Practical Research 1

Quarter 2 Module 5
Qualitative Research
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Qualitative Research
Content 1: Understanding Data and Ways to
Systematically Collect Data

What I Need To Know

In qualitative research, it is important to know how you can collect

information for your research topic. This module covers the steps on how to define
a data and make a research design. It will help you to develop your problem
solving and critical thinking skills.
This module will cover the following lessons:
LESSON 1: Qualitative
Research Design LESSON 2:
Sampling
LESSON 3: The Data and Data
Collection LESSON 4: Writing your
Research Methodology LESSON 5:
Gathering your Data
After reading this module, you will be able to do the following:
Choose a relevant qualitative research design, CS_RS11-IVa-c-1
Describe a sample and know the process of sampling, CS_RS11-IVa-c-2
Plan on how to collect data, CS_RS11-IVa-c-3
Apply the steps in writing a research methodology, CS_RS11-IVa-c-4

What I Know

Directions: Before you start the lesson, please answer the following
questions for the Pre-test. Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. It is a process of structuring techniques and strategies that helps researchers

solve their problems or answer their inquiry.
A. Research blueprint C. Research ethics
B. Research design D. Research proposal

2. It is commonly used to elicit different ideas, opinions, or beliefs from the respondents.
A. Ethnography B. Grounded theory C. Case study D. Phenomenology

2
3. It is a set of characteristics representing the research variable. A. Data
B. Population C. Sample D. Variable set
4. It is a group of individuals that represents characteristics of a population.
A. Data B. Population C. Sample D. Variable set
5. This type of data collection method is used when the study participants are very
young children and those with disabilities.
A. Observation C. FGD
B. Interview D. Document Review
6. It is a form of interview wherein the researcher uses an interview schedule and
uses a set of prepared questions, which are unchangeable, to ask from one
respondent to another.
A. Unstructured interview C. Structured Interview
B. Semi-structured interview D. Group Interview
7. Pedro uses convenience sampling to gather respondents for his research. Give
an explanation on how he can properly use this sampling technique.
A. Gather respondents who are readily available regardless of any criteria and
qualifications
B. Ask his friends if they know someone who is willing to participate in his research
C. Use his friends as research respondents
D. Use a set of criteria and qualifications to be followed before selecting respondents
8. As a researcher, how are you going to use phenomenology as an approach to a
qualitative study about the victims of typhoon Yolanda?
A. Ask the victims on their experiences during the typhoon
B. Look for historical data about instances where the victims were also victims of
flooding in the past
C. Have an in-depth understanding on the socio-economic impact of typhoons
D. Formulate a theory
9. Maya used an unstructured interview as her data gathering instrument for her
research. What type of data do you think Maya will get from her respondents?
A. Answers that are straight to the point based on what is written on her interview
questions.
B. Answers that are conversation-like because her questions are based on her outline only.
C. Answers that are based on her interview questions and follow up answers that
are not found on her written questions
D. None of the Above
10. What is the difference between naturalistic observation and non-naturalistic
observation?
A. The difference is on how the researchers approach their respondent
B. The difference is on the type of environment that the subjects are to be observed
C. The difference is on the experience of the researcher based on the type of observation
D. There is no difference
11. What type of data gathering instrument is best used for Ethnographic studies?
A. Observation C. FGD
B. Interview D. Questionnaire

12. Which does not belong to the pair of qualitative inquiry and data gathering instrument?
A. Ethnography: Observation
B. Grounded theory: Interview
C. Historical Approach: Questionnaire
D. Phenomenology: Interview
13. This type of qualitative inquiry involves studying a particular group or
population in the natural setting or habitat.
A. Ethnography C. Case study
B. Grounded theory D. Phenomenology

14. This type of qualitative inquiry describes the common meaning of several individuals’
lived experiences about a phenomenon.
A. Ethnography C. Case study
B. Grounded theory D. Phenomenology

15. It refers to any procedure done to select samples.

A. Experimentation B. Replication C. Sampling D. Treatment
16. This type of sampling takes advantage of whatever is readily available in
the environment.
A. Convenience sampling C. Opportunistic sampling
B. Snowball sampling D. Homogenous sampling
17. This type of sampling is done by asking relevant people if they know
somebody who is willing to participate in the study.
A. Convenience sampling C. Opportunistic sampling
B. Snowball sampling D. Homogenous sampling
18. The following are considered as data gathering instrument except:
A. Interviews B. Observation C. Questionnaire D. Internet
19. Sophia wants to study the behavior of baby pandas when placed in a
controlled environment. What data gathering instrument will Sophia be using?
A. Observation C. FGD
B. Interview D. Questionnaire

20. This type of data gathering instrument is used when the researcher
personally asks the respondents about the information they need.
A. Observation C. FGD
B. Interview D. Questionnaire

- END OF PRE-TEST

4
Lesson 1 QUALITATIVE RESEARCG DESIGN

What’s In

You have probably learned how to write the first few chapters of your
research paper. By getting it this far, I would like to say CONGRATULATIONS!
Now, we are on the next step on continuing your research paper. I would
assume that you now have your own topic to pursue. This lesson will teach you
on the basics of qualitative research design.

