RESEARCH Method, Findings, Method, Results,

and Discussion) and Discussion)

NATURE OF INQUIRY Quantitative Research
Two components of the definitions of research: - A method of inquiry that aims to answer questions through
 Process collection of numerical data and derive generalizations
 Purpose - Statistics, hypothesis, quantifiable variables, “how much” or
Examples: “how many”
(blue – process, green – purpose) FOUR TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
“a purposive, systematic and scientific process of gathering, 1. Descriptive/Survey Research
analyzing, classifying, organizing, presenting and interpreting - It is a scientific method of research that employs observation
data for the solution of the problem, for prediction, for invention, as a means to describe the behavior of a variable without
for the discovery of the truth, or the expansion or verification of manipulating it.
existing knowledge, all for the preservation and improvement of - It uses interviews, questionnaires, and sampling polls to get
the quality of human life” a sense of behavior with intense precision.
(Calderon & Gonzales, 1998) - This is usually expressed in a percentage.
“Seeks to acquire knowledge, to problems, and to generate new 2. Correlational Research
information for better understanding of the concepts under - It is a quantitative method of research that has two (2) or
study, through a purposive, organized, and designed program of more quantitative variables and tries to find a relationship
activities.” between them.
(Uy et al. 2016) - It is done to establish what is the effect of one on the other
You can define research as long as you have purpose and process. might be and how that affects the relationship.
- The survey is conducted on a minimum of two groups.
TWO MAJOR CATEGORIES OF TYPES OF RESEARCH 3. Casual-Comparative/Quasi-Experimental Research
a) According to the goal or application of research method - It seeks to find associations among variables.
 Basic research/Fundamental Research - it attempts to determine the cause of differences that exist
- Refers to the study that aims to expand the existing basic between or among groups of individuals.
scientific knowledge (Surbhi, 2018) - It involves ‘comparison’.
- Its goal is to add knowledge to the existing one - the study of two or more groups is done without focusing on
 Applied Research their relationship.
- Is the research that is designed to solve specific practical 4. Experimental Research
problems or answer certain questions. - It is a study where the researcher manipulates a variable,
- To find out the solution for the problem at hand by then controls or randomizes the rest of the other variables.
developing technology and technique - It uses the scientific method to establish a cause-effect
- You apply your skills relationship among a group of variables that make up a
study.
b) According to the type of data - An independent variable is manipulated to determine the
 Qualitative Research effects on the dependent variables.
- It is used to gain in understanding of underlying reasons,
opinions and motivations STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 Quantitative Research Strengths
- It quantifies the problem by way of generating numerical  The best way of proving or disproving a hypothesis
data or data that can be transformed into useable statistics  Results are unbiased
 Mixed Method  Objective answers are sought
- It is a combination of both qualitative and quantitative  Large sample size
research  Easy to generalize and compare to other studies
Compared Qualitative Quantitative Weaknesses
Characteristic  Difficult for non-mathematicians
Data Words and Numbers or  Results are limited in term of narrative description
descriptions numerical data
 For the experiment, it is expensive and requires a lot of time
Data Observation, The structured
 The development of questions can lead to structural bias
Collection/Tec interviews and survey, experiment
hniques documentary and observation
analysis IMPORTANCE OF QUANTI RESEARCH ACROSS DIFF. FIELDS
Population Small sample size Large Sample size  Medical field
(pwedeng isa lang) - Experiments are used in creating products such as
Presentation of Actual responses are Illustrated in medicines and vaccines
Data presented graphs, tables and  Market/Business
(transcribed/transcr charts - Entrepreneurs survey to measure the satisfaction rate of the
ipt) customers towards their products
Analysis of Content Analysis Statistical Analysis  Education
Data (transcribing, (descriptive and - Teachers conduct the assessment and make interpretations
theming and coding) inferential analysis) about the numerical that they have gathered
Format IMFAD IMRAD
 Disaster Management
(Introduction, (Introduction,
- Experts collect data and organize them to make predictions - Does not take the decimal format
about the occurrence of a natural data - Ex.: number of teeth, number of students present in the
 Household Census seminar
- A household survey is conducted to keep data regarding  Continuous
characteristics of the household as well as identify their - Takes forever to count, divisible into whatever units (feet to
common needs an inch, then inch to cm), can take a decimal format
 Finance
- People involved in finance and business used quantitative Is it possible to make a qualitative variable quantifiable?
researcher for evaluating their performances, measuring Yes. There are qualitative variables that can be quantified. For
revenues to make decisions for the future example, they ask for your height, you may answer “I am tall!” but
 Information Technology if you quantify, you can say “I am 5 feet in height.”
