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Chapter 9 X-Ray Emission

X-ray quantity and quality are affected by factors like mAs, kVp, distance, and filtration. X-ray quantity is proportional to mAs and inversely proportional to distance. Increasing kVp increases x-ray quality by producing higher energy photons. Filtration also improves quality by reducing low energy photons but decreases quantity. The best way to specify x-ray quality is using the half-value layer, which is the thickness of material needed to reduce intensity by half. Different filters can be used to compensate for patient shape and provide more uniform exposure.

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Anne Limpin
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1K views3 pages

Chapter 9 X-Ray Emission

X-ray quantity and quality are affected by factors like mAs, kVp, distance, and filtration. X-ray quantity is proportional to mAs and inversely proportional to distance. Increasing kVp increases x-ray quality by producing higher energy photons. Filtration also improves quality by reducing low energy photons but decreases quantity. The best way to specify x-ray quality is using the half-value layer, which is the thickness of material needed to reduce intensity by half. Different filters can be used to compensate for patient shape and provide more uniform exposure.

Uploaded by

Anne Limpin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 9

X-RAY EMISSION

X-RAY QUANTITY X-ray Quantity & Distance


 X-ray quantity is inversely proportional to
X-ray Intensity the square of the distance from the source
 Units: R, mR & mGya  Inverse Square Law: I1/I2 = (SID2/SID1)2
 Other Name: x-ray quantity or radiation
exposure When SID is increased, mAs must be increased
by SID2 to maintain constant exposure to the
Roentgen image receptor!
 A measure of the number of ion pairs
produced in air by a quantity of x-rays
 SI Unit: mGya mAs & SID
 Exposure Rate: mR/s, mR/min or mR/mAs  Square Law: mAs1/mAs2 = (SID1/SID2)2

Filtration
X-ray quantity is the number of x-rays in the
useful beam!  Beam hardening
 Purpose: to reduce the number of low-
energy x-rays
FACTORS THAT AFFECT X-RAY  Advantages: increased beam quality &
QUANTITY & IMAGE RECEPTOR reduces patient dose
Image  Disadvantage: reduced image contrast
The Effect of X-ray
Receptor
Increasing Quantity Is
Exposure Is X-RAY QUALITY
Increased
mAs Increased
proportionately X-ray Quality
Increased by  The penetrability of an x-ray beam
kVp Increased
(kVp1/kVp2)2  It is measured in HVL
Reduced by
Distance Reduced
(d2/d1)2 Penetrability
Filtration Reduced Reduced  The ability of x-rays to pass through tissue

X-ray Quantity & mAs High Quality X-rays


 X-ray quantity is proportional to the mAs  X-ray with high penetrability
 Formula: I1/I2 = mAs1/mAs2
 mAs: mA x s = mC/s x s = mC Low Quality X-rays
 1 C: 6.25 x 1018 electrons  X-ray with low penetrability

X-ray Quantity & kVp Half-Value Layer


 X-ray quantity is proportional to kVp2  The thickness of absorbing material
 Formula: I1/I2 = (kVp1/kVp2)2 necessary to reduce the x-ray intensity to
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 40% Increased in kVp: doubling the half of its original value


intensity  A characteristic of the useful beam
Page

 15% Increased in kVp: reduction of ½ in  Diagnostic X-ray Range: 3-5 Al or 3-6 cm


mAs of soft tissue
o Disadvantage: reduced image
contrast HVL is the best method for specifying x-ray
quality!

STEWART C. BUSHONG SUMMARIZED BY: MEYNARD Y. CASTRO


CHAPTER 9
X-RAY EMISSION

Attenuation Inherent Filtration


 The reduction in x-ray intensity that results  Locations: x-ray tube glass/metal enclosure
from absorption & scattering & window
 Equivalent: 0.5 mm Al
Determining Half-Value Layer
 3 Principal Parts: x-ray tube, radiation Mammography
detector & graded thicknesses of filter (Al)  Window: beryllium (Z=4)
 Steps:  Equivalent: 0.1 mm Al
o A radiation measurement is made
with no filter between x-ray tube & Added Filtration
the detector  Locations: x-ray tube housing & x-ray beam
o Measurements of radiation are made collimators
for successively thicker sections of  Equivalent: 1 mm Al (port of x-ray tube) &
filter 1 mm Al (collimators)
o The thickness of filtration that
reduces the intensity to half of its Total Filtration
original value is the HVL  2.5 mm Al
 Inherent Filtration: 0.5 mm Al
X-ray beam quality can be identified by voltage  Added Filter: 1 mm Al
or filtration, but HVL is most appropriate!  Mirror: 1 mm Al

Compensating Filter
FACTORS THAT AFFECT X-RAY QUALITY  Material inserted between an x-ray source &
& X-RAY QUANTITY a patient to shape the intensity of the x-ray
EFFECT ON beam
An Increased X-ray  It is designed to make the remnant beam
X-ray Quality more uniform in intensity
in Quantity
mAs None Increased  Examples: wedge filter, trough filter, bow-
kVp Increased Increased tie filter & conic filter
Distance None Reduced
Filtration Increased Reduced Wedge Filter
 It is used for examination of the foot
X-ray Quality & kVp
 Increasing the kVp peak increases the Trough Filter
quality of an x-ray beam  A bilateral wedge filter
 It is used in chest radiography
X-ray Quality & Filtration
 Increasing the filtration increases the quality Bow-Tie Filter
of an x-ray beam but decreases the x-ray  It is used with CT imaging systems to
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quantity compensate for the shape of the head or


 Filter Materials: aluminum (Z=13), copper body
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(Z=29), tin (Z=50), gadolinium (Z=64) &


holmium (Z=67) Conic Filter
 It is used in digital fluoroscopy
Types of Filtration
 Inherent & Added Filtration
STEWART C. BUSHONG SUMMARIZED BY: MEYNARD Y. CASTRO
CHAPTER 9
X-RAY EMISSION

Step-Wedge Filter
 An adaptation of the wedge filter
 It is used in some special procedures,
usually when long sections of the anatomy
are imaged

40
Page

STEWART C. BUSHONG SUMMARIZED BY: MEYNARD Y. CASTRO

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