MODULE 1- Occupational Health and Safety

INTRODUCTION:
The purpose of this handbook is to present the grammar and composition of drawing so that those who
conscientiously study the basic principles will be able to execute satisfactory drawings and after some
practical experience capable of making applicable drawings. To facilitate study, the subject matter has
been separated into its various component parts; Lettering, geometric construction, dimensioning, scaling
multi-view drawing, sketching, pictorial drawing, and so forth. The major portion of the material
presented leads up to the preparation of machine accuracy, exactness and positiveness with regard to the
information necessary for the production of a non-existing structure. Finally, it develops the engineering
imagination so essential to the creation of successful design.

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Trace the history of OSHA.
2. Define the different terminologies.
3. Recognize the types of hazards and its examples.
4. Appreciate the importance of safety and health in daily life.

Lesson 1- Brief History of Safety and Health Act (OSHA) and its importance.

 Introduction

Occupational health and safety is one of the most important aspects of human concerns. Staying healthy
and safe at work is important, no matter what your job is. It is important to reduce your risks of injury and
illness at work.

 Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Trace the history of OSHA.
2. Define the different terminologies.
3. Recognize the types of hazards and its examples.
4. Appreciate the importance of safety and health in daily life.

 Content /Information

Brief History of Occupational Health and Safety

In the United States, occupational health and safety truly begin in 1970, with the passing of
the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act.
The goal of this law was simple: to improve safety and guarantee safer working conditions for all
workers, regardless of their job or industry. As such, the law addressed issues related to known health and
safety hazards, such as unsanitary conditions, cold and heat stress, and environmental toxins.
The Act also established the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to pass health and
safety standards, as well as the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to act as a
research body on OSHA’s behalf under the umbrella of the Centers for Disease Control.

On April 28, 1971, OSHA was officially established as the federal body responsible for worker health and
safety.

In 1972, OSHA established the OSHA Training Institute. The Institute is alive and well today,
responsible for the training and education of state and federal compliance officers, private sector safety
managers, state consultants, and non-OSHA personnel.

In the early days, when OSHA’s resources were limited and just being established, OSHA focused its
enforcement with a “worst case first” approach. They emphasized the investigation of
catastrophic workplace accidents and compliance in the most dangerous industries. The idea was to focus
on workers who were most at risk first. From there, OSHA has greatly expanded its scope and focus.

In 1974, they passed their Fourteen Carcinogens standard, recognizing the health hazards of unseen
toxins.

In 1980, worker safety (and thus OSHA responsibility) expanded to cover all federal workers under the
order of President Lyndon B. Johnson. 1982 saw the arrival of Voluntary Protection Programs, and the
following year saw the passage of the historic hazard communication standard.

The Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 is a piece of Malaysian legislation which was gazetted on

February 25, 1994 by the Malaysian Parliament.

REPUBLIC ACT No. 1105 an Act Strengthening Compliance with Occupational Safety and Health
Standards and Providing Penalties for Violations thereof (OSH Law) was assigned into law by President
Rodrigo Roa Duterte on August 17, 2018.

Department order No. 198-18 Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act no. 11058 Entitled
“An Act Strengthening Compliance with Occupational Safety and Health Standards and Providing
Penalties for Violations”. It was approved and signed by Secretary Silvestre H. Bello III on December 6,
2018.

 Difference Between Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) and Occupational Safety
and Health Administration (OSHA)

Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) ACT of 1970- is the primary law covering workers safety and
health. The primary goal is to reduce workplace hazards and implement safety and health programs for
both employers and employees.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) - is government agency in charge of setting
standards, providing information and training to employees and employers and generally making sure that
the workplace stays healthy and safe.

- it was created due to public outcry against rising injury and death rates on the job, also to ensure safe
and healthy working conditions for working men and women by setting and enforcing standards and
providing training outreach, education and assistance.

 What is Occupational safety and health

Occupational safety and health, also commonly referred to as health and safety, occupational health, or
occupational safety. It is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the safety, health and welfare of people
at work.
In other words, occupational health and safety encompasses the social, mental
and physical well-being of workers.

 Terminologies

1. Psychological- hazards that affects the mental health of the worker.

The protection from physical injury and mental well-being of

Safety the individual.

The protection of the body and mind of people from illness.

Health

Welfare The provision of facilities to maintain the health and well-being

of the individual in the workplace.

Hazard The way in which an objective or a situation may cause harm.

Exposure To the extent to which the likely recipient of the harm in exposed
to, or can be influenced by the hazard.

Risk The chances that such effects will occur.

 Types of Hazards in the Workplace

1. Physical- hazards due to a transfer of energy between an object and a worker.

 Example: falling from a height, a burn from a hot oven, the loss
of a finger while operating a machine, loss of hearing from noisy
machinery.

2. Chemical- hazards due to contact with chemicals.

Example: cleaners, pesticides, and fertilizers.

3. Biological- hazards due to contact with living organisms or their by products.

Example: molds, bacteria, virus, and grain dust.

4. Ergonomic hazards – are physical conditions that may pose risk of injury to the muscular
skeletal system.
Example: frequent lifting, poor posture, vibration, worker by
overwhelming indivdual coping mechanisms and imparting the
workers ability to work in a healthy and safe manner.
Types of Hazards Diagram

10 Tips for Work Safety

1. Understand the risks. Once you know the particular hazards of your job or workplace, you can take
steps to reduce your risk of work-related injury or illness.

2. Reduce workplace stress. Common causes include long hours, heavy workload, job insecurity and
conflicts with coworkers or bosses. Stress can lead to depression, sleeping difficulties and problems with
concentration.

3. Take regular breaks. Staying fresh and alert will help you avoid injury or burnout. Schedule the most
difficult tasks of each day for times when your concentration is best, such as first thing in the morning.

4. Avoid stooping or twisting. Use ergonomically designed furniture and equipment, and rearrange your
work area so that everything you need is within easy reach.

5. Use mechanical aids whenever possible. Instead of trying to lift or carry a heavy object, use a
wheelbarrow, conveyor belt, crane or forklift.

6. Protect your back. If you do need to pick up and carry heavy loads, keep the load close to your body and
lift with your thigh muscles.

7. Wear protective equipment to suit the task. If worn correctly, gear such as earplugs, earmuffs, hard
hat, safety goggles, gloves or full-face mask can dramatically reduce your risk of injury.

8. Stay sober. Alcohol and drugs are a contributing factor in around three per cent of workplace fatalities.

9. Talk over any concerns. Your employer or human resources manager need to be informed about hazards
and risks. Your employer is legally obliged to ensure a safe working environment.

10. Know your rights. Organizations such as Work Safe Victoria or unions can offer information and advice
on workplace safety issues.

 Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Good Practices

 Using Personal Protection and Safety Equipment

 Following safe work procedure

 Knowing and complying with all regulations

 Reporting any injury or illness immediately

 Reporting unsafe acts and conditions.