8 GOP-Textbook Funds Exploring Math Textbook * Orlando A. Oronce ¢ Marilyn O. Mendoza GOVERNMENT PROPERTY NOT FOR SALE ALLOTTED TO DistricSchool: Division: ‘st School Year Introduced:EE Preface Chapter 1: Special Products and Factoring Lesson 1.1 Lesson 1.2 Lesson 1.3 Lesson 1.4 Lesson 1.5, Lesson 1.6 Contents Factoring Polynomials Difference of Two Squares . Sum and Difference of Two Cubes Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials Factoring Quadratic Trinomials of the Form x? + bx te, Factoring Trinomials of the Form ax? + bx +¢ Chapter 2: Rational Expressions Lesson 2.1 Lesson 2.2 Lesson 2.3 Lesson 2.4 Lesson 2.5, Lesson 2.6 Rational Expressions .. Simplifying Rational Expressions . Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions .. Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions Complex Fraction Equations Involving Rational Expressions Chapter 3: Linear Equations in Two Variables and Linear Functions Lesson 3.1 Lesson 3.2 Lesson 3.3 Lesson 3.4 Lesson 3.5 Rectangular Coordinate System .... Linear Equations in Two Variables Relation and Function Graphing Linear Equations Writing Equations of Lines 135 144 154 174 204 Chapter 4: Systems of Linear Equations and inequalities Lesson 4.1 Lesson 4,2 Lesson 4,3 Lesson 4.4 Lesson 4.5 Systems of Linear Equations and Their Solutions ... Solving Linear Systems by Graphing . Solving Linear Systems by Substitution .. Solving Linear Systems by Elimination ... Solving Systems of Linear Inequalities ... - 226 1235 249) 261 276 iiChapter 5: Geometry Lesson 5.1 Lesson 5.2 Lesson 5.3 Lesson 5.4 Lesson 5.5 Lesson 5.6 Lesson 5.7 Lesson 5.8 Lesson 5.9 Logical Reasoning Writing a Proof . Congruent Triangles Proving Triangle Congruence (The SSS Postulate) The SAS and ASA Congruence Postulates and SAA "Theorem ie Congruent Right Triangles Theorems on Isosceles Triangles Triangle Inequality : Conditions that Guarantee Parallelism ... Chapter 6: Statistics and Probability Lesson 6.1 ‘Lesson 6.2 Lesson 6.3, 425 441 450, Sample Space, Events, Outcomes, and Experiments... Fundamental Principle of Counting Probability of an Event. ivPreface a Exploring Math Grade 8 K to 12 Edition has been written with the students in mind. Itis in line with K to 12 Curriculum Guide Learning Competencies and is enriched with topics that supplement the minimum requirements. We bring out the basic ideas and techniques as simply and clearly as possible and have related those ideas to other areas such as science, ‘music, and health to attract the reader’s attention. Every effort has been placed on understanding the use of the various concepts that are introduced. An important aid to this goal will be found in the challenging exercises, which include hundreds of problems aside from the necessary routine drills. Exploring Math has a consistent organization and many recurring features, It is important to know how the worktext is organized and what is the purpose of each feature. Chapter Qeener ‘This section features an overview of the topics to be covered in the chapter. Italso includes an introduction to a real-life application and is continued as a project of the chapter. It also lists the objectives and key questions for the chapter. Septoration This section begins with an activity that provides a stimulating introduction to the mathematical concepts ot skills to be studied, The activities involve hands-on investigation that leads to meaningful mathematical insights. These activities require you to work cooperatively with other students. Setension This section explains the concepts and skills you are expected to learn. Here, you will find helpful discussions along with essential definitions and procedures. Key points of the lesson are also presented through examples and worked-out solutions to study and apply later on. Grampie All sections contain numerous examples, with multiple parts graded by difficulty. The examples illustrate concepts, procedures, and techniques that reinforce the reasoning and critical thinking needed for problem solving. Detailed solutions include ‘reasons that justify the steps taken and explain their purpose.ge _ Grercises ‘The exercises provide numerous opportunities to practice and apply the mathematical concepts and skills that you have studied. Each section includes exercises from each of the following groups: Vocabulary and Concepts, Practice and Application, and Writing. Parichment Atthe end of each topic, math activities are provided for practice. These activities are brief discussions of related topics arrived at, such as: generalizations, extensions, explorations and sometimes simple games, magic tricks, and interesting problems. The authors believe that one ‘way of opening the eyes of the students to the excitement, beauty, and mystery of mathematics is to enjoy it with games and puzzles, magic tricks, and other forms of recreational activities. However, games and puzzles are presented in this worktext not merely to entertain or challenge students, but also to draw them into the fundamental ideas of mathematics. An activity-oriented approach provides for learning styles other than verbal or visual, Students who need hands-on experiences—the kinesthetic learners —are no longer penalized by materials and instructional approaches that emphasize primarily listening and recording information. Students who need to ‘work in collaboration with others to understand math concepts—the interpersonal learners — now have the opportunity to do so during small group discussions. W\ngmap ‘This section features the summary of important terms, properties, rules, and concepts for _Tecap and revision by the students. Peparatory to Ciamination This contains problems that are keyed to each section of the chapter and are designed to test the students ability to synthesize various concepts. Each chapter culminates withreal-life application. This projectemphasizes the organization and interpretation of data which provides opportunities for students to report their findings. ‘The authors subscribe to the idea that whenever there is a pattern, there is mathematics. ‘The Authors7 2 Special rule le a found mentally, The process of finding products of b binomials using, hort enethod is s | products are (a) Product of a Sum and Ditferari 9) Square of © < + Saye yi, and (0) Cube of a Binomial: (x + y)! = a0 + Sxty + Say! + yp 2 “the reves: 9 d products i a Broce balled factoring. Rewiling & polyaomial ae product of penal etors is caller! \ 9, Sor are (a) Difference oftwo Squares: ( 2 b) Factoring Bext ora 2 ¢) Suin and Difference of Two Clbewac £ De ae eee ies ene iG de wea ot aaFactoring Polynomials | You have multiplied polynomials and performed operations on special products. Now, you will learn to factor polynomials. In this lesson. you will be able to. pe +—factor_palynomiais.. with _commen_menomigl Key Question actor completely. Zipioration & Materials Needed: Brite f.. i... @. | Mere’show to arange one’ Helle Gra Avo les. 10 ee a fies oe The, cmendon: of the | fectangle sx + 2s } (Ulenathiond x the wich ~ ‘Area = length x width oe = x(x +2) How do you factor @ polynomiat? xy-tile ‘Arrange four x°-tiles and six BN oe Area = Xtiles to form a rectangle. | length = aa Baws ee f ‘Area = length x width EEE cf eee ae Arrange three x*-tiles and six x-tiles to form a rectangle.3. Use the distributive property to complete the following: a 842K =x( + ) b. 4x? + 6x=2x( + 3x? + 6x = 3x( * ) Satension Rewriting a polynomial as a product of polynomials of smaller degree is called factoring a polynomial. For example: + 2x=x(x +2) ay 4x2 + 6x = 2x(2x +3) 3x! + 6x = 3x(x +2) Recall that you can apply the distributive property to multiply expressions. Thus, 3(4x + 5) = 3(4x) + 3(5) = 12x + 15. Each term in the parentheses is multiplied by 3 to find the product, You can reverse the process to find the factors of the related product. The reverse process is called factoring. ‘The greatest common factor or GCF of x? and 2x is x. For the polynomial x? + 2x, the factored form is x(x + 2). Here are other examples. Polynomial GCF ‘Factored Form a+ 6x f 2x@x+3) > arr > eo Se + 10% > Sx2(1 + 2x) 6x! — Lax? 2xX3x— 7)Factoring and GCI Factoring is soa two oF more factors of a number oF 4 polynartial one term.) isthe common factor naving the greatest mumerical factor and with integer numetieateoesiicient if ~ 1. ca ke the greg 20 is the smallest exponent of x in all the terins of the polynomial n factor ‘oheksh air of monomials. B. 10aas __ Write the factors of 1Bab: (2: Se _ THEGICE of 68 and 38ab is (2 | 3)(2), oF 6s, Wieabe lnetwrsof 10a: (> s¥a) oy pon ae hors. of Deeb: (2®< Bahr: Ftp and (2a is (2a), or Ware the factors of ~8x7) {HOYT | Wika (he factors of b6xy: (25GqKy) The GCE ofriaey-and d6xy is @)exx(yyor Bxy. . ee i Tet : a Food tv arenes common factorof each paipof monomiais., 8 Veatds6ab ba and 200 etnies este ic ne Solution: factorization of 6: (3)(2) The GCF is 3 least degree, Thus, the term ax*is the GCE of the terms of a’ polynosniat with ane ficients of the pol: ‘The Greatest Common Factor (GCF) of twa or more monomisls (A mondinial isan expression with bles having the | fable x end.Use the GCF to rewrite the polynomial. Use the distributive property. b. Find the GCF of each term. prime factors of 15xy*: (5)(3)(X7)(9°) prime factors of 33xy*: (3)(11)(x)(y") The GCF is (3)(x)(y°) or 3xy’. So, 15x%y? — 33xy? = 3xy%(5x — 11). ¢. Find the GCF of each term. prime factors of 123%: (22)(3)(@)(b') prime factors of 16a": (24)(a\(b?) prime factors of 20a°b: (2°)(5)(a‘)(b’) ‘The GCF is (27)(a°)(b?) or 4a°b?, So, 12ab* — 16a"? + 20a‘b? = 4a%b* (3b? — 4a + Sa°b). Tey 2 Factor completely. a 5x+10 Db. 25x2y? = SSxy? Sanoi(3) Factor each polynomial, a Ta(a+3)—c(a+3) c. p(n +2)+2p'4n +2)— spn +2) b. 4b —1) + Sa(1 — 3b) + 4e(3b — 1) Oxy +2) + 12x(y + 2)! Solution: a. Ta(a+3)—c(a+3) The binomial (a + 3) is commion to both : terms. =(a+3)(Ja—c) Factor. B. 4Gb~1) + Sa(1—3b) + 43-1) Use the fact that 1 — 3b = — Bb — 1). (3b ~ 1)— Sa(3b—1)+4e(3b-1) Rewrite 1 - 3b. 3b ~ 1)(4 — Sa + 40) ‘The binomial factor (3b ~ 1) is common to all three terms. cpa +2)+ 2pm +2)-Spin+2) and (n +2) are common to all the three terms. = p(n +2) (p?