ANNALS OF GEOPHYSICS, VOL. 50, N.

3, June 2007

Investigations on diurnal and seasonal

Abstract
Measurements of the magnetic component of the Schumann resonance in the frequency range 6-14 Hz were per-
formed at high latitude location (TNB Antarctica; geographic coordinates: 74.7°S, 164.1°E; geomagnetic coor-
dinates: 80.0°S, 307.7°E; LT =UT+13; MLT=UT– 8; altitude=28 m a.s.l.), during the two years 1996-1997. TNB
is a particularly important observation site located in a region characterised by a high electromagnetic activity in the
ELF and VLF bands. Moreover its remote location in Antarctica provides the important advantage that electromag-
netic background noise is not corrupted by anthropogenic noise and that the continental lightning activity is very low.
The combination of low additional anthropogenic electromagnetic radiation and low atmospheric noise in this area
allows detailed investigations into wave generation and amplification in the polar ionosphere and magnetosphere not
possible anywhere else in the world. This paper reports the study of the magnetic power of the 8 Hz Schumann res-
onance mode. For both the years considered diurnal and long-term seasonal variations were observed.

Key words resonances – ELF observations – iono- sphere cavity. Moreover the excitation of the
spheres Earth-ionosphere cavity can be the effect of hy-
dromagnetic waves propagation through the iono-
sphere (Abbas, 1968; Nickolaenko, 2002).
1. Introduction The space separating the Earth and the iono-
sphere indeed forms a cavity, which can support
Schumann resonance oscillations are the electromagnetic standing waves with wave-
most remarkable natural electromagnetic phe- lengths comparable to planetary dimensions.
nomena in the lower frequency side of ELF Large electromagnetic transients, such as light-
range. As pointed out by several studies (Raemer, ning, radiate broadband electromagnetic impuls-
1961; Balser and Wagner, 1962a; Pierce, 1963; es that spread radially into the cavity. The low
Ogawa et al., 1969; Polk, 1969; Galejs, 1972; frequency impulse components can circumnavi-
Clayton and Polk, 1977; Sentman, 1996; Nicko- gate the globe several times before suffering se-
laenko, 2002) the intensities of the Schumann res- rious degradation, and so produce a resonant line
onances reflect the totality of global thunderstorm spectrum, by the phase addition and cancellation
activity exciting the zeroth-order Transverse Mag- of waves that have traversed the global circum-
netic (TM0) normal modes of the Earth-iono- ference several times along multiple paths. The
resulting waves are quasi-transverse electromag-
netic (quasi-TEM) normal modes of the Earth-
ionosphere cavity. The total resonant spectrum is
the incoherent superposition of the effects from
Mailing address: Dr. Claudia Rossi, Istituto Nazionale the totality of global lightning.
di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Geofisico di L’A-
quila, Castello Cinquecentesco, Via Castello, 67100 L'A- These resonances, called Schumann reso-
quila, Italy; e-mail: [email protected] nances, can, in principle, be detected from any

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 Claudia Rossi, Paolo Palangio and Franco Rispoli