- Bandwidths, download and upload speed are in numerical
format; thus, IT experts used these data to improve Internet LEVELS OF DATA MEASUREMENT
connection 1. Ratio
- It has true zero which means zero indicates absence or
RESEARCH VARIABLES nothing has been measured
Variable - Ex.: civil status, type of car owned, academic strand
- Any trait, quality or category that is capable of change and 2. Interval
can be measured - It has no true zero which means does not indicate absence of
THREE MAJOR TYPES OF VARIABLES variable or measurement
1. Independent - Ex.: level of satisfaction, level of agreement
- Causes changes to our dependent variable 3. Ordinal
- Can be controlled or manipulated by the researchers - Has an ordered scale, implies ranking or scaling
- Ex.: amount of water to give to the plant, exposure to - Ex.: temperature in Celsius (remember that 0 temperature
sunlight of plant does not mean no temperature exists)
2. Dependent 4. Nominal
- It bears the effect - Lowest level and weakest form of measurement
- Known as the outcome variable - Naming of attributes only
- The one to observe when you make changes to your - Ex.: pulse rate, weight, test raw scores (zero means nothing)
independent variable
- Ex.: the growth of the plant, the height of a person, the IDENTIFYING THE INQUIRY AND STATING THE PROBLEM
academic performance of students if the teaching method A. Researcher’s observations, interests and experiences
was changed - Like for our example, you may use your experience during
3. Controlled the COVID pandemic crisis. You may want to research what
- It is what you hold constant or unchanged when conducting other materials can serve as an alternative to the N-95 face
an experiment mask. In here, you used your observation and experience to
- Ex.: it depends on what experiment are you trying to do come up with a research topic.
B. Deductions from theories
TYPES OF RESEARCH BASED ON RESEARCH APPROACH - What are the theories that you have heard from another
author? Or do you have a theory of your own that you want
Variable to test? For example, many people rely on the use of guava
leaves in treating wounds. Now, there is a theory, that guava
leaves have healing components. This will become your
Qualitative Quantitative research topic now.
C. Related Literature
- Try to read some previous researches too. You read that salt
Discrete Continuous can produce electricity. Now that you read this in a specific
review of related literature, you may come up with an idea
Qualitative Research on how to make such concept work in real-life.
- Also known as the categorical variable D. Clarification of contradictory of findings
- Descriptive in form or in words - Researches are being replicated. Why? Because not all
- It answers the question, ‘what kind?’ results of the same research topics are the same, some
- Ex.: nationality, highest educational attainment, breed of dog findings are contradicting. Thus, you can see this as an
- Subtypes: none opportunity to conduct your own research and see which
Quantitative Research findings are similar and different from those existing studies.
- Variables that may take the numerical form or can be Example, one study shows that guava leaves cannot treat
measured immediately wounds while the other study proved that it can treat
- It answers the questions, “how much” or “how many” wounds. Now, this contradiction becomes your motivation to
- Ex.: number of female students in UASHS, your age in years study such a topic and see what you will find out.
and months, your height in centimeters
SUBTYPE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Introduction
 Discrete - We state here the focus of the inquiry
- A variable that is countable in a finite amount INTRODUCTION WRITING
 Purpose experimentation. The researchers determine and record in
- The purpose of the Introduction in your research paper is to the experiment the amount of grapefruit extract being used
give your readers background of the research problem. and the time spent when the extract affects the mosquito.