+2p-5) Factor.a 6xXy +2) + 1ax(y +2)¢ 6x and (y + 2)? are common to both terms. Only + 2 [x + Cy +2] Factor. Factor each polynomial. a Sa(a+3)-e(a+3) —b, 6(3b~ 1) + Sa(1 — 3b) + 4e(3b—1) Crane) ‘The formula for the perimeter of a rectangle is represented by P = 2/ + 2w, where / represents the length and w represents the width. Use factoring to rewrite the formula, Solution: The GCF of the terms is 2. P=2/+2w i+ w) Seampie( 5) Draw a tile model to find the sides of a rectangle that has the given product. a 4x74 ax bo Sx +10 ‘Solution: a. Arrange four x’-tiles and four x-tiles. b. Arrange five x-tiles and ten 1-tiles, Try it 4 ] Draw a tile model to find the sides of a rectangle has the given product. a 3x7 43x b. 6x+12 i 6Qrorcises (Vocabulary and Concepts —————-__ 1. Fill in the blanks to make each statement true 1. After multiplying, we have a(b+c)=___ 2. By factoring, we have ab + ac = 3. The term 4x? is the GCF of a polynomial if. is the greatest integer that divides each of the coefficients of the polynomial and ___ is the smallest exponent of x in all the terms of the polynomial. IL. Identify which polynomial in column A is modeled by the diagram in column B. A B 4. 4x? + 2x . eo >’ ZEooog Fe oe age 5. 4x42 mmogeg e f 6 4x+12 7. 3x+12 f e £ goo 8. 2x2 + 10x BERGE meicog maoo ce = of each set of moriomials. (asia a Rptcton) 1. Determine the G 1. 20, 30a 4. 25x%, 75x, 125x! 7. 34,270, 51d 2.35, 20m 5. 12a", 15a, 18a° 8 xy) ety) ty? 3. 13a, 26b, 39¢ 6 Se’, 10%, 405 9, 7m*n, 28mn?, 98mn IL. Two polynomials are relatively) prime if they have no common factor other than the constants | and -1. Tell which pairs are relatively prime. 10. 3aa 13. 4m, 4m—4 16. 3 3p", 3p IL 4x, x 14, at 4a,a 17, 2mm + m?, 2m 43mn 12, a+a%,2a 15. 3x+6,3x°-6 18. 8be, de—b IIL Draw a tile model to show the area of a rectangle that has the following factors: 19. x+5andx 21. 3xandx+6 23. Sxandx+1 20. x+3 and x 22. Qxandx +4 24. 4x and 2x +3 IV. Draw a tile model to find the sides of a rectangle that has the given product. 25, 3x? +3x 27, $x+15 29. 2x24 16 26. 4x? + 10x 28. 6x+12 30. 6x7 +18V. Identify the polynomial modeled by the diagram, * BEE * BERR * GEE VI. Write'a polynomial in each{_|to complete each statement. 34. Tp?- Tp=7p- 35. 6a + 24a = 60? [| 36. 35x¥y? + 2ixty + lacty?= Ixy [| 37. 10’ — 80bS ~ Sb* + 5b7= 5b? z 38. 17x*— Sixt ~ 34x = 1t 3x8 2) 2 od 39. Sx-=— 592 0 ‘VIL. Factor each expression completely. 40. 25+ 45x 44.) ab’c + a2b’c* + abe? 41. 24a + 48b 45. 12c*d* — 24cd? + 6c7d? 42. 4m? +17m-15 46. 60ab + 48a? + 72a°b? 43, 3ab*+ 9ab? + 12ab* VILL. Write an expression in factored form to represent the area of the shaded region. 47. 48.49, 50. Describe what happens if you use factor 2a rather than the greatest common factor 4a? from 12a — 16a", Determine whether each of the following is a correct factorization of 4x — 20. a 4-5) 0b 45+) 4x +5) ds AG -x) If Gx + 2\(x + 5) is the result of factoring, what are the four terms in the original expression? Explain why you use the smallest power of each common prime factor when finding the GCF of two or more integers. Explain how to use algebra tiles to show the area of a rectangle with sides 2x and x+7, Explain how to use the Distributive Property to find the area of a rectangle with sides 2x and x + 7 : Tell what it means to write the polynomial x! +x in factored form. ‘The perimeter of the parallelogram at the right is 10a +4b. sy ey a Find the lengths of the missing sides, os ae What do you find most difficult about factoring « polynomial? Why? Can you do something to overcome this difficulty? A f —— Pavichment § Chunking ‘The term chunking refers to the method of collecting several pieces of information and grouping them together as a single piece of information. Actually, you use chunking every day. You chunk the individual letters, c, a, and f, and think of the word car, You chunk your father, mother, brothers, sisters, and other relatives and talk about your family. In algebra, you chunk when you think of a polynomial not as a group of individual terms but rather as a single variable expression. Factor: x(3 +x) + 5(3 +x)Solution: x(3 +x) +5(3 +x) (B+x] +53 +x] Think of (3 + x) as a chunk. = (x+ 50) Use the distributive property to factor out the chunk. A diagram shown below can prove that this answer is correct. x 5 x 5 3| 3| 3 aa + + 3 +x) Area=5(3+x) Area=(x+5)3+x) Area XB +x) +53 +x) =(&+5)3+x) Try: ‘Write a mathematical sentence that represents each diagram, a x 3 x 3 2 x 2 S a oe = Use chunking to factor each expression. a 3. m(m-4)+3(m—4) 4. e(c+6) +4(c+6) 5. bla+ 1) +a(a+1)+3(a+1) pnt = ‘Skill Checklist Icon Ti factor completely polynomials with common monomial factor.You have multiplied sums and differences. Now, you will find the difference of two squares. How are the product —~ | ofthe sum and Materials needed: x y| yPpiece of paper x¢piece of paper Trace the y*-piece of paper in the comer]2. Cut out the traced comer. What is the of the x’-piece of paper. area of the remaining figure? Explain. x y yl Area: Make a straight cut in the new figure|4. What are the lengths of the sides of the and arrange the two pieces to form a rectangle in terms of x and y? rectangle. u‘5. What is the area of the rectangle? 6. How does it compare with the area you f found in Question 27 Area: Area: y Area: Srtension For a binomial to be a difference of two squares, two conditions must hold. 1. - ‘There must be two terms that are both squares. Examples are 9a? and 25a, and 81 and x2 2, There must be a minus sign in exactly one of the terms. Ciampi) State whether or not each expression is a difference of two squares. a. 9x? 100 b. 16x? +25 Solutio a.” The first term is a square. 9x? = (3x)? The second term is a square, 100 = 10 ‘There is a minus sign between them. ‘Thus, we have a difference of two squares. b,... -16x2+.25=25 16x... Write asa difference: 25 = Stand 16x? = (4x)? The first and last terms are squares. Because there is a minus sign between 25 and 16x, we have a difference of two squares. Tey State whether or not each expression is a difference of two squares. a 4x?—121 b. 49m? +1 Ifx and y are real numbers, variables, or algebraic expressions, then ¥-¥= (+ E-y). In words: The difference of the squares of two terms is the product of the sum and difference of those terms. 12You recognize a difference of two squares as two perfect square terms separated by a minus sign. If the binomial you want to factor matches the pattem x? — y?, then the factors are x+y and x ~y. Here are some examples. ST Birorence of Two Squares” esi rote # Jax 3? x +3)(x-3) G+DG-p) (z+y)(e-¥) 4x? -81= (2x) -9? (2x+9)(2x-9) tot t MG ? vay (e+)(e-y) 25—49x° = 5? -(7x°)? S+7x')($-7° fuk & ie Y) id (=) (x+y) Note: _ Fora variable to be a perfect square, it must be raised to an even power. ‘The perfect integer squares less than 300 are 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169, 196, 225, 256, and 289, Siameie(2) Factor each completely. a dat 49 b. 9xt—25y c. 8b—4p%q! Solution: a 4a? — 49 = (2a)—(7) = (2a + 7)(2a—7) eo Tot att Boy = &tyany) b. 9x? — 25y* = Bx)? Sy")? = (3x + Sy)\Gx - Sy?) t t Aa sulyb neath xy =a ty) wy ©. 81—4p'q* = (9 Qp'q’y = (9 + 2p'q?(9 ~ 2p'q’) i i tt tt ey ST Sy): Tey 2 Factor each completely. a 9a 49 b. 64x? 25y4 If the terms of a binomial have a common, factor, first factor out the common factor. Then continue factoring. 1B: Seampie(3} Factor each completely. a 20x? 5x b, Solution: a. 20x? — 5x = 5x(4x? — 1) Sx[QxP-17] = Sx@Qx + 1x1) bd. 112-175m* = 7(16- 25m‘) (2 - Gm) =1(4 + Sm?\(4-— Sm?) ©. | 100x* ~9x* = x4(100~9x2) = x'[(10} - Gx] = x4(10 + 3x)(10 — 3x) Tey eS Factor each completely. a. 28x?— 7x b. 112-175m* e 128~200m* 100x* ~ 9x6 Factor out 5x, the GCF, Express the second factor as the difference of two squares. The factors are the sum and difference of the squared terms. Factor out 7, the GCF. Express the second factor as the difference of two squares. The factors are the sum and difference of the squared termns. Factor out x‘, the GCF. Express the second factor as the difference of ‘two squares. ‘The factors are the sum and difference of the squared terms. After you have factored a difference of two squares, you can sometimes continue factoring. Factoring completely means to continue factoring untii no further factors can be found. Siampie(4} Factor each completely. a 1-8ixt Solutior a. 1~8Ix* = (1)? - (9x¥ = (1 + 9x41 b. xty§—zt —9x%) = (1+ 9xN{P- Gx’) = (1+ 9x‘\(1 + 3x)(1 — 3x2) b._xty§— 24 = (ey - (22) Gey! + ZYxty!