What’s New

Let us try and start writing our initial research design with the use of the
5W’s. You can work with someone in the class and try to compare notes so that
we can have a collaboration of ideas. Try to write down the 5 W’s to the topic
provided below:

Topic: Researching high school dropouts in Valencia City, Bukidnon.

This is done to know the reasons why students choose to drop out
of their high school education and to give possible solutions to this
problem

What:

Why:

Who:

Wher
e:

When
:
 What Is It

What is a research design?

Similar to building a house, a research design is your guide for you to
finish your research. This may include answering the 5W’s:
What? Why? Who? Where? When?
Dawson (2002) explains the importance of these questions on how you
are going to get the answers for your research questions.
What is your research all about? What do you want to find out? What problems
do you want to solve? It is important to have answers to these questions in the
very beginning of your research. Answers to these questions will give you a guide
on how you are going to approach your research topic.
Why do you want to do your research? This question should be answered at the
significance of the study. It may be that you want to do your research because it
is a requirement. However, there are other reasons as to why you chose that
specific topic. Whatever the reason may be, it is important to have a clear vision
on why you want to continue your research.
Who will take part in your research? Who will participate in your study? You
should have a clear indication on the specific type of people that will take part in
your study (age, gender, economic status, etc.).
Where will you gather all information needed for your research? This part of your
research should take into consideration your capabilities as a researcher. If you
think that your data and participants in research will be too far away, then it’s much
better to change your topic. You will learn more about this in the following
discussions.
Finally, when are you going to start gathering information for your research?
When will you do interviews? When will you interpret and analyze your data? This
should be answered immediately knowing that you only have a short time in
completing your work.
How do we relate the 5W’s to research design?
Knowing how to answer those questions in your own topic saves you a lot of time
in thinking about your research as a whole. You need to have a clear indication
what your research is all about, why do you want to do it, who will be your
respondents, where are you going to get the information and when will you get it.

6
 What’s More

Choosing the appropriate research design

There are 4 approaches to qualitative research:
● Ethnography
● Case Study
● Phenomenology
● Historical Approach
Ethnography

From the word ethno=people and graphy= writing.

Ethnography translates to writing about people.

This type of approach to qualitative research aims

to study a particular group of people in their natural
settings. This particular study wants to describe and
interpret the behavior of different kinds of people,
culture or population. This can pertain to a specific
type of culture, community, school or workplace.

Source: http://www.ala.org/lita/contextual-inquiry-using-ethnographic-search-impact-
your-library-ux
For example,IIf you may want to study a
particular type of indigenous people or you may want to study about the behavior
of students in a classroom. This type of approach is the most appropriate for your

research.
Case Study

If you want to learn deeper and more specific details of a certain situation,
group of people or an individual, you may want to use case studies. The difference
of case study with other approach to qualitative research is that it gives a more in-
depth analysis to a topic with a use of more data gathering procedures at the
same time. The problem with case studies is that it’s more difficult to use
especially if it is your first time making a research paper.
 Phenomenology

This type of approach to qualitative research wants to study the

phenomenon or experiences of people. The purpose of this approach is to give
an idea on how individuals or a group of people react or experience a certain
phenomenon.

A phenomenon can be a rare occurrence or an experience of an individual

that is not common. An example of this can be applied when we want to study
about the experiences of teenagers to bullying or physical abuse.

Historical Approach

To give you a proper explanation of this type of approach, think of the 1986
EDSA Revolution; think about World War II or the past presidential elections.
Historical approach is a systematic collection and evaluation of information which
have occurred in the past. This can be in a form of documents, stories, artifacts,
videos, etc. What you want to do is to examine the validity of these documents,
or if you want to add more information about a past event that hasn’t yet emerged.
You might want to ask questions like “What is the purpose of the document?” “Are
there other forms of documents or information that I can add?”

What I have learned

The importance of making a research design is

_
_.

Also, the approach to qualitative inquiry that I can use for my own research is
be
cause

What I can do

Read the following scenarios and try to identify which approach to

qualitative research is being used (Historical Approach, Phenomenology,
Case Study or Ethnography)

1. A researcher wants to study the farming techniques and livelihood of

Lumads and how it is tied to the culture of their people.