place on the planet, and, away from thunder- particular they observed that the Schumann res-
storms and artificial electromagnetic noise onance intensities maximize near local noon at
sources, constitute the principal component of each location.
the natural background of the electromagnetic Märcz et al. (1997) measurements have ev-
spectrum over the frequency range 6-50 Hz. idenced annual and seasonal variations in the
Resonance proprieties of the Earth-iono- relative amplitudes of Schumann resonances’
sphere cavity were first predicted and discussed vertical electric component in the first three
theoretically by Schumann (1952) and the earli- modes (Meloni et al., 1992).
est experimental detection of the resonances was The diurnal and seasonal variations of the
made by Schumann and König (1954). The first background noise may be the result of changes
spectral representation showing the resonance in both the propagation conditions (frequency
lines was presented by Balser and Wagner and amplitude response of the Earth-ionosphere
(1960). During the five years following these ini- cavity), and the source characteristics (intensity
tial results, experimental measurements of in- and distribution of thunderstorm). In particular
creasing sophistication were performed (Raemer, one of the most important features in the propa-
1961; Balser and Wagner, 1962a,b, 1964; Pierce, gation of lightning signals may be the variation
1963; Rycroft, 1965). At the same time several of the ionosphere morphology from day to
theoretical descriptions of the resonances were night. The dayside ionosphere indeed is denser
advanced to take into account realistic proprieties and lower compared to the nightside. The TNB
of the ionosphere (Wait, 1992). station is far from lightning sources, so we ex-
Following these initial reports, there were pect that the main contribution to background
about two decades of active research on the en- noise variation at this location is the ionospher-
tire subject of ELF propagation. Although study ic one.
of the Schumann resonances formed a part of This paper presents the diurnal variation of
this research, the primary emphasis in these the magnetic component of the 8 Hz Schumann
studies was on frequencies above 45 Hz. The resonance for the 1996 and the 1997 years. Sec-
general electromagnetic theory for VLF and tion 2 describes the instrumentation and the ob-
ELF waves in the Earth-ionosphere system is servation site. Data analysis is described in Sec-
contained in the books by Galejs (1972), Bliokh tion 3, where we show that two principal peaks
et al. (1980), and Polk (1982). are present in the diurnal variation and we illus-
Several subsequent research and theoretical trate their seasonal variation.
studies have also be important to the Schumann
resonance description (Nickolaenko and Rabino-
vich, 1982; Sentman, 1987, 1990, 1996; Sentman 2. Instrumentation
and Fraser, 1991; Burke and Jones, 1992; Wait,
1992; Füllekrug, 1995; Füllekrug and Fraser- Within the framework of the ITALIANTARTIDE
Smith, 1996; Märcz, 1997; Morente et al., 2003). project, continuous geomagnetic measurements
The most recent comprehensive reference were performed in the frequency range 5-11 Hz
works on Schumann resonances are the books during 1996-1997 at TNB Antarctica (TNB An-
by Sentman (1995), and Nickolaenko (2003). tarctica; geographic coordinates: 74.7°S, 164.1°E;
Many published works show that the Schu- geomagnetic coordinates: 80.0°S, 307.7°E; LT=
mann resonance intensities undergo a diurnal =UT+13; MLT=UT−8; altitude=28 m a.s.l.). The
modulation in both the vertical electric field TNB observation site is located in a region char-
and horizontal magnetic field intensities at par- acterised by a high electromagnetic activity in the
ticular locations (Keefe et al., 1964; Polk, 1969; ELF and VLF bands. TNB indeed lie in the auro-
Clayton, 1977; Sentman and Fraiser, 1991; Sá- ral region, which is connected by lines of force
tori and Zieger, 1996; Märcz et al., 1997). that reach the magnetopause in the daylight side
Keefe et al. (1964) and Sentman and Frais- and the plasmasheet of the magnetotail in the
er (1991) have shown that there may be a local nightside. This consents to look extreme regions
time effect in the diurnal intensity variation. In of the magnetosphere. Moreover its remote loca-

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 Investigations on diurnal and seasonal variations of Schumann resonance intensities in the auroral region

tion in Antarctica provides the important advan- wave generation and amplification in polar iono-
tage that electromagnetic background noise is not sphere and magnetosphere not possible anywhere
corrupted by anthropogenic noise an that the con- else in the world.
tinental lightning activity is very low. The combi- The observations reported in this work were
nation of low additional anthropogenic electro- derived from data obtained from a wide band
magnetic radiation and low atmospheric noise in ELF monitoring. The measuring equipment in-
this area allows detailed investigations on the cludes a three search coil sensors, which were

Fig. 1. Block diagrams of the whole TNB station: X, Y, and Z signals were processed, and then stored in a large
memory.

Fig. 2. Magnetic power of the 8 Hz Schumann resonance mode over the two time interval January 24-29, 1996,
and July 1-6, 1996. Marked diurnal variations, characterised by two principal peaks are evident. The two peaks
profiles seem to vary from day-to-day.