~ 2) xeyt + ZU (ay" > @P) = (y4 + ZY ay? + z\exy*— 2) 14| i | | I Tey he Factor each completely. a. 1- 16x! b. at ~625b" Seampie(S) Write a polynomial for the area of the shaded region, then 7 factor completely. Solution: Tx Find the area of the larger rectangle: ‘A= I(length) * w(width) Y x(x) ne 7x Find the area of the smaller rectangle: A 4 (4) =28 I Subtract the area of the smaller rectangle from the area of the larger rectangle to find the area of the shaded region. Factor: = 7x +2)(x—2) Geercises Vocabulary and Concepts — Tell whether each statement is True or False. 2? — 16 can be factored into a product of two binomials. A difference of two squares has a middle term. The binomial x2 + 4 is equal to (x + 2)(x + 2). The complete factored form of x'— 16 is (x? + 4)(x? — 4). When x + 3 is multiplied by x — 3, the product is a perfect square trinomial, yaere 15L Practice and Application Tell whether or not the given binomial is a difference of two squares. Lo w-121 3, @~25 5. 492g? 7, amt—ant 9,” Bast 2-18 4, 2Se-16 6. 64+ht 8 2@=4) 10. tu? IL Find the missing terms in the factors. Il. a?-81=(@+Oya-O) 14, 49e— 81f?=(7e+ OVO -99, 12. p-q?=(+D)\p-q) 15, 100g*~ 121h*=(C1+ 11n)(10g +O) 13. ef-@=(2+ayO-O) TIL. Factor each of the following completely or state if the polynomial is not factorable. 16. at—b* 20.1-25q 24. 0.01e?— Fg? 28, 16(p + 2q)'~ 257° 17. ?-81 21. 16r'=121 25, 144h?- 4932 29. 18. 4h?- 49 22550 — 20t 26. (j +k) -400 " 19. 16)? — 81k? 23. 72 = 8v3 27. 182 — 2(m + 3n)? . IV. Compute each using the difference of two squares. 31. 40? 20° 33. 100?— 70? 35. 80°40? V. _ Use the figure on the right to answer the following: 32. 90? 80? 34. 70? 502 36. Find the area of the larger square, 37. Find the area of the smaller square. 38. If the smaller square is removed, what is the area of the shaded region? 39. Factor the polynomial that represents the area of the shaded region, 40. Draw a rectangle whose dimensions are the factors you have in no. 39. 41. Show that the area of the rectangle in no. 40 equals the area of the shaded region. VI. Refer to the figure on the right to answer the following: 42. Find the area of the larger circle, 43. Find the area of the smaller circle, 44. What is the area of the shaded part? 45. Factor the expression for the shaded part. 16VIL. Find the area of the shaded region. Then factor the binomial representing the area of the shaded region. VIII, Answer the following: 51. The difference between the squares of two consecutive integers is 29. Find the integers. 52. Two square sheets of manila paper differ in area by 225 square inches. An edge of the larger square is 5 inches longer than an edge of the smaller square. Find the length of an edge of the larger square. 53. The radius of a circle is 2 feet longer than the radius of another circle. What is the radius of each if their areas differ by 24x square feet? 54, Find a value for k so that kx? —36 will have the factors 5x + 6 and 5x — 6. 35. Find a value for k so that 25n? — kp? will have the factors 5n + 9p and Sn — 9p. $6. Find a value for k so that 3x? ~ kxxy? will have the factors 3x, x + 4y, and x ~ 4y, | 57. Find a value for k so that 150m'n ~ kmn? will have the factors 6mn, Sm + 7n, and | Sm~7n, Writing = - — 1. The difference of two squares can be factored. Can you factor x? + y°? Explain, 2. What must you do with (3x ~ 4) to make it the difference of two squares? 3. Explain how to factor m? — 144, 4. | I | { t | I ‘Two students were asked to factor x? — 36. One student wrote (x + 6)(x ~ 6) and the other wrote (x ~ 6)(x + 6). Are both answers correct? Explain. 5. Another student showed how he/she factored completely 4x? ~ 36y# as (2x + 6y) (2x ~ 6y). Explain the error that was committed. 6. Show that the difference of the square of the sum of two numbers and the square of their difference is four times their product. 7Ana was. asked by her teacher to factor m‘ — 16 cot full points for her answer (x? + 4)(x? — The binomial 9x? + 36 isa sum of two. factor this binomial? When can the sum Sarichment 6 A. Prove x? FRY) mpletely. She was not given 4). Ana argued that since her answer when multiplied gives x‘ ~ 16, she should be given not giving her full points? Why or why not? squares that can be factored. How will you ‘of two squares be factored? full points. Was the teacher correct by L Trace the y*-piece of paper in the]4, ‘comer of the x”-piece of paper, Arrange the two pieces to form a trapezoid. What are the lengths of the bases and the lengths of the altitudes in terms of x and y? rN Cut out the traced comer. What is the area of the new figure that remains? Explain how you know it. 5. What is the area of the trapezoid? Fold the paper to form a crease as| 6 shown. Cut along the crease. How does it compare with the area in question 2? Be 2. ‘Trace the y*-piece of paper in the comer of the x°-piece of paper. Cut out the traced comer. What is:the remains? Explain how you know it, 18 area of the new figure that x3. Fold the paper to form a crease as shown on the right. Cut along the crease. 4, Arrange the two pieces to form a rectangle. What are the measures of the length and the width in terms of x and y? (Draw the rectangle.) 5. What is the area of the rectangle? How does it compare with the area in question 2? Study the pattern, 1. Express as many of the first 23 whole numbers as possible as the difference between two squares, 2. Write a formula describing the number pattern. Skills Checklist aon lean. . [5 factor completely the difference of two squares. olving factors of polynomial. 19i) sum and Difference of Two Cubes 4 You have cubed binomials. Now, you will factor the sum and difference of two cubes. In this lesson, you will be able to. ~~~ WE Key Question factor the sum.and.citerence a twa.cubes completely | OY ‘ 2_soWve problems involving factors of polynomials — ofthe sum of two ~ | cubes different from iG i as | the factors ofthe = peor eae ett Caosraien $e : Complete the following products: (x +3)02- 3x +9) G3) (xt ( 9 a ax eet 2T wee (x 3)(2 + 3x+ 9) Ye + (X= 398K + (K-3)__ = 3xt + 3x2 + 9x27 27 Oty) ~ xv + y4) (x y)OE + xy ty") we+( xy+ (Cy? = xy + xy — xy? + y nyt (K Fy) 5. How would you describe the results in items 1—4? 20Sitension The results in Exploration justify the formula for factoring the sum and difference of two cubes, Let x and y be real numbers, variables, or algebraic expressions. Factoring Sum of Two Cubes Ets (e+ yl—xy+y) Factoring Difference of Two Cubes x?—-y?= (x—y)x? ty +99) Tf we think of the sum of two cubes as the cube of the First quantity (F) plus the cube of the Last quantity (L), we have the formula P+D=(@+L)-FLtL), That is, to factor the cube of the First quantity plus the cube of the Last quantity, we ‘multiply the sum of the First and the Last by: ~ the square of the First — minus the product of the First and Last — plus the square of the Last Note: An expression like a°b*is also a perfect cube because it can be written as (ab?). Cramee(T) Factor each completely. a a+ 64 b. 8b) +270 ‘Solution: a. Because a’ + 64 can be written as a’ + 4°, we have the sum of two cubes and can be factored as : P+ = @+L\¥P- F-L+Ly Vdd Check: (a+ 4a? — 4a + 16) = (a+ 4)a? — (a+ 4)4a + (2 + 4)16 =a? + da? 4a— 16a + 16a + 64 =a +64 21b. Because 8b? + 27c? can be writ can be factored as: P+ =f+L) @ - F b+ Ly 4 4 yogi bod ed (2b) + Bc = (2b + 3c)[(2b)? — (2b)(3c) + Gey] = (2b + 3c)(4b? ~ 6be + 9c*) as (2b)’ + (3c)?, we have the sum of two cubes and The verification is left for you to do. Tey 1 Factor a? + 27 completely. If we think of the difference of two cubes as the cube of the First quantity minus the cube of the Last quantity, we have the formula P-L=(@-L(+FL+L). This indicates that to factor the cube of the First quantity minus the cube of the Last quantity, we multiply the difference between the First and the Last by: — the square of the First — plus the product of the First and Last — plus the square of the Last Srampie(2) Factor each completely. a 210-@ b. Bef — 1259 c. 64—pF Solution: a. 270 ~d'can be written as (3c). P-D=@-D@ + F L+1) Peo ee thy Gc) — = Be ~ d[Bey+ Bed + 7] = (3c —d)(9c? + 3cd + 2) b, 8e°f*~ 125g? can be written as (2ef*? - (5g). Po set) 4 FL + Ly 4 L L tog tod + (Qef?} ~ Sg)’ = Ref? ~ Seif(2ef + Bef\(5g) + SeF] = (ef? — 5g)(de2F* + 10ef*g + 25g") 2© 64~pt= 4p (4~ p')(16 + 4p? + p') (2+ py2— py(l6 + 4p? + pt) Factor out 4 — p?. or 64— p= 8- (pry (8 pS +p’) (2 ~ pX4 + 2p + p?\(2+ py4 - 2p + py Show that: (4 + 2p + p*)(4 ~ 2p + p?) = 16 + 4p? + pt Try 2 Factor each completely. a 64g L DV gam! + 250m" Gaercises Vocabulary and Coneeptsy—————— Fill in the blanks to make each statement true, 1. The pattern x°~ 3 i called a/an 2. The binomial x? + y° is called a/an ‘of two cubes. 3. The expression mé — nt is equal to ( 4, The product (x — 5)(x? + 5x +25) = 5. The expression a? — 1 = (a! 1) Practice and Application I. Evaluate. manele. eS 4 B= Le Gilierence of cubes, 2 2 Bio She 8 Be 3. P= 6 @= 9 = TL. Factor completely each sum and differenée of two cubes. 10. m—64 18. 0.008F¢ + gh? 26. 3~st'mé 1. 2748p 19, 4b5 +3262 27. b= B—b+1 12. 125 + 8q3 20. 7c? 875e% 28. (a+by—ch 13. 8+ 50 21. 0.027)? -0.216k 29. t-(—1) 14.. (uw — 8)(u3 + 8) 22. b®- Slee 30. (e+ dP - (-ay 45. 3438+ 270 23. 8h~ 27) 31. 7p +7 16. 