

(incorrect answer in which candidate shows amount of oxygen removed at rest
is 4.6 and amount removed during exercise is 15.8 = 1 mark)
2

(f) Nearly all O2 is transported by haemoglobin / v. little transported in plasma;

EITHER
Haemoglobin is (nearly) fully saturated with O2 at the alveoli both at
rest and when exercising;
Therefore no (very little) further increase is possible;
OR
Haemoglobin is only 95% saturated with oxygen at the alveoli;
Therefore enriching inspired / air with oxygen will raise this to 100%;
3

(g) increased depth / rate / pulmonary ventilation;

increase stroke volume / heart rate / Q increases blood flow rate;
 arterioles [Accept artery] supplying the muscles
dilate / vasodilation / greater proportion of blood flow to the muscles;
max 3
[15]

Q3.
(a) Contain different / more than one tissue / type of cell;
1

(b) 0.8 (s)

1

(c) 0.4 (s) as events in right ventricle same as in left;

1

(d) (i) 0 - 0.1 / 0.4 - 0.9 because the volume increasing / ventricle
filling / blood entering;
1

(ii) from 0.9 / 0.1 – 0.4 because volume decreasing / ventricle

emptying / blood leaving;
1
Accept any two figures from within the range.

(e) Correct answer of 15.75 / 15.8 / 16 = 2 marks

Incorrect answer but clear understanding that 45cm3 is 100% = 1 mark
2
[7]

Q4.
(a) 1. pressure receptors / baroreceptors / stretch receptors in aorta / carotid arteries /
carotid sinus; (reject carotid body)
2. send impulses to cardiovascular centre / medulla / cardio-inhibitory centre;
(reject signals / messages / electronic)
3. impulses via parasympathetic nerves / vagus; (accept inhibitory nerve)
4. to SAN;
5. release of ACh / inhibits SAN / decreases impulses from SAN;
6. decreases impulses to AVN / decreased stimulation of AVN / decreases impulses
from AVN;
(any reference to signals / messages / electronic disqualifies
points 3 and 5 only)
6

(b) 1. inhibit impulses in sympathetic nerves / from cardio-acceleratory centre;

2. SAN not stimulated / noradrenaline not released so heart rate lowers / does not
increase;
(accept inhibits / blocks synapses);
2
[8]
QWC 1

Q5.
(a) Hb (in A) has greater affinity for O2;
becomes saturated at low(er) ppO2 / more saturated at same
ppO2 / unsaturated at very low ppO2;
able to supply enough O2 to its tissues;
3
 (b) fish B has a greater rate of respiration
(accept more O2 needed for respiration);
Hb dissociates more readily (than A); more O2 supplied;
2 max
[5]

Q6.
(a) slow decrease in speed until reaches arterioles then rapid decrease;
increase in total cross-sectional area of blood vessels / more friction;
2

(b) elastic tissue / fibres / wall;

expands / recoils / springs back (to smooth the pressure surges);
(recoil linked to elastic tissues)
2

(c) walls / endothelium one cell thick / made of flattened cells;

short diffusion pathway

OR

narrow lumen;
reduces rate of flow / more time for diffusion;

OR

gaps / pores between cells (accept fenestrations between cells);

increased rate of diffusion / fluid movement out of vessel;
2

(d) larger / wider lumen so greater volume carried;

1
[7]

Q7.
(i) Because there are big differences;
any correct named example e.g. lung cancer / bronchitis much lower
in women than in men;
2

(ii) easier to compare if sample size effectively the same;

different numbers of people in each group;
2
[4]

Q8.
(a) (i) 0.4(s);
1

(ii)
1

(iii) 0.26 (between 0.4 – 0.14) × 75 (or from (a)(ii)) = 19.5(s)

OR
0.25 (between 0.4 – 0.15) × 75 (or from (a)(ii)) = 18.75(s)
 (no double penalty)(allow rounding only if working shown)
1

(b) (ii) right ventricle;

same pattern / description (as left ventricle) but lower (pressure);
2

(c) increase in volume / size of ventricles (accept heart) / hypertrophy of

heart / increased strength of heart muscle / increased strength of
contraction; more blood leaves heart in each contraction / increase
in stroke volume;
2
[7]

Q9.
(a) 1. permeable capillary wall / membrane;
2. single cell thick / thin walls, reduces diffusion distance;
3. flattened (endothelial) cells, reduces diffusion distance;
4. fenestrations, allows large molecules through;
5. small diameter / narrow, gives a large surface area to volume / short
diffusion distance;
6. narrow lumen, reduces flow rate giving more time for diffusion;
7. red blood cells in contact with wall / pass singly, gives short diffusion
distance / more time for diffusion;
(allow 1 mark for 2 features with no explanation)
4 max

(b) 1. (hydrostatic) pressure of blood high at arterial end;