8
2. A research study will be conducted on the experiences of several
people in the communities that were affected by typhoon Yolanda.

3. A researcher wants to have an examination on the accuracy of

information in the documents that were found during the martial law era.

Lesson 2 SAMPLING

What’s In

Now that you are done with the first lesson, you now know that the different
approaches to research sampling are ethnography, case study, phenomenology,
grounded theory and historical approach.
In this lesson, we are going to talk about SAMPLING and its importance to research
design.
If you may get a chance to access the internet, you can go here
https://bit.ly/2lk5l8p for a short video lesson about sampling.

What’s New

Play the game “the boat is sinking” with your classmates or peers. Your
classmates or peers should group themselves according to whatever number you
are asking. For example, if you would say “The boat is sinking. Group yourselves
into four!”, anyone that is not within a group of 4 shall be eliminated. You will
determine until how many people will be left and be the winner.

What Is It

If you were to apply the game of the boat is sinking to your research, and
you would want to choose people to interview or be part of your study, then the
winner/s of the game shall be your respondents. That is the concept of sampling.

Population - the complete group of people, animals or objects that have the same
characteristics that the research needs
 Sample - a group of individuals that represent the population. The
process of choosing a sample is called sampling.

STEPS IN SAMPLING
1. Identify the population of interest
If you want to focus your study on the reasons why teenagers are dropping
out from schools, then what will be your population of interest? When choosing
your population of interest, you should think WHO will be directly affected from
this study and WHO will be the potential respondents. In this case, your population
of interest should be teachers and out of school youths. However, it still too broad
to say that teachers and youths will be your population because there are lots of
schools in our province alone. Therefore, we need to proceed to the next step.
2. Specify a sampling frame
It’s very difficult to say that your population will be teachers and out of
school youths. Teachers from what school? Out of school youth from what place?
If we simply say those are your population, then it will be difficult for us to identify
who will be your respondents. Therefore, we need to specify WHO we want to
include in our study. You may want to choose your sampling frame to a place
where you are residing so that it will be easier to gather respondents.
For example: I am currently residing at Valencia City, Bukidnon. I would
want my sampling frame to be taken from a population in Valencia City, Bukidnon.
More specifically, I would like to take samples at Valencia National High School
because it is near where I am. Thus, my samples will be taken from teachers
working at Valencia National High school and out of school youth at Valencia
City.
3. Specify a sampling method
There are many types of sampling method for qualitative research. Here
are some of the most common and easiest sampling methods to be used. You
can either choose one method to use or have a mix of two or more methods:
Snowball sampling- this is done by asking relevant people if they know someone
who will be willing to participate in your research. You can put criteria or other
qualifications for
your respondents. You can use social media for “crowd sourcing” or ask someone in your
community on who is willing and qualified to participate in your research.

Opportunistic Sampling- this is a type of sampling that takes sample or

respondents that are readily available. For example, you may choose
respondents in your community where you can just pick anyone within a close
range. Refer to the image below:
Convenience Sampling- using this kind of sampling technique involves selecting people

Source: http://wjecsociologyrevision.blogspot.com/2016/02/research-methods-opportunity-sampling.html

that are the most convenient for you as a researcher. You may use someone you
already know as a respondent because it will save you time and effort in looking
for someone who will participate in your study.
These sampling methods are SOME of the methods that you can use for
your research. There are many methods to choose from, but it is important to keep
your methods simple to avoid any confusion and complications.

Source: https://research-methodology.net/sampling-in-primary-data-collection/convenience-sampling/
4. Determine your sample size
A book on high school research by Clemente R. F., Julaton A. B. E. and Orleans,
A. V. discusses how to determine your sample sizes. There can be two
approaches to determine your sample size:
a. You determine your sample size depending whether your data will reach its
saturation point.
What is a saturation point of a data?
When you conduct face to face interviews with your respondents, you may
notice that there will be patterns and similar answers to your questions as you
increase the number of people that you are interviewing. If you realize that there
are no new answers and the pattern seems to be the same on, let’s say, the 10th
interview, then it can be assumed that it will be your sample size because you
have reached the saturation point of your data.
b. Another way to choose sample size depends on the type of approach that you
are going to use for your research. It was cited from Creswell (2013) that 1-10
subjects are recommended for phenomenology. Dukes (1984) stated that there
should be 20-30 individuals for grounded theory and Charmaz (2006) indicated
that there should be 4-5 respondents for case studies and a single culture-sharing
group for ethnography.
THEREFORE, your sample size is the number of individuals that you are
going to use for your study and it is up to you to determine which approach you
are going to use in choosing your sample size.
5. Implement the plan
That’s it! If you follow the steps correctly, with a little help and guidance,
you can now implement your sampling techniques and select respondents that
can be a part of your research. It is important to take note of all the details because
you need to write it down in your research paper.