8a? +(a+by 24. fg 32. 250r's? ~ 160° 17. 2e+4P—e 25. kt 80k +8 33. 128u?—250v) 23ae een Explain how to factor m? +n’. Explain the difference between m? + n? and (m + ny. The binomial x‘ ~ y* may be both a difference of squares and a difference of cubes. a, Factor x* ~ yas the difference of two squares. b. The factors obtained in step (a) consist of a sum of cubes multiplied by a difference of cubes. Factor each binomial. ¢. Factor x*— yas the difference of cubes. 4. The factors obtained in step (c) consist of a binomial which is the difference of ‘two squares and a trinomial. Continue to factor the binomials. e. Compare your results in steps (b) and (d). Which do you think is completely factored? f. Verify if the trinomial in factored form in step (d) is the product of the two trinomials in the factored form in step (b). g. Complete the following statement using your answers in steps (a)-(f). In general, if | am going to choose between factoring first using thé method for difference of two squares or the method for difference of two cubes, I should choose the method to obtain the complete factors. h. Find the complete factored form of a® - 64. The expression x* + y* is both the sum of two squares and the sum of two cubes. Which of the two ways should you use to factor it? Use a calculator to verify that m? ~ n° = (m ~ n)(m? + mn +n?) when m=9 andn=5. How do you know that m +n isa factor of m+n°? How do you know that m ~ n is a factor of m? ~ n°? Explain why m? + mn +n? and m? ~ mn +n? are prime polynomials ‘Avcube with a side of length m centimeters is placed inside a cube of side length m centimeters. Write an expression for the volume of the space between the two cubes. Garichment § Multiply each polynomial by x + 1. x-1 Moxtl Rox txa] Xa txt xt] Max tt x— 1 peoge Look for a pattern in no. 1 and use it to multiply (KF DG Hx txt P+ +), 243. What do you think will be the product of (KD and (1 — x 4H Px 1) when simplified? Explain your answer. \ Skills Checklist tan... Ei factor the sums and ditferences of two cubes completely. solve problems involving factors of polynomials. 25Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials You have factored the difference of two squares and the difference of two cubes. Now, you will factor perfect square trinomials. Tah lesson. youwitbe able 1. factor perfect square. trinomials completely. and. 2 soe. 2 ee ees : How is the square of binomial related to.a perfect square ‘rinomial? Materials Needed: aw Bo Bio §.. H. mo. Here is how to find the dimensions of a rectangle using algebra tiles if you know its area. For example, the area is x? + 2x + 1 Start with the ‘Arrange thetilesto The length is model x? +2x = | form a rectangle. represented by x +1 and the width, by x +1. EEE. 1, Arrange the tiles in a rectangle, > peo RoRGes OnE eeee:|= : roo Bees Seog : ARAGEROEEEe _ = 2. What kind of rectangles do you form in Items'a-d? Whats the area of each rectangle? Explain, 3. What are the dimensions of the rectangles? Write an equation for the area of each rectangle in terms of these dimensions. 4. Complete the table below using the information in questions 2-3. ‘Area | trenstons aot b. ‘. A bo 5. Compare the two expressions you found for the area of the figures, Explain why the expressions are equivalent using the properties of algebra Srtension From the study of special products, we know that the square of a binomial is a trinomial, Such trinomials are called perfect square trinomials. In Exploration, we have M4 4x +4=(x +2) Xi +6x x43)? 4x2 + 12x+9= (2x +3) xO + Ixy + y= (x4 yy The trinomials x' + 4x +4, x24 6x +9, 4x? + 12x+ 9, and x? + 2xy + y* are perfect square trinomials because they are the results of squaring a binomial 7The following will help you recognize a perfect square trinomial. 1. Two ofthe terms must be perfect squares, x? and y?. 2. ‘There must be no minus sign before x? and before y?. 3. Ifyou multiply x and y and double the result, you get the middle term, 2xy, or its additive inverse, -2xy. For example, 4x? + 20x + 25 is a perfect square trinomial because 1. the first term 4x? is the square of 2x: (2x)? = 4x?. 2. the last term 25 is the square of 5: 5 = 25. 3. there is no minus sign before 4x? and 25. 4. the middle term 20x is twice the product of 2x and 5. Thus, 4x2 + 20x +25 = Oxy + 2(2x)(5) +5 =Qx+5y Siammpie(1) Which of the following are perfect square trinomials? a Xt 16x +64. Db. Oxt= 30xy + 25y? PSK +6 Solution: a. Two of the terms are perfect squares: x? = (x)? and 64 = 8%. There is no minus sign before x? and before 64. If you multiply x and 8 and double the result, you get the third term 2 - 8 - x, or 16x. ‘Thus, x! + 16x + 64 is a perfect square trinomial. b. 9x?= (3x)! and 25y* = (Sy? There is no minus sign before 9x? and before 25y?. If you multiply 3x and Sy and double the result, you get the additive inverse of the third term 2 + 3x - Sy = 30xy. ‘Thus, 9x? ~ 30xy + 25y*is a perfect square trinomial, No. There is only one term that is a perfect square, x2, Try ie Which of the following are perfect square trinomials? a +8416 . 4x? = 20ny + 25y# 28Perfect square trinomials | ‘come in two forms: one inwhich the middle term 's positive and the other | Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials x? 42xy+y? =(x+y)? jin which the middle term | ‘negative. } x -2ay ty! = y} Saamoie( 2} Factor each completely. a xt+10x+25 b. 168+72x +81 25m? +20mn+ 4n? Solution: a, The first term is a perfect square, (x)?. ‘The last term is a perfect square, (5), ‘The middle term is twice the product of x and 5, (10x). Thus, x? + 10x + 25 = (x)? +265: x) +5? =(x+5F b. The first term is a perfect square, (4x)?. The last term is a perfect square, (9)?. ‘The middle term is twice the product of 4x and 9, (72x). Thus, 16x? + 72x + 81 = (4x)? +2 (4x -9) +92 = (4x+9) ©. The first term is a perfect square, (Sm). The last term is a perfect square, (2n) The middle term is twice the product of Sm and 2n, (20mn), Thus, 25m* + 20mn + 4n? = (Sm)? +2 (Sm - 2n) + (On)? =(6m+2ny Tey 2 Factor each completely. a pt+18p+81 b. 9+ 42r+ 49 Sempie(3) Factor each completely. a 8222x4121 b. 9a?-24a+16 e, 1-18m+ 81m? 29Solution: a. x7-22x+ 121 b. 9a?—24a+ 16 = (Ba)? —2(4- 3a) + 4? 1 ~ 18m + 81m? = 1?—2(9m - 1) + (Om Tey eS Factor each completely, a x? 24x + 144 b. 16a? = 40a + 25 ps einem Factor each completely. a. 4x0 — 24x? + 36x b. 27a? + 72ab + 48b? ¢. 64c'd' + 160cde + 100e* Solution: a. 4x? — 24x? + 36x. = 4x(x?— 6x + 9) Factor out 4x, the GCF. = 4x(x— 3) Factor x7 — 6x + 9, b. 27a? + 72ab + 48b? (9a? + 24ab + 16b2) Factor out 3, the GCF. (3a + 4b)? Factor 9a? + 24ab + 16b2. ©. 64c'd* + 160cd’e + 100e? = (160d! + 40cd%e + 25e*) Factor out 4, the GCF. = 4(4cd? + Se)? Factor 160d + 40cde + 25”, Factor each completely. a. 3x? 18x?+27x. b. 45a? + 120ab + 80b? Srampie(S) Find the length of aside (s) of a square if'ts area (A) is 9x? + 30x +25. Solution: A= Area of a square 9x? + 30x +25 Replace A by 9x?+ 30x + 25. Gx+5P=s-s Factor. s=3x+5 Simplify. The length of the side of the square is 3x +5 30Tey 5 Find the length of the side (s) of a square if its area (A) is 4x? + 12x +9. Giercises Fill in the blanks to make each statement true. 1. To factor 4x? + 28xy + 49y?, we look for a square of a binomial in the form (x + y¥. 4x°+ 28xy + 49y!=(_+ __, where the numbers in the blanks are as follows: a, The number in the first blank is. b. The number in the second blank is. 3 The value of k in the perfect square trinomial 25x? + kx +36 is__. The value of k in the perfect square trinomial kx? + 30xy + 9y? ig The value of k in the perfect square trinomial 4s°b? + 12ab +k is 1. Decide whether or not the given polynomial is a perfect square trinomial. [Fit is a perfect ‘Square, factor completely. If not, write not a perfect square trinomial. : AYN 1 a-22a+121 4. 100+50e +e? 7. (n+2P-6(n+1)-1 2. b-8b+16 5... fg? 32feh+ 64h? 8. (p 4 3q)*= 229 + 34)? + 121 3. 48 +20d-25 6. jf 19} + 36. 9. 9k*~ 30Krn + 25m? IL Complete each expression to form a perfect square trinomial. 10, be+26b+ 13. 6de?+ + 40F 16. 25k¢— 40) + I. @-300+ 14. ages -+-295 17, 168+ +196 12. 25d + F415. att Fe III, Factor each completely. 18, a +6a+9 23. 25p" + 60pq + 3642 19. 1480+ 160 24, xle+ Gxmyn as oyee 20. 64d? 16d +1 25. 0.04m? + 0.52mn + 1.69n7 21. 49g? + S6gh + 16h? 26. geopeet 22. 9m? 30mn + 25n? 27. fa? abs 2? 31IV, Find all integers k such that the trinomial is a perfect square trinomial. 28. 4x? — kx +25 31. ket 4x41 29. 81x°-kx+1 32. 64x? + 16xy +k 30. ke +6x+1 33. 36x? + 60xy +k V. Find the dimensions of each of the following squares and boxes in terms of the variable x. 34. 35. i 38. 3 VI. None of these expressions is a perfect square trinomial, in each, change just one of the Writing) terms to convert the expression into a square of a binomial. 39, 9x2 + 24x +20 41. 4x2 + 40x +25 40. 81x? + 102x +36 42. “100%? + 120xy + 50 1. Explain how you will recognize a perfect square trinomial. 2. Explain how you will determine the sign in the factored form of a perfect square trinomial. 3. Discuss how you will factor 25x? — 60xy? + 36y*. 4. Discuss how you will factor 188? + 48abed + 32c%?, 5. The area of a square is represented by a? ~ 10a + 25. Discuss how to find the length of its side and its perimeter. 