- It pinpoints how big the issue is, it explains the root of the The experiment period is pre-determined which is
research problem and then placing this research problem at conducted in four trials. Furthermore, the study does not
a particular setting. include other types of insects present in various households
 Content nor identify if the grapefruit extract’s effect depends on the
- Your Introduction usually contains: Review of Related type of insect, and no pre-treatment is done.
literature, Statement of the Problem, Scope and Limitation
and Significance of the Study. Significance of the Study
- In quantitative research, you are expected to construct a - It contains the beneficiaries of your study and explains the
Conceptual Framework which you will learn in this module benefits of your study.
- It may consist either of the following:
Review of Related Literature  The contribution of your research to a particular field
- It provides a synthesized body of knowledge gathered from  The beneficiaries of your researchers
different resources.  Answers to the questions “to whom” and “for what”
STEPS IN CONDUCTING REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE - Ex.: The present study can help in verifying the theory about
(CISRaW) the capacity of turning organic waste into a source of energy.
1. Choose your topic Furthermore, the results may serve as a stepping stone in
2. Identify databases & resources creating inventions fueled by the eco- friendly substance.
3. Search & refine Lastly, it may initiate the researchers conduct more studies
4. Read & analyze that investigate the capacity of organic waste to turn into
5. Write the review something beneficial.
Or
Statement of the Problem To the industry The oil-reliant industries may
- It usually contains general and specific questions needed to operate their types of
be answered in the research. machinery with less harmful
- In writing this, it must be divided into two parts: general substances.
statement of the problem and the specific research To the farmers With the application of such
problems theory, farmers may have
- To have a well-written SOP, remember our five criteria: other sources of income.
SMART (specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, time- To the future researchers It helps in encouraging other
bounded or time-oriented) researchers to keep on
conducting studies that help
- When you write SOP, make sure the specific research
in verifying the potential of
problems support that general problem and they are in
organic waste as a renewable
declarative form. source of energy
- Ex.:
GENERAL SPECIFIC Hypothesis
The study aims to investigate In support of the general - It is usually defined as the tentative intellectual guess of the
if the grapefruit extract has problem, the researchers researcher
the potential to repel seek to identify the following:
- It is the claim of the researchers that need to be proven with
mosquito. a) The amount (mL) of
the aid statistical analysis
grapefruit extract
needed to repel - Ex.: I can claim that
mosquito  guava leaves have the potential to treat minor wounds
b) The number of minutes  the happiness index of a person increases when his or
the grapefruit extract her net worth increases
take effect  the reading comprehension ability of a student affects his
or her mathematical capability
Scope and Limitation TWO TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
- It provides the coverage and focus of the study such as the 1. Null Hypothesis
people to be involved and variables to be studied. - It is stated negatively, accepted to be true or proven
- It should consist of the following: - Ex.: there is no significant relationship between net worth of
 Variables to be studied a person to his or her happiness index.
 Criteria (if there are) in selecting your respondents 2. Alternative Hypothesis
 The locale of your study - It is stated positively, the one needs to be proven or your
 Better if you mentioned your research design claim
 The number of respondents - Ex: there is a significant relationship between the net worth
 Time frame of a person to his or her happiness index.
 What the researcher will not consider or will not do
- Write it first in a bullet form, then make a summary of it Research Title
- Ex.: This quantitative research focuses on the capacity of the - If there are no scientific names to be used in your title, the
grapefruit extract in repelling mosquito through whole title must be capitalized.
- If there are scientific names, be sure to use the appropriate
way of writing scientific names
- It must consist of 12-15 necessary words (except the articles
and conjunctions)
- You may need sub-title
- Ex.: STUDENTS AND TEACHERS’ SATISFACTION TOWARDS
ENROLLMENT SYSTEM OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE
ASSUMPTION-SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL: BASIS FOR THE
CREATION OF ONLINE ENROLLMENT SYSTEM
- Terms such as “analysis of,” ”An Investigation of,” and “A
Study of” should be avoided
- It mirrors the objective of the research and the locale of the
study
- Please be noted that in the first phase of your research
writing the title you made is called “working title” this
means that the title is still open for revision and to be
finalized after to oral defense
- Ex.: Antimicrobial Activity of Mango Leaves (Mangifera
Indica L.) Extract Against Escherichia Coli and
Staphylococcus Epidermidis Bacteria