2. fluid / water / soluble molecules pass out (reject plasma);
3. proteins / large molecules remain;
4. this lowers the water potential / water potential becomes more negative;
5. water moves back into venous end of capillary (reject tissue fluid) by
osmosis / diffusion;
6. lymph system collects any excess tissue fluid which returns to blood /
circulatory system / link with vena cava / returns tissue fluid to vein;
6
[10]
QWC 1

Q10.
(a) (i) curve to right of curve for pH 7.4;
1

(ii) more oxygen unloaded / given up / affinity decreased / reduced

saturation; oxyhaemoglobin dissociates at higher oxygen concentration /
partial pressure / more oxygen unloaded at the same ppO2;
2

(b) (aerobic) respiration will produce carbon dioxide / anaerobic respiration

produces lactate;
carbon dioxide dissolves in blood forming acid;
increases hydrogen ion concentration;
3
[6]

Q11.
(a)
 glucose sodium ions haemoglobin

Tissue fluid ;

Blood plasma ;

Mark for each correct row

2

(b) Hydrostatic pressure higher than osmotic “effect”;

Forces / squeezes / pushes out / water / small molecules / ions / examples;
2
[4]

Q12.
(a) less muscle / thin(ner) wall in left atrium;
1

(b) (i) pressure of left ventricle higher than pressure of left atrium;
1

(ii) closing of the semi-lunar valves / pocket valves;

pressure in artery / aorta is higher than ventricle;
2
[4]

Q13.
(a) (i) 62
ignore units
1

(ii) fetal haemoglobin has higher affinity for oxygen / takes up oxygen
(becomes saturated) at lower partial pressure;
at partial pressures when adult haemoglobin dissociates fetal
haemoglobin takes up oxygen;
2

(b) (i) new ‘S’ shaped curve draw to the right of the adult curve;
1

(ii) haemoglobin dissociates / unloads more readily /

more oxygen delivered to cell / muscles / respiring tissue;
at a particular partial pressure more oxygen is released;
2
[6]

Q14.
(a) (i) arteriole;
1

(ii) any two

oxygen / glucose / amino acids / fatty acids / glycerol / minerals;
1

(b) small diameter / lumen / small mean cross sectional area / increase in
(total) cross sectional area;
more surface in contact with blood / greater friction / resistance;
 2

(c) (i) artery;

1

(ii) stretches / expands to accommodate increase in blood

volume / when ventricle contracts / increase in blood pressure;
recoils when blood volume decreases / when ventricle
relaxes / blood pressure decreases;
2
[7]

Q15.
(a) (i) 0.3 s;
1

(ii) 0.2 - 0.4 s;

1

(b) thicker / more muscle in the left ventricle;

1

(c) Artery

1. thickest wall, enabling it to carry blood at high pressure / withstand

pressure surges;
2. most elastic tissue, which smoothes out flow / maintains pressure;
3. most muscle which maintains pressure;
4. muscle in wall to control blood flow;

Vein

5. thin wall does not have to withstand high pressure;

Capillary

6. thin wall, allowing diffusion / exchange;

7. only endothelium present, allowing short diffusion pathway;

All vessels

8. have endothelium that reduces friction;

6 max
[9]

Q16.
(a) beating / pumping of heart / contraction of ventricles / heart;
1

(b) (at arterial end) hydrostatic pressure / blood pressure;

greater than pressure of water potential gradient / greater than
osmotic uptake;
2

(c) removed by lymphatic system / lymph; returned to blood;

2

(d) less protein in blood;

water potential gradient is lower (less –ve / higher ).
 2
[7]

Q17.
(a) (cells) require oxygen / glucose for respiration / growth
(cells) require oxygen / glucose to keep cells alive;
(accept correctly named nutrient)
1

(b) (i) 65;

1

(ii) fetal haemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen;

(must indicate a comparison or reference to the graph)
loads oxygen from mother’s haemoglobin / blood;
2
[4]

Q18.
(a) 1. rate of respiration increases (in muscle cells);
2. carbon dioxide concentration increases / pH falls / H+ increases / acidity
increases;
3. chemoreceptors in aortic / carotid bodies / medulla (accept reference to
aorta / carotid arteries not sinus);
4. (impulses to) medulla / cardioaccelerator centre;
5. increased frequency of impulses (award only once);
6. along sympathetic pathway to sinoatrial node / SAN (not pacemaker);
6

(b) (i) through cardiac muscle;

to atrioventricular node;
along bundle of His / Purkyne fibres;
2 max

(ii) sinoatrial node in the (right) atrium;

trace from healthy person is identical to the trace for the diseased heart
in the region of the atria / only differences seen in trace for ventricles;
2
[10]

Q19.
(a) (i) in case normal coffee differs in some other way /
to control concentration of caffeine;
1

(ii) not telling them what the drink contained / purpose of experiment;
1

(b) (i) able to continue for longer; (not just increases performance)
(disqualify if also refers to fatty acids and glycerol)
1