32Sarichment Famous Last Word ‘A famous last word is hidden in the rectangle above. In order to find it, ‘complete each expression to make a perfect square trinomial. Find your answers in the rectangle, Shade each area that contains the correct answer. Then, rotate the figure 180° to find the famous last word. 1 x+O+9 6. O+ 60x +100 1M. 16x? +16x+©) 2 x4+O4+36 7. C+ 20xy+ay?- 12, 121.4 88 +© 3. + O+ 642 8 OrFlixyty? 13, 25x¢+ B0xy +O) 4. at +O + 2592 9. O¥F130K+25 14. 169% + 260xy+O 5. 9x24) +49 10. 4x2 + 36x+O) xwy+O+4 ttt Skills Checklist ican. 1 factor perfect square trinomials completely Ei solve problems involving factors of polynomials._ You have factored perfect square trinomials. Now, you will factor | trinomials of the form x2 + bx + c. Inthis lesson. you wil be able to. > sono lie Minomal al the f factoring quadtatic ttinomials to solve ‘eablfe problems? Materials Needed: are Bese Mlben cine Dieu ‘This diagram madels This diagram models ‘This diagram models e+ 3x42. weed. x= 3x +2, z xt? x52 [+ [sls] ee) a5 TE | EE | GIB ommoo | Bo o| 85 MEH3R+2= (K+ IM +2) | P= 2x3 = (K+ K—3) | -3x+2=(K— -2) RMGGREGees «= * RUEOHEGee 34IEEE Ggee Me Complete the fable ot the right using | [THnomials | Factors the related trinomials (areas of the | | x@+3x+2 | (x + 1x42) tiles) and the factors {dimensions of the rectangles] in ites a to d, i342 | K- MK=2) a. ' J Gatension In Exploration, each quadratic equation is of the form x? + bx + ¢, where the coefficient of the squared term is 1. If the constant term c is not a perfect square, the trinomial cannot be factored into a square of a binomial. It may, however, be possible to factor it into a product of ‘two different binomials. The FOIL method is useful when factoring polynomials such asx? + 3x.+.2. Sie oe ‘ Grieedarihe kee Y =x 4 3x + 2 To factor x* + 3x +2, think of FOIL in reverse order. 1. The first term, x’, is the result of x times x. Thus, the first term ofeach binomial is x. &+ Rt) 2. The coefficients of the middle term and the last term of the trinomial are two numbers whose product is 2 and whose sum is 3, respectively. Those numbers are 1 and 2. Thus, the factors are (&+D +2). 35Using the results involving the sum and product of 1 and 2, a procedure for factoring x? +bx +c can be generalized as follows, List all pairs of integers whose product is c. Choose a pair, m and n, whose sum is b, that is, m+n =. 3. The factorization of x? + bx + cis 2+ bx te= (x + m)(x +n). If there are no such integers m and n such that m +n = b, the trinomial cannot be factored and is called prime. Attable is helpful when factoring a trinomial of the form x? + bx +c. Peampie{ 1} Factor each completely. a x74 10x+16 Dd. X-9x +18 ‘Solution: a. The first term of each factor is x. HS er Sy Look for two numbers whose product is 16 and whose sum is 10. marae ee When the Gorsion! team oF LU ipemiol& postve, ts factor 116 7 wil nave the some sighs The 28 10 [+ ‘The mumbers we need are 2 Common sgnis he sign of he ‘idle term, 44 8 and 8. XP + 10x + 16 = (x + 2)(K +8) The coefficient of the middle term is negative. You need two negative numbers whose product is 18 and whose sum Factors of 10 | Sum =18 1 =s_|+— The numbers we need are -3 and -6. 9x +18 =(x-3)(x-6) 36Ty Factor each completely. a e+ 12K +27 b. x7 13K +36 Cianeio(Z) Factor each trinomial. a x?-2x-24 by 43x25 10 Solution: a. Find two numbers whose product is -24 and whose sum is -2. For the product to be negative, one factor must be positive, and the other negative. Factors of-24 | Sum “when the Consioni tem of o 3 frinomial is negative. its factor wil tah tea _ hove aifferent signs. the sign of the 4,24 2 larger factor must be the some as the sign of the midale term, 42 10 2.92 10 3-8 5 38 5 46 -2._ | The numbers we need are 4 and -6, 4.8 2 XI 2x24 = (x + 4\x— 6), Find two numbers whose product is ~10 and whose sum is 3, Factors of 10 | sum 40 ey 1.10 ° 2-5 a 25 3_| — The numbers we need are 2 and 5. xP + 3x—10=(x-2)(x +5) Tey 2 Factor each trinomial. a. x?~13x~48Seamnpie(3) Find all integers k for which x? + kx + 32 can be factored, Solution: Fork>0 Factors of2_| Sum 1,32 2 2.16 18 48 2 kcan be +33, £18, and +12, (Tey es Find all integers k for which x? + kx + 48, Grample( 4) Use a table to factor x? + 6x +8. Solution: . Step 1: Write the first term x, in the unshaded upper left comer. a Write the last term, 8 in the lower right comer. Multiply the Diagonal Produce first and last terms to get the diagonal product, 8x°. P88 Step 2: From the diagonal product, 8x, list all the factors of the [Gay coefficient, 8 wipe 1-8 [= Ts 2-4 (+2) +16) XP + 12x +32 =(x+4)(x +8) x2—33x +32 = (x — 1x32) x0= 18x +32 = (x-2\x- 16) wa 12x +3: 38From the list, find the factors that when added, gives the coefficient of the middle term, 6, The factors are 2x and 4x. Write the factors in the other diagonal, from lower left to upper right Step 3: To the left of x, write the GCF of the entries in the first Tow. Step 4: Use the GCF to find the remaining factors. If the GCF is x, the factor on top left must be x. If the GCF is 4, the factor on the top right must be +4 If the factor in the top left is x, the factor in the bottom left must be +2. Use the last term, +8, to check the bottom left and top right factors. Step 5: The table shows the binomial factors (x + 2) and (x +4). Multiply the binomials to check the answer. A&+R+A)AN SER +S Tyke ——ty : : Use a table to factor x? + 7x + 10, Seamie[ 5) Factor x? + 3x + 3, if possible. Solution: x |» pre am [+e GCF=x ctor Kakogi lee ae [ove fae | x | v4 eal oe 42 | em | ve row | ox | +4 etal « Find two integers whose product is 3 and whose sum is 3. The possible factorizations of 3 and the sum of the factors are shown in the table below. Factors of | Sam ED 4 3 Ey Since two integers whose product is 3 and whose sum is 3 do not exist, x?+ 3x +3 cannot be factored using integer coefficients. It is a prime trinomial. 39fe Try S Factor x? + 4x + 5, if possible. Seampie( 8) ‘Use factoring to find the dimensions of the given box with volume represented by the expression 4x? + 16x?— 48x. ‘Solution: Factor the given polynomial. 4x0 + 16x? — 48x = 4x(x? + 4x12) Factor out 4x, the GCF. x(x + 6)(x — 2) Factor x? + 4x — 12. The dimensions of the box are 4x, x +6, and x — 2, Tey fe 6 Use. factoring to find the dimensions of the given box with volume represented by the expression 3x0 + 3x? 36x. Prercises Vocabulary and Concepts, Answer each, Let x*-2x-1. 1 2, Letx? + 2x- 15 = (x +a)(x +b). What could be the possible signs of a and b? 3. Letx? + 8x +15 = (x + a)(x + b). What could be the possible signs of a and b? 4. Letx?~ 8x + 15 = (x +a)(x +b), What could be the possible signs of and b? 3. Given: x8-x~ 12 a. What is the coefficient of the x?-term? b. What is the last term? List all the possible factors of it. 40¢. What is the coefficient of the middle term? Which among the factors found in (©) gives the sum equal to the middle term? 6 A polynomial cannot be factored by using only integers. (Cre a R68) I. Complete the table by finding the integers with the given sum and product, Integers ‘Sum Product tand 4 144 5 14 4 1 10 24 2. 12 2 3. 20 36 4, 14 Ey 5. at 28 IL Complete each factorization. 6 #+12a+11=(a+ Oat it) 9. 7. b+ 6b+8=(b+2(6+D) 10. 8 c-7e+6=(c—Oye-1) 1 4yf+O) MIL Factor each completely, if possible. Ifthe polynomial is not factorable, write prime. Check your answer by multiplying the factors. 12, P+ 11x +28 17, +9048 22. 90+ 19q+q@ 13, x24 12x+35 18. e~6a—40 23. 48-14 14, x24 15x +56 19, €+l0e+16 | 24. ket 13k +42 15. x? 10x +21 20, h-Sh-24 25. x1 16x + 63 16. x°= 17x +70 21. j?-5j-36 26. w—8u-20 IV. Find all positive integral values of k for which the given trinomial can be factored. 27. 8+ kx +21 30. d+ kd—28 33. q?—kq-27 28, a? +ka+72 31. n+ 10n+k 34, P—kt—48 29. h+ke +45 32. gi +kg—36 35. u—ku —28 V. Find all negative values of k that will make the given polynomial factorable. 36. x8-Sx+k 39, n+ Sn+k 42. vi-llv+k 37. +4xtk 40. g+ lp+k 43. pi Iptk 38, m?—6m +k 41. P+ 12rt+k 44, m?+7m+k 41VI. Factor each completely, if possible. 45, at-Sa+4 53. (v+3P + 8(v+3)+15 46. b§—29b? + 100 54. (w+ 1 170W+ 1) +72 41, 25d 26d? +d 55. SbP+3b— 14 48. 2+ 2-152 56. 9d'— 1348 +4 49. Kh 4k—21 57. (2x- 1) 142x—1) +40 50. nép?—3np—40 58. G-yF-103-y)-11 Sl. @t'—4qr—45 59. af + 17a +60 52. (u+2)P+ (a +2) +30 VIL. Answer each, 60. Find the missing dimensions of the following rectangular solids: a b. Vex Se ox+6 Va Te ABs «Bax 1. Which of the following is the correct factorization of 8 ~ 6x + x°? Explain. a (4-x2-x) bx 4)(x-2) 2. Explain how to use the FOIL method to check the factorization of a trinomial. 3. Find and explain the error: a=b Given. # Multiply both sides by a. ab Subtract b? from both sides. (a+b)(a—b)=b(a—b) Factor. at Divide both sides by a—b. b+ 2 Substitute b for its equal, a. Combine like terms, Divide both sides by b. 42Cractmenn Why Was the Pail Pale? Factor each of the following. Find your answer below with the letter next to it. Write the letter in the box that corresponds to each item. LF BR +12 4 4 SK46 9 7. PW 3K-2B 10, 2+ B33 2 + Mmt ID 5. xteBx41S BP Bx-33. 1, x4 D5 SORA TEC 6 oP Fox 412 10 ae 6 ae ae gg be Answers: (A) +203) © @+20+6) 3045) (K) w+ax-7) E) «+ ne+6, R) «+ DK+15 WW «-N@+3) G) «7-4 Q@) (+ 4x45) (S) &+N@+12) @) @-3%-9 ©) @-1@+3) ©) @+4yx+3) () «+axts) ©) «+74 ®) & e+ Mi ee ae Skills Checklist lean... Ei factor quadratic trinomials of the form x? + bx + ¢ completely. 