What’s More

Read the following scenarios and identify what type of sampling method
is being use (Snowball sampling, Opportunistic sampling, Convenience
sampling).
1. A research about customer satisfaction in a specific restaurant uses this kind
of sampling technique by giving survey questionnaires to any customer that enters
their establishment. They take advantage of whoever is readily available and does
not consider any criteria for choosing them as respondents
in the survey.

2. Ace is a psychology professor and wants to conduct a research about

psychosis and schizophrenia. In order to get participants for his study, he enlisted
the help of his previous patients which he now considers as his close
friends to be his respondents.

3. Shiela used crowdsourcing through facebook to look for respondents in her

study about behavioral psychology. She posted a status asking her friends if they
know someone that is willing to participate in her study.
 What I have learned

In lesson 2, I have learned the different steps in sampling which are:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5. _

What I can do

Answer the following items carefully:

1. Based on the example found, specify a sampling frame:

I am currently residing at Valencia City, Bukidnon. I would

want my sampling frame to be taken from a population in Valencia
City, Bukidnon. More specifically, I would like to take samples at
Valencia National High School because it is near where I am. Thus,
my samples will be taken from teachers working at Valencia National
Write High
your own sampling
school andframe
outbased on youryouth
of school researchattopic and yourCity.
Valencia answers
to activity 1.

2. What sampling technique are you going to use for your own research topic? Why?

After you have finished your activity, you may show it to your instructor for further
corrections or you may opt to proceed to the next part of the lesson.
 Lesson 3 THE DATA AND DATA COLLECTION

What’s In

In lesson 2, we discussed the different types of sampling

and steps in sampling. In this lesson, we are going to know what is
data and how to collect data.

What’s New

Find the means to do research on the following:

1. Give examples of primary and secondary sources.
2. Why do you think primary sources are more reliable than secondary sources?
You can use textbooks or browse the internet for your answers. This is
only to test your ability to look for information beyond the module. You may
present your answer on the next session of the class.

What is it

What is a data?
Your data is all the information that you will gather throughout your research.
How do we collect our qualitative data?
One way to collect qualitative data is to gather your data from different
sources of information. Some of these sources can include books, encyclopedias,
websites and first- hand information from people.
There are two classifications of data based on their use and source.
PRIMARY DATA refers to first-hand information based on actual experiences or
observations. This kind of data is more reliable to use because it is gathered by
the actual researchers. Say you want to ask people in the community if they
agree to a certain law that is being implemented by the local government. Their
answers can be considered as primary data.
SECONDARY DATA are data that are gathered from secondary sources, meaning
it is not you that have obtained the information but rather, it comes from previous
research, audio recordings or books. One advantage of secondary data is that it
is readily available to use, comparing it to primary data where you have to gather
the information yourself.
DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS
These are the tools that you need to use so that you can gather your primary
data when you conduct your research. You can even choose one or more instruments
to use.
The important thing is that you are knowledgeable to use these in such a way
that it will not become a hindrance in completing your research.
1. Interviewing
In qualitative research, doing interviews is the most common type of
instrument that is being used. Interviews are done by having a set of questions to
your respondents and letting them answer as truthfully as possible. There are
mainly three types of interview:
Structured Interview- this type of interview has a set of pre-determined
questions that are ready to use. If you are using a structured interview as
your instrument to gather data, take note that you should not ask beyond
what is written in your interview questions.

Source:
https://newtonsoftware.com/struct
ured-hiring/
Unstructured

Interview- this type of interview is the complete opposite of structured

interview. You are not required to make a set of pre-made questions, but
rather make an OUTLINE or what kind of questions you want to ask your
respondents. Dawson (2002) calls this type of interview as life history
interview. That is because you want to understand the point of view of your
respondents, hence it is not advisable to use a pre-made questions. You
want them to tell you a story, your respondents are free to talk about what
they want to share with a little guide questions from you as a researcher.
 Semi-structured Interview- this type of interview is a mix of structured and
unstructured interview. It may be one of the most common types of
interview. You have to prepare a set of questions, however, you are also
free to ask follow up questions to your respondents if you want to clarify
something or add information that is not available to you. This type of
interview is also flexible that is why it is preferred to be used by most
researchers.

2. Observations
Another data gathering instrument