(ii) breakdown of fats;

at increased rate / by mobilisation of fat stores;
2

(c) (i) idea that volumes of oxygen and carbon dioxide the same;
reference to equal moles, or quotient as 1 divided by 1 / or 6 by 6;
 2

(ii) glycogen is a carbohydrate / broken down to glucose, linked to RQ;

with no caffeine, RQ nearer 1.0 / less carbon dioxide exhaled and
more oxygen inhaled (or vice versa) / with caffeine higher proportion of
fats / fatty acids respired;
increased time to exhaustion suggests slower use of glycogen:
3
[10]

Q20.
(a) endothelium / tunica intima (accept endothelial cells);
1

(b) elastic tissue allows recoil

(reject if wording implies a muscle e.g. contract / relax)(ignore expand);
maintains blood pressure / constant / smooth blood flow
(not increases blood pressure);
2

(c) measuring radius / 12 mm / 12.5 mm / 1.2 cm / 1.25 cm;

correct calculation / 3.14 × 12 x 12 = 452 / 3.14 x 12.5 x 12.5 = 490 / 491;
allow for magnification ÷100 = 4.52 / 4.9;
(allow 1 mark for correct calculation using incorrect radius)
3
[6]

Q21.
(a) Caused by blood leaving the heart / entering artery;
As a result of ventricles contracting / systole;
2

(b) Stretch as pressure increases;

Recoil / spring back as pressure drops;
Do not accept contract and relax in this context.
Allow 1 mark for ‘stretch and recoil’ without reference to
pressure.
2

(c) Both have an endothelium / epithelium / squamous cells;

1
[5]

Q22.
(a) (i) CO2 is produced (in respiration);
forms carbonic acid / hydrogen ions released;
(lactic acid produced negates both points)
2

(ii) low pH because high rate of respiration;

cells need more O2;
more O2 released / O2 released faster;
2 max

(b) (i) high altitudes have a low partial pressure of O2;

high saturation / affinity of Hb with O2 (at low partial pressure O2);
so sufficient / enough O2 supplied to cells / tissues;
 2

(ii) difficult to unload / dissociate O2 (at tissues);

1
[7]

Q23.
(a) left ventricle;
1

(b) (i) (left) ventricle / heart relaxes / diastole / filling / not contracting;
1

(ii) elastic tissue / wall;

recoils / springs back (to maintain pressure);
(“contraction / muscle causing recoil” negates second point)
2

(c) correct answer, 666 to 667 gains 2 marks; allow 1 mark for principle;
correct time for 1 heartbeat as 90 (ms) or 630÷7 /
60 ÷ incorrect time identified from graph;
2

(d) correct answer, 0.03, gains 2 marks;

(allow 1 mark for correct working, 16.6 ÷ 550, if answer
wrong)
2
[8]

Q24.
(a) (i) Pattern described as constant / decrease to 04.00 / 06.00
then rising;
1

(ii) Corresponds to ventricles contracting / systole;

1

(iii) Less / little difference between maximum and

minimum / less variation / constant / not pulsed / smoother;
pressure in vein lower
2

(b) (i) The larger the molecule, the less permeable;

Over 68 000 walls not permeable;
2

(ii) Plasma proteins / albumin and globulin too large to leave capillary;
Water lost / Increase in concentration of proteins in blood / plasma;
2

(iii) Haemoglobin in red blood cells /

Haemoglobin too large to pass through membrane of RBC /
Red blood cells (containing haemoglobin) too large to pass
through wall;
1
[9]

Q25.
 (a) lymph;
1

(b) arrow drawn from right to left . no mark ( if wrong direction disqualify )
correct reference to blood entering capillary having higher hydrostatic
pressure;
1

(c) HP forces water out;

idea that HP is “higher” than WP;
proteins remain in blood (increases WP);
idea that WP is now “higher” than HP;
water returns by osmosis / along WP gradient;
water moves out at arteriole end and back in (at venule end);
4 max

(d) high respiration rate means high demand for oxygen;

shrew haemoglobin has lower affinity for oxygen / gives up O2
more readily;

shrew Hb lower saturation rate than human Hb at same partial

pressure / more O2
released at same pp;
3
[9]

Q26.
(a) (i) atrioventricular valve / (bi)cuspid valve / mitral valve;
1

(ii) (valves close) due to high blood pressure / when ventricles contract;
Y prevent valve from being inverted / restricts / stops valve movement;
(allow AV valve, disqualify tricuspid)
2

(b) (i) B;
1

(ii) 5 × 60 = 37.5 s
8
correct method
1
correct answer
2
[6]

Q27.
(a) Structure resulting from aggregation of several polypeptide chanins / tertiary
structures / eq:
1

(b) Low pH / (more)H+ ; due to (increased) CO2 (increased) respiration;

(ignore refs to buffering action of haemoglobin)
(increased) dissociation of haemoglobin;
Oxygen diffuses from r.b.c. to tissues;
3

(c) Deaminated for use in respiration / used in protein synthesis / suitable e.g.;
1
[5]