1 solve problems involving factors of polynomials. 43Factoring Trinomials of the Form ax? + bx +¢ You have factored trinomials of the form x? + bx + e. Now, you will factor trinomials of the form ax! + bx + c. In this lesson, you willbe able to | 1Wfactor general quadratic trinomials compieiely and 2. salve prabiems involving factors of palynamiais. Key Question How can you use factoring quadratic ‘rinomials to solve i ’ real-ife problems? Sipioration $ ow Fo Re. E. go. 1 ‘Arrange the ties in a rectangle eeu eS oon RAGES = * RIENRSSEUUGG2 GR 44| Complete the table on the ight using the | related trinomials (areas of the rectangles formed by the algebra files) and the ‘Trinomials: Factors factors (dimensions of the rectangles) in Number 1 3. | Verity your result in Number 2 using the FOIL method, Yrtension ‘The quadratic trinomials in Exploration are of the form ax? + bx + ¢ with a # 1. In 2x? + 9x + 4,a=2,b=9, ando=4, In 6x? + 13x +6, 3, and c= 6, ‘The process of factoring these trinomials is similar to Lesson 1.5, but it involves the try, check, and revise method. For example, to factor 9x2-+ 15x + 4, we proceed as follows. 1. Find two factors such that the product of the first two terms is 9x?. The possibilities “aie: 9x? + 15x +42 Ox4 Nox +2) 9x + 1Sx+42 Bx 4+ 9Gx+2) 2. The product of the last two terms in each factor must be 4. Since the constant term 4 is positive, the constant terms of the binomials have the same sign as the coefficient of x. The possible pairs factors of 4 are | and 4, and 2 and 2, 3. Write the factors of 4 together with the factors of 9x2. Determine the middle term of each product using the FOIL method. Possible Factors of | Sum of Outer Terma and peseteor 4 Ot 18K +4 nner Terme a (= Nea) 36x + k= 37e 44 (Fx K+ x= 13x 22 (x7 2yK+2) 18k x= 20x a 4 (xr Nera) fixe aqn tox [+— This is the required middle term. 22 (Ox+ 2) +2) e+ 8x 12x Since (3x + 1)(3x + 4) gives the correct middle term, 9x? + 15x + 4=(3x+1)@x +4) or Gx +4)Gx +1). 45eee Ifthe terms of a trinomial do not have a common factor, then the terms of'a binomial factor cannot have a common factor. 2. Ifthe constant term of a trinomial is: 8. _ positive, the constant terms of the binomials have the same signs as the coefficient of x in the trinomial. b. negative, the constant terms of the binomials have the opposite signs. Stampe(1) Factor each completely. a 3x7-x-10 b. 8x4 17K +2 2x? = 13x +15 Solution: a. First, look for a factor common to all terms. In this example, no such factor exists. ‘The constant term, c, of the trinomial is negative (~10), so the constant terms of the binomial factors will have opposite signs. ‘Find the factors of.a, 3, and the factors ofc, —10. Factors of 3 | Factore of 10 13 Write trial factors and use the Outer and Inner products of FOIL to check the middle term. A the tol factor for} Trial Factors | _ Midale Term 3x =x 10 oe iste in | ths example, However, | it's not necessary to | (#19810) | 10x + 3x =—7% (= 118x+ 10) | t0x-3«= 7% continue checking the | (x+2)9x-8) | Ses 6e=x = femeinng at tetes | te=2yon+5) | sxmee=—x |< This isthe required once he | corect| x4 Nx=10) | 30+ x= 20x nice teri. a ol @x-1pc+ 10) | 30x—x= 20% — (x+2)x-8) | -18x+2x=—19x @x-2y¢+5) | 15x-2K= 13% From the list of trial factors, 3x? — x — 10 = (x ~ 2)(3x + 5). 46The terms of the trinomial do not have a common factor. Hence, binomial factor will not have a common factor. Because the con coefficient of the middle term, are both positive, signs positive. Find the factors of a, 8 and c, 2. the terms of each stant term, ¢, and the the binomial factors will have both Factors of@ | Factors of2 18 12 24 Write the trial factors and use the Outer and Inner products of FOIL to check the middle term. There oe roitactorsnat Tracers [wiaeTom] - agantaeentel | (+ 1@x+2) | e+ x= 10x tnd these do not need fobe tied Becaise the (2x+ 14x +2)] 4x4 4x= 8x ‘comect factors have (6x 1942) | toxex= te been found. there isn, need to check for the Thus, 8x? + 17x +2= (8x + 1x +2). ils cellent The terms have no common factors. Because ¢ is is positive and b is negative, only the negative factors of 15 need to be tried. ' ‘Write the trial factors. Use FOIL method to check the middle term. ‘Trial Factors (= 12x ~ 15) (= 3) 5) (x= x15) Z=~3K—) Thus, 2x? ~ 13x + 15 = (2x ~3)(x~-5). Tey eT Factor each completely. 2x? 11x +15 bd. Sxt+ 12x +4Cranoie(Z) Factor each completely. a 14x? - 19x?-3x b. 6x? +40x +24 Solution: : a. The GCF of 14x°, 19x*, and 3x is x. 14x} — 19x? — 3x = x(14x? — 19x — 3) Factor out the GCF. Factors. of 14 Factor the trinomial 4x? — 19x — 3 714 27 Tal Factors e+ tNt4x-3) | aes Maem 1x (= 14x +3) ‘Sx - 14x=—1ix Gxenm-3 | ern (x= Hit 9) OF (4c Me= 9, | aes (14x — 6+ 3) 4xx= Aix Was 221x+2x=-10 | <— This is the required middle term. Tx Nex+ 9) 14x° — 19x? 3x =x(7x + 1)@x-3) Check: x(7x + 1)(2x=3)=x(14x?= 21x + 2x -3) = x(14x2 = 19x -3) = 14x 19x? 3x b. The GCF of 6x? + 40x + 24 is 2. Find the GCF of the terms of the polynomial. 6x2 + 40x +24 = 2(3x? + 20x + 12) Factor out the GCF. Factors of S| Factors of 12 1.3 1.12 a ae Factor the trinomial 3x? + 20x + 12. 3.4 48‘Trial Factors ‘Middle Term (ee TNGxs 12) [12x See 15x (e+ 2) 6) 6x4 6x= 12x (c+ ayGx +4) 4x4 Ox = 13x (+ K+ 12) 36x+x=37x | (Bx +246) 18x +2x= 20x | <— This is the required middle term. (8x4 3x44) 12x + x= 1S 6x? + 40x + 24 = 23x +2) +6) Check: 2(3x + 2)(x + 6) =2(3x? + 18x + 2x + 12) = 6x? + 36x 44x +24 = 6x2 + 40x +24 Tey 2 Factor each completely. Sx tox 5x b,x) + oo age me Coameio(3} V= 188 +21 + 6x Solution: a. Factor the given polynomial. Vines opiate 18x? + 21x? + 6x = 3x(6x? + 7x +2) Factor out the GCF, 3x. = 3x(3x + 2)(2x +1) Factor 6x? + 7x +2, The dimensions of the rectangular solid are 3x, 3x +2, and 2x + 1. b. Factor the given polynomial, 8x + 20x? + 8x x(2x? + 5x +2) Factor out 4x, the GCF. Ix(2x + 1)(x +2) Factor 2x? + 5x +2. The dimensions of the rectangular solid are 4x, 2x +1, and x +2. 49Tey eS Find the dimensions of the rectangular solids. Ve 120 + 16x + 4x, ‘Another way of factoring a trinomial ax? + bx + ¢ where a # 1 is by grouping method, also known as ac-product. Cee eee erat ar Find ac. 2, Find the factors of ac whose sum is b. 3. Rewrite the middle term (bx) as a sum or difference using the factors in Step 2. 4. Factor by grouping. Srampia(4) Factor using the ac-product or factoring by grouping method. a 2x? + 15x +28 bd. 6x*-7x-20 Solution: a 1. Find ac: ac =(2)(28)= 56 2. Find factors of 56 whose sum is the numerical coefficient of the middle term, 15. Factors of 66 [Sum 1,58 57 2,28 30 4,14 18 28 45 3. Express the middle term of 2x? + 15x + 28 as the sum of the factors in Step 2. 2x? + 15x +28 = 2x? + (7x + Bx) +28 2x? + 15x +28 = 2x? + 7x + 8x +28. 504. Factor by grouping. 2x? + Txt 8x +28 = (Ox + 7x) +(8x+28) Group the terms. XQ@x+7)+4@x+7) Factor each group. =(Qx+7(x+4) Factor out the common binomial 2x +7. Thus, 2x? + 15x +28= (2x +7)(x +4), b. ac =(6)(-20) =~120 2,-60 58 2,60 58 3,-40 37 -3,40 37 4,30 26 4,30 26 19 “ 24 19 “i 6,-20 14 ~6,20 4 8-18 e : 6x? ~ 7x ~20 = 62+ 8x— 15x—20 (6x? + 8x) = (15x +20) Group the terns. 2x(3x+4)—5(3x+4) Factor each group. = (x +4)Qx—5) Factor out the common binomial 3x + 4, Thus, 6x 7x 20 = (3x + 4)(2x—5), ¥ Tey fe & Factor using the ac-product or factoring by grouping method, a 2x?+24x+35 6x?—x—15 Factoring by grouping can be used extensively for polynomial expressions containing four or more terms. Factoring by Grouping 1. Group the terms that have a common monomial factor. There will usually be two terms. Sometimes, the terms must be rearranged. 2. Factor out the common monomial factor from each group. 3. Factor out the remaining binomial factor if there is one that exists, 51aampie[5) Factor each completely. a Bx + 6x + x42 b. 2a? + be? - 2ac? — be? = 2ae— be Solution: a. Group the first two terms and the last two terms. Gx? + 6x) + (x +2) x(x +2) +(x +2) Factor each group. (x +2)3x +1) Factor out the common binomial x + 2. b. act + be? — ac? — be? — 2ae~ be (2ac? + be!) = (2ac? + be?) — (ac + be) = ¢'(2a + b)— (2a +b) — e(2a +b) a+ bch ~ cc) o(2a + bye? c~ 1) Tey eS Factor each completely. a. 4x7—9y? + 30y 25 b. 9x7 + Lxy + dy? + 18x + 12y +8 It is very important to practice factoring a variety of polynomials so that you can quickly select the appropriate method. A polynomial is factored completely if it is expressed as the product of a monomial and one or more prime polynomials. Here are important points to consider in factoring any polynomial Factoring a Polynomial over the Integers . Isthere a common factor? If so, factor out the GCF. . Is the polynomial a binomial? If so, can it be factored by any one of the following forms? Difference of two squares: x2 ~y?=(x+ y\x-y) Sum of two cubes: x3 + y? = (x+y)? =xy +y*) Difference of two cubes: x? —y" = (x y)(x? + xy ty?) Is the polynomial a trinomial? If't is a perfect square trinomial, use any of the following forms: x?+ Ixy +y?=(x+y? Dey + y8= (x= y}? If'it is not a perfect square trinomial, use trial and error or grouping. . Does the polynomial contain four or more terms? If so, try to factor by grouping.Siam) Factor each completely. a. 15x?- 60x ‘b. 9x*— 34x? +25 Solution: a. First, look for a common factor. 