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 Claudia Rossi, Paolo Palangio and Franco Rispoli

used in order to obtain measurements of the di- peaks time positions and amplitudes using a pro-
rectional characteristics of the noise (Palangio, gram based on the derivative method.
1993). A single sensor is composed of 8 coils of
50000 turns each (fig. 1). Two of the sensors
were oriented in the horizontal plane, one in the 3.1. M1 peak annual variation
magnetic north-south (X) and the other in the
magnetic east-west (Y), the third is oriented in the Figure 3 shows the hour of occurrence (LT)
local vertical direction (Z). The magnetic declina- of the M1 peak with respect to the day for the
tion mean value at the time of measurements was horizontal components of the 8 Hz Schumann
137°. magnetic power in the 1996 and 1997 years. In
The station is powered by battery and solar order to reduce day-to-day fluctuations, M1
cells, and includes a microprocessor, filters and hourly position values were averaged over 15
data collecting system. Data recording electron- days. Observed trends are similar for the two
ics consists of a microcomputer interface, which years. For both the X and Y components M1
performs sampling, a/d conversion, and storing peak appear at about 8.30 LT at the end of Jan-
of X, Y and Z signal amplitudes in a small mem- uary (Austral summer), it moves toward the
ory. At the end of each measurement the data noon from January to June, and it appear at
stored in the interface memory were transferred ∼12÷12.40 about the Austral winter solstice.
into the microcomputer for processing. The re- Then it moves back to reach again its position
sults were stored in large memory (fig. 1). The at about 8.30 LT in November.
station is therefore able to record data for long The M1 peak intensity seasonal variation
time in autonomous way. A block diagram of the for 1996 and 1997 is shown in fig. 4. Intensity
whole experimental system is presented in fig. 1. values are averaged over 15 days. In the 1996
The station can perform wide band geomag- trend three different regions are visible for both
netic measurements from 0.0005 Hz to 1000 Hz. the X and Y components:
To obtain the measurements considered in the – In the first region, extending from the end
present paper, signals were sampled at a frequen- of January to about the 20th April, the intensity
cy of 32 Hz, and then double integrated in the decrease from its maximum value to its minimum
frequency range f = f0 ± ∆ f/2 (where f0 = 8 Hz value. The decrease trend is compatible with the
and ∆ f= 6 Hz ), and in a time window of 120 s. linearity.
The measurements are expressed in spectral – In the second region extending from about
density unit ( f T 2/Hz). the 20th April to about the 10th August, the inten-
sity grows, reach a relative maximum and then
decrease to its minimum.
3. Data analysis – In the third region extending from about
the 10th August to the end of October, the inten-
To motivate the analysis procedure we show sity grows from its minimum value to its maxi-
in fig. 2 the plot of the magnetic power the hori- mum value.
zontal components of the 8 Hz Schumann reso- The 1997 intensity trend is quite similar to
nance mode versus the Local Time (LT), for two the 1996 one, but the second region is anticipat-
time intervals 5 days long, selected respectively ed by about 50 days (fig. 4).
in January and July 1996. For each day two prin-
cipal peaks are evident: a first one (M1) lying in
the time interval 8-12 LT, and a second one (M2) 3.2. M2 peak annual variation
approximately at 20-21 LT. The two peak profile
varies from day-to-day. We performed a data The seasonal variation of the M2 peak hour
analysis to study the seasonal variation of the of occurrence (LT) is shown in fig. 5. M2 peak
hour of appearance and amplitude of the two values were averaged over 15 days to reduce
peaks. For each day we computed hourly means statistical fluctuations. The M2 peak time of
(LT) of the magnetic power. Then we determined occurrence does not seem to vary in valuable

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 Investigations on diurnal and seasonal variations of Schumann resonance intensities in the auroral region

Fig. 3. Plot of the hour of occurrence (LT) of the M1 maximum versus the day for the horizontal components of
the magnetic power of the 8 Hz Schumann resonance mode in the years 1996-1997. M1 appear early in the morn-
ing (~8.30 LT) in the austral summer and lightly after the noon (12.30 ÷13.00) about the austral winter solstice.