15x? — 60x = 15x(x?7— 4) Factor out using the Difference of Two Squares pattern, 15x(x? — 4) = 15x(x + 2)(x = 2) Have we factored completely? ‘Yes, no factor can be factored further, . The first term and the last term, 9x* and 25 respectively, are both perfect squares. The ac-produet cannot be possibly used in this example, since the sum of 9 and 25 i 34, and the middle term, ~34x?, does not make it a perfect square trinomial. Hence, changing ~34x: to 30x" by adding 4x° will make the given expression a perfect Square trinomial. In order not to change the value of the given expression, we must also subtract with 4x7, Hence, we have: 9x4 = 34x? + 4x? +25 — 4x? (Oxt — 34x? + 4x? +25) 4x? (9x4 ~ 30x? +25) — 4x? Combine like terms. (3x? — 5)? — 4x? Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials, [(3x? — $) + 2x][(3x? Factoting Difference of Two Squares. (3x? + 2x ~ $)(3x? — 2x — 5) Rearrange the terms. 3x + 5)(x— 1)Gx-5\x + 1) Factoring ax? + bx +e, Factor each completely. a at—81 Bb. 3x4 15x24 x45 53Qrercises Vocabulary and Concepts) Determine whether the statement is always true, sometimes true, or never true. IL UL. veers neayayye is ac and whose sum is b. ‘The value of a in the trinomial 5x? ~ 8x — 7 is -7. ‘The terms of the binomial 3x — 18 have a common factor. ‘One term in the expression a(a + 4) + 5 is in factored form. A.common monomial factor is a factor of every term of the polynomial. ‘The factored form of x? - 9x — 20 is (x- 5)(x—4). The common binomial factor of a+ 7a + 10 and a‘ + 3a? —28 isa +2. To factor a trinomial of the form ax? + bx + c, first find two numbers whose product 8. In factoring x? + 7x + 6, each x term has coefficient of 1. 9. The first step in factoring a trinomial is to determine, whether. the terms of the trinomial have a common factor, 10. The GCF of two numbers is the largest number that divides evenly both numbers. ae leon). Fill in each box to complete each equation. 80 Cx +21 = (4x-1)2x-3) 4x x - 6= (4x + 3(x-2) 15x? +x 8=(5x~2(3x +4) 12xt “Cx - 10 = (4x — 5)Gx +2) 12x? +x —2 = Gx +2)(4x-1) Fill in each box to complete each equation. 1, + 19x +12 = 4x + 3x +4) 12, CA e—9x-9= x +3)K~3) 13, Cx8+ tix-2= (2 x- 1x +2) 14. 18. COx-12x-5=Gx+1)€ox-5) 20. ox Factor each completely, if possible. 21. 2x?-7x-4 24. 3x7-5x-2 22, Sxt+x-18 23. 4xt+4x—15 54 18. Txe-17x-5 =Gx-5yCx+1) 19. 25. 9x?—47x +44 26. 2xt+ 11x +12 4x04 x-27=(4x-9)(x +3) 4x? +(x -21= (2x + (2x -3) Sx¢+(x-2= 6x + 1Xx-2) 35x2 + x + 8= (Ix +4\(5x +2) |. 21x? +x - 44 = (7x + 4)3x- 11) CO X84 13x+3=(COxt 1K +3) Ox - 28x +5 = Gx-sCx-1) Cxe-17x-14= (a x-NGx+2) Tx + 17 +3=(Cxt Nex+3) 19x20 = (Ix + 5x4) 27. 10x +3x-4 28. 2a?-3a-14 29. 15b'—26b+830. 6c? +23¢+7 32. 150? + léef + 4ft 34. The? — 37hjk + 32k? 31. 18d? + 71d +28 33. 6g? +31g +40 35. 28¢¢m?+71€mn?—45né IV. Factor each completely, 36. 3a+3b+ax+bx 42, 8x + 12+ 6xy +9y 37. 2mn+ 3m+2n?+3n 43, 12x~3-4xy+y 38. ap +aq+ bp +bq 44. a? 8a + 16—b 39. 4mp—6np + 8m—12n 45. 9a? — 30ab + 25b?—c? 40. aw? + mw? +ac + me 46. 49-d?—2de—e? 41. 9x?~ I2xy + 4y?~ 15x + loy~6 47. 81f?—9¢ + 6gh—h? V. Answer the following: 48. The total cost c is represented by the expression 2c? ~ 3e + 1. Factor ‘this expression. 49. The area of a parallelogram is 15x? 31x + 10 square inches, Its base is 3x + 3 inches. Find its height. ¢ 50. The area of a rectangle is 21x? + 22x“ 8 Square’ centimeters. Tis height is 3x + 4 centimeters, Find its base. eae SI. The length of the rectangle is 2 inches longer than thrice its width. The area of the rectangle is 33 square inches. Find its dimensions : 52. The volume of the rectangular box is x? + 10x’ + 31+ 30 cubic inches. [its height is x +2 inches, how long are the length and the width? 53. A rectangular garden has an area represented by 15x — 4x — 4 square meters and a length represented by 5x +2 meters, Find a binomial that represents the width, 54. The volume of an open box is represented by 6x? + 33x? + 42x cubic inches. What are the dimensions of the box if the factors , of the volume are the dimensions themselves? ‘Writing }»—— 1. What should be the first step in factoring a trinomial? 2 Student A gives (4x ~ 1)(x.— 3) as the answer to a factoring problem. Student B gets (3—x)(1 ~4x). Which student is correct? Explain 3. Why is factoring 11x? + 342x +31 easier than factoring 36x? ~ 73x — 18? Discuss how you will factor x + 2x2 + 3x +6, 5. To factor ax ~ by + ay — bx, a student wrote it as ax + ay bx — by. Then, he/she factored it by grouping. Can the student rearrange the terms in this manner? Explain, 6. Explain what it means to completely factor a polynomial. 7. Explain why 16 — 8x + x? can be factored as either (4 — x)? or (x4) 55Garichment § ‘A. For each problem, if possible, give one value of the variable that a. makes the right side greater; c. makes the two sides equal. b. makes the left side greater; and Describe the method you used for each problem. ee 2 2a+3 2 b-2 7 —b-2 3. 6¢ 2 Te +60 Genetics Gregor Mendel (1822~1884) is an Austrian monk who showed that genes from both the mother and father determined the traits inherited by a new generation. The Punnett square shown at the right is used by biologists to study the probabilities associated with inherited traits. ‘Make a research about the Punnett square and explain how it relates to the squate of a binomial. Skills Checklist Icon... 56 > Mole Genes A & aa] op oe | oe Female Genes CDitactor general quadratic trinomials completely. Tisolve problems involving factors of polynomials.Peparatory to Cxamination ‘Tell whether each statement is True or False. (x +5 =x? + 10x +25 for any value of x. 30 -1)0+ 1) = 899 (a—8)'= a? — 8a + 64 for any value of a. ‘The square of'a sum is equal to the sum of two squares. - The product ofa sum and a difference of the same two terms is equal to a difference of two squares. (m +9)? = m?+ 81 for any value of m. Q 4 ap =84 120+ Ga? +28. The GCF of the integers 12 and 24 is 6. The greatest common factor of the terms of the polynomial 8xy ~ 12x?y* is 4x2. |. 4a? + Ba = —4a(a—2). ‘The polynomial a? + 25 is a difference of two squares. The polynomial x°— 10x + 25 is a perfect square trinomial. 8x2 + 8 = (4x + 4) for any real number x. . The polynomial 25y + 1 is a prime polynomial. The polynomial 16x? ~ 16 is factored completely as 16(x?- 1). 3x? — 75 = 3(x + 5)(x~5) for any number x. . xP 12x +36 = (x - 6F 19, 24+9x+8=(x+ 1x48) * 20. 2+ 9= (K+ 3) +3) 21. xt 1Sx+16=(x+ 4)? 22, 3x2+5x+2= (3x +2) +1) 2B. A+ IK +4 = (4x + +4) 24, 15x? 28x —5= (5x—1)(3x +5) 28. 20x?—2Ix+ 4= (4x — 1x4) 26. The trinomial 9x? + 15x. + 25 is a perfect square trinomial. 27. The polynomial 3x? + 54 cannot be factored, 28. x2 +25=(x +5) for any real number x. oer eV o> 29. The polynomial x? ~ x - 7 is a prime polynomial. 30. The polynomial a? ~ ab — 3a + 3b can be factored by grouping. 58Il. Factor each polynomial, if possible. 1. Bana 8. x8+6x-40 15. 4x?+20x +25 2. 6a%b?- 15a%b 9. Bat+ 12a 16. a1 000 3. 3-400 10. 6m?n?— mn?~m* 17. 8b +1 4. 2xt—4x-2 ll. 1Sa?=22a~5 18, x? + xy +2x 42y 5. at+ Lab +366? 12. =30a! + 8a? + Ba 19. 6a? ~ 29ab ~ sb? 6. a +ab+ca+cb 13. a +6a+9 20. 8x? + 40xy + 50y2 7, at—2a-35 14, a%b~ 16ab? IIL. Answer the following: 1, The side of a square is m meters long. The length of a rectangle is 3 meters longer than the side of the square, and the width of the rectangle is 3 meters shorter than the side of the square. Which has a greater area? By how much? 2. Ifa’—b?=8 and a~b=2, find the value of (a + by, 59Unit Project This is a group activity. ‘Your task is to express the numbers 1 through 30 as differences of two squares. Some numbers have more than one solution. Some numbers might have no solution. Find as many solutions for each number. Organize your work neatly and clearly on a table. An example is given below. Number Solutions (Difference Of Squares) 3 zat 5 HR 7 a3 a sat 18 Bo 8-7 1. Find and describe as many pattems as you can, 2. Make a report on how your group answered the problem, a. How did you stant? b. Who discovered techniques and patterns to make it easier for the group to find more solutions? c. Who made the design on how your table would look like? 3. Present and share your report to the class. Each member of the group must be part of the presentation. The presentation must include the following: a. Introduction b. Your table ¢. Explanation of your pattern 4. Explanation of how your group solved the problem Extension: Can you describe a way to find solutions for any given number? If so, explain how your group found this general solution. Include this in your presentation. 60What comes info your mind when you hear the word “rational”? Is it the idea of reasoning or sanity? T cable in Mathematics. in Mathematics, the word ‘rational bis definition ig not derives its meaning from the word ratio. A: Eexoressed in fraction form. A very simple way of 6 jose numerator and denominator are polynomials, in 12 hours. after Rolex and ‘\. Rowan hava been cleaning for ~ Lnour, they are Joined by ™ their sister Maricar and completed cleaning in 3 more hours. If it takes Rowan gy 10 houre tog clean the house how long woulg,You have evaluated algebraic expressions. Now, you will evaluate rational expressions. illustrate rational algebraic expressions and. 2-find every. value of the. variables in the. ‘makes a rational expression undefined. wes : s Evaluate x ~ 3, 2x + 1, and 34°57 using the given values. You may use a calculator to complete the table. Round the answers in column 4 to five decimal places. x3 Bent o x8 ert 300.000 ‘What did you observe about the value — as x gets larger and larger? x Siension Rational Expression rational expression in one variable is an expression that can be written in the form : where P and Q are polynomials in one variable and Q #0. 