Fig. 4. Plot of the intensity of the M1 peak versus the day for the horizontal components of the magnetic pow-
er of the 8 Hz Schumann resonance mode in the years 1996-1997. Equinoxes and austral winter solstice are
showed. In 1996 the intensity is maximum in austral summer, and reach a relative maximum approximately in
correspondence of the winter solstice. In 1997 the relative maximum is anticipated by about 50 days.

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 Claudia Rossi, Paolo Palangio and Franco Rispoli

Fig. 5. Plot of the hour of occurrence (LT) of the M2 maximum versus the day for the horizontal components
of the magnetic power of the 8 Hz Schumann resonance mode in the years 1996-1997. M2 peak position does
not show a significant seasonal variation.

Fig. 6. Statistical distribution of the M2 peak position with respect to the hour (LT). Computed weighted mean
values are also shown.

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 Investigations on diurnal and seasonal variations of Schumann resonance intensities in the auroral region

Fig. 7. Plot of the intensity of the M2 peak versus the day for the horizontal components of the magnetic pow-
er of the 8 Hz Schumann resonance mode in the years 1996-1997. Equinoxes and austral winter solstice are
showed. The intensity is maximum in austral summer, and minimum in austral winter.

way during the year. Figure 6 shows the statis- larized in a single plane. This is consistent with
tical distributions of the M2 hour of occur- the presence of a single plane wave in a single
rence, and the computed weighted mean values wave mode. The occurrence frequency of this
are reported. event appears to increase with increasing ULF
The M2 peak intensity as a function of the activity, it is predominantly a dayside phenom-
day is shown in fig. 7. The M2 intensity decreas- enon with a broad maximum within four hours
es from January (austral summer) to June (aus- of local noon (MLT). The duration of this
tral winter), and grows from August to October. events varies approximately from 50 to 1000 s.
As outlined before, the M2 peak analysis is We have looked at a few individual cases, and
complicated because M2 is missing in some conducted a superposed epoch analysis to de-
days. The work to explain this phenomenology termine the average behavior for all the events.
is still in progress. The results are shown in fig. 8. As can be seen,
there are five plots: the coherency, the degree of
polarization, the angle of polarization, the ellip-
3.3. Polarization analysis ticity and the sense of polarization. The elliptic-
ity of the magnetic field polarization is estimat-
The statistical analysis of the polarization ed from the eigenvector associated to the non-
indicate that during quiet geomagnetic condi- null eigenvalue of the magnetic spectral matrix.
tions the waves are always elliptically polar- The ellipticity is near zero which implies a lin-
ized, the ellipticities falling mainly in the range ear polarization. The determination of the sense
from 0.1 to 0.3. Preliminary results from this of polarization in the plane perpendicular to Z is
analysis show also that sometimes the waves based on the sign of the imaginary part of the
are linearly polarised, the degree of polarization cross-spectrum between the X and Y compo-
of the signals is equal to 1, the field components nents. Figure 9a shows the spectral shape of lin-
are mutually coherent and the wave field is po- early polarized signals, as can be seen the shape

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 Claudia Rossi, Paolo Palangio and Franco Rispoli

Fig. 8. Average behaviour of coherency, degree of

Fig. 9a,b. Spectral shape of a) linearly polarized signals, b) signals due to the traditional generation mechanism.