62‘Some rational expressions are: Xt 2x~35 3x44 Like any expression, we can evaluate rational expressions. Remember that in evaluating algebraic expressions, we replace the variables with the given values and then simplify the resulting expression. Siampie(T} Evaluate the expression ¥=3 > When (a) x = O and (b) x xo Solution: Replace x with 0. bo Bade ss: x-2 (I)-2 Replace x with 1. Tey he Evaluate the expression when (a) x = Saampte(2) Find every value of the variable that makes each expression undefined. 2a? b. 3a+4b a-3 a-b 63" Solution: To make rational expression undefined, equate the denominator to zero and solve for the variable. a. 0 Equate the denominator to 0, ‘Add 3 on both sides. The expression “*~ is undefined if a is replaced by 3 because the denominator would be 0. b. Equate the denominator to 0. ‘Add b on both sides. 3a+4b a—b ‘The expression values. Try 2 Find every value of the variable that makes each expression undefined. 3x? a is undefined if the variables a and b are replaced by equal Grercises Vocabulary and Concepts, SEE ‘Answer each question. 1. _ Explain how to evaluate an algebraic expression. 2. What causes a rational expression to be undefined? 3. How do you find the values that may cause a rational expression to be undefined? Practi ‘Application 1. _ Evaluate each rational expression using the indicated values of the variables, 1 a. -whenx=4and y= 10 b. whenx=Oandy=11 2. a. whena=3 andb=6 b. whena=~5 andb=10 3. a whene=4 andd=2 b. whene=10andd=6 64a. when g 0. —2andh=2 b. when g=4andh a. when e=~6 and f=5 b. whene=8and f=2 Find every value of the variable that makes each rational expression undefined. ry a. _ Is this expression defined when y is positive? b. Is this expression defined when y is negative? Explain, Srvichment § A. Evaluate each. Write your final answers in lowest terms. _ 2, Bma3 7, Bs i Le Lee 2x+5 14, 19. x 43x x+10 xe? 10 4 15, 4 2p, Bees y+6 2473 aS (Writing * 1 Suppose that you store —4 in x and then enter ee in your calculator. Explain the 2. Consider the rational expression 1 Fraction | Simplest Form Fraction ‘Simplest Form 1 2283 4.| fezedeaes 44546 6474849410 2] andes S+6474849 “| 6s748 * | ovis iasta 3, | 7e8+9 6, | Hes e1asis lost +i2 164174185194 20 65a. Describe any pattern that you observed. Use algebra to justify your observation. b. Predict the values of the following fractions based on the pattem in a. 11412413 21422423 11+12+13+14415 14415416 24425426 16+17+18+19-420 B. . Evaluate each, Write your final answers in lowest terms. Fraction | Simplest Form Fraction ‘Simplest Form ' 1424344 | ezsBeat5+6 5464748 7582941041412 2, | 2eBHaes 5, | at5+6+ 74849 6474849 JO+11+12+13+14415 3, | oeTrE+9 g, [IORMEIZ HIS 414415 10+11#12413 16417 +18+19420+21 a, Describe any pattern that you observed. Justify this pattem using algebra. b. Predict the values of the following based on the pattern in A. Us12+13 414 21422423424 11+12 413414415 +16 15+16417 +18 25426427428 174184194 20421422 Skills Checklist ton... Gi illustrate rational algebraic expressions. Eifind every value of the variables in the: denominator that makes a rational expression undefined. awe 66You have simplified polynomials. Now you will simplify rational expressions. fnthis lesson. you wile oble fo. simpllly.rational. expressions. The folowing are rational numbers: P Pres The following are algebraic actions ortational expressions: 2x o-bt ae ke OP Sema m9 31418926 2 7 sas 355 =3.1415929 Reduce each fraction to lowest terms. v3 — Prime Prime Fraction | Factorization of | Factorization of |_| Fraction in the Numerator | the Denominator!» _| Lowest Terms (a) (by fb 2 L 9 2:3 33 5 28 2, 36 @ a 48 26 _ 5 60 5. 96 67Setension ‘When all the common factors in the numerator and denominator of a fraction have been cancelled out, we say that the fraction has been reduced to lowest terms, 35 The fraction $5 can be expressed in lowest terms as follows: Factor the numerator and denominator, ‘Cancel out the common factor 5, Simplify. The Property of Equivalent Fractions implies that factors that are common to both the numerator and denominator of a fraction can be simplified. If all the common factors have been canceled, then the fraction is in its Jowest terms. To simplify a fraction means to write it in lowest terms. Simplifying Rational Expressions 1. Factor the numerator and denominator, 2, “Write a product of two rational expressions, one factor containing the GCF of the numerator and denominator, and the other containing the remaining factors. 3. Cancel out factors common to the numerator and the denominator. 4 Simplify the remaining fraction. Simplify each rational expression. a 40 ooh ea e 60 data ASa% a 30ab 6840 20-2 a OS Factor the numerator and the denominator. 20 : . -2.2 Write a product, one factor containing the GCF of the ‘numerator and denominator, and the other containing the remaining factors. 20 20 = z Multiplicative Identity 45a’ _ 15-3-a-a-b 30ab ~~ 15-2-a-p Factor the numerator and the denominator. Write a product, one factor containing the GCF of the numerator and denominator, and the other containing the remaining factors. 15-a-b [5ca-b 7! forall meaningful replacements Multiplicative Identity ‘ny quantity Goided by iets & ery 52, } avai to 1, r 0 Aig hie mara ‘Note: When we divide common factors, we are actually using a shortcut method known as cancellation. Canceliation is a method of dividing a factor in the numerator by the same factor in the denominator, Since dividing by the same factor always gives 1, then the factors cancel each other. ‘The succeeding examples can be solved as follows: a@+2a ala +2) Oerrre re Factor the numerator and the denominator. = <3 Cancel out or divide the common factor a + 2. (a+2) (a+2) 694 7 4 git tlS., = g208-5, - extoethe mentor andthe denominso Ga+3) 3¢ ‘i Gersy@tt Cancel out or divide the common factor 3a + 5. 3 Gats) aed Ga*5) afa+4)-4(a-1)_at+da—dat4 : 3aa. ~—aag Remove parentheses in the numerator. ata Pia Combine like terms. 1 Divide. The process of cancellation con be used to reduce the number of steps in simpiying rational expressions. ss Tey 1 ‘Simplify each rational expression. se OR aaa + 2+ 20% aS ‘25xy 42a Tes Tks pswmarmmemcemeacesines Srampie(2) Simplify each. alt Ta 4a- 1 3b?~ 141 b. ©. we 14a Solution: a+7a a(a+7) Factor the numerator. at7 at7 —s Cancel out or divide the common factor, a +7. a Factor the numerator. Cancel out or divide the common factor 1 — 4a 70When the terms of two binomials ‘ ove ast the some, oxcon tr | the san. he povnomik ee Caled | negatives of och cher } Division of Negatives 3b°- 14b-24 _ Gb+4)(b—6) 12-26 26-6) Hence, _ Gb + 4b —6y 2655 ~3b-4 Tey 2 ‘Simplify each, x'+ 8x 3x-2 x+8 - 2-3x a Seam a b. e per hour? Solution: : distance a. Since rate = Histance hour. The quotient of any nonzero expression and its negative is 1 b. » At Php150.00 for x +5 kilos, the cost per kilo is 150 ©. By completing cleaning the room in 4x hours, 2 -band b ~ 0 ore negatives of each other. } 49-1 and 1 = 40 are negatives of each other. Fachis on adeitive inverse of the other Factor both the numerator and denominator. Division of negatives. Apply the Distributive Property. \ : 10a~2 i 1-Sa 5 memoncecicnsreuntemcenitisnaimneasel Note: Rational expressions usually occur in rate problems. Answer each question using rational expression. If Ben drives 200 kilometers in x + 2 hours, what is his average speed? Ifx + 5 kilos of mangoes cost Php! 50.00, how much is the cost per kilo? If Elena can clean the entire room in 4x hours, what part of the room does she clean Ben is averaging 209 Kilometers per hour. ie x#2 0s, x5 Pe Elena can clean 4 of the room perseman nt ER Tey 3 Answer each question using rational expression. a. If Tony drives $0 kilometers in x +1 hours, what is his average speed? b. Ix +2 kilos of peaches cost Php!75.00, how much is the cost per kilo? cc. If Andrea can clean the entire room in 3x hours, what part of the room does je clean per hour? Vocabulary and Concepts Fill in the blanks to make each statement true, The.property.of equivalent fractions states that = __, when z # O and y ¢ 0. ‘To simplify a fraction, we | ___ the numerator and denominator and divide factors 3. Anumber m divided by | is " 4, To simplify a rational expression means to weite it in its : 4. To simplify a rational expression, we divide out any ___in the numerator and the denominator, 6. An expression of the farm e where P and Q are polynomials in’one variable and Q#0, iscalled alan, expression. duce each to its lowest terms. os Sunt ES, oe 4p aq 2 oxea 6 - 2 6 mame +1) 5, Isa 7 9p499. 20atb! 5p-9q Tee Tb 4 en 12IL 13, 5x@x+1) * Fx(8x +4) 14, 25, 2x 4x-6 3x?- 6x—9 8 aq=3p 6. Soa Ta te Mame, BB aa 7 ek 18, wee 29. eee eae 1 betctbie+b e 2e+2b ax — 3bx + ay—3by 33. a Bh €&F1)—3@4) 43, Ba6at9. 3-h Im=n n= 7m Ss1+ 179-12 12-17-58 45. Supply the missing numerator or denominator to make the rational expressions equal. Specify any restriction on the variables. 46. 47. 48. 49. 5 50. mo 51. e B 3x+15