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 Investigations on diurnal and seasonal variations of Schumann resonance intensities in the auroral region

is much harper than that appearing in fig. 9b Waves linearly polarized could originate in
which represents the spectral power density of the magnetosphere, when observed from the
the signal due to the traditional generation ground, they appear to originate from currents
mechanism. The shape of the spectra is strong- in the ionosphere. The signals observed on the
ly influenced by the number of averaged FFT ground can be interpreted as a convolution of a
used to get the spectral analysis. This influence source function, the intensity of the waves in
is, however, not of great practical importance the magnetosphere, and the propagation func-
since we compare values obtained by the same tion, which takes account of the effects of
procedure. ionospheric conductivity inhomogeneities on
the mode waves as they travel through the ion-
osphere, guided along the magnetic field.
3.4. Discussion The intensity of both M1 and M2 peaks un-
dergoes an annual variation characterised by a
The analysis performed has evidenced an an- maximum value in the Austral summer. Sátori
nual variation in the M1 peakhour of appearance. and Zieger (1996), and Märcz et al. (1997), per-
In their works Keefe et al. (1964), and Sentman formed measurements of the vertical electric
and Fraiser (1991) observed that the intensities of field component in the frequency range of
the horizontal components of the Schumann res- Schumann resonance at Nagycenk Observatory
onances maximize near local noon at the loca- in Hungary. They found an annual variation in
tions of their measurements (Rhode Island, Ger- the vertical electric field intensity. In particular
many, California and Western Australia). They they observed a maximum in the Northern
attributed the observed modulation to the varia- Hemisphere summer. Märcz et al. (1997) corre-
tion of the height of the D-region of the iono- lated the Schumann resonances amplitudes to
sphere. simultaneous measurements of the atmospheric
Due to the high latitude of our station, a di- electric potential gradient. They explained their
rect comparison with our measurements is quite results in terms of correlation between surface
difficult. We think that plasma structures in the F air temperature and parameters of the atmos-
layer may play a role as wave-guides, which pheric electric global circuit. In particular the
could canalise the SR waves along the geomag- observed summer maximum in the Schumann
netic field. For frequencies in the SR band the resonances amplitudes is considered partly a re-
wavelengths are comparable with the thickness sponse to the intrinsic global source (i.e. to the
of the ionosphere, and the waves could be con- increased global thunderstorm activity in this
fined into the region around the Alfven mini- season), and partly the response to the source
mum. Such structures above the Polar Regions proximity effect.
enhance the probability that the magnetospheric Our observations agree with those of Sátori
signals exit from the Earth-ionosphere wave- and Zieger (1996), and Märcz et al. (1997),
guide. Satellites measurements have shown that however, due to the TNB location, they are not
low frequency waves are generated in the mag- affected by source proximity effect.
netosphere by different types of instability, and In future extended statistical analysis we in-
propagate along the lines of force of the geo- tend to study the possible connection between
magnetic field to reach the lower ionosphere in Pc3-4 pulsations and events linearly polarized,
the polar regions where signals from low and because most of this signals were observed with
middle latitude strokes are weak. Moreover the magnetic pulsations in the Pc3-4 range.
observations from satellites show ELF emis-
sions at high latitudes, which maximize in the
interval of Magnetic Latitude (ML) 73°-80°. 4. Summary
Cerenkov radiation involving a longitudinal res-
onance and low energy electrons connected to Measurements of the magnetic power of the
physical processes in the magnetosphere might 8 Hz SR mode were performed at TNB during
produce them. the years 1996-1997. Diurnal and seasonal vari-

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 Claudia Rossi, Paolo Palangio and Franco Rispoli

ability were observed in the horizontal compo- in Atmospheres, edited by H. DOLEZALEK and R. REIT-
ER (Verlag, Darmstadt, Germany), p. 440.
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a second one (M2) approximately at 20-21 LT. dence for a global correlation of the Earth-ionosphere
cavity resonances, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23 (20), 2773-
For the M1 peak we observe a seasonal varia- 2776.
tion in both hours of appearance and amplitude. GALEJS, J. (1972): Terrestrial Propagation of Long Electro-
The study of the M2 peak is more difficult, be- magnetic Waves (Pergamon, Tarrytown, New York).
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taneous ELF measurements at Branneburg (Germany)
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hour of appearance does not seem to vary dur- tra Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, Boulder,
ing the year. Colorado (National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg,
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MÄRCZ, F., G. SÁTORI and B. ZIEGER (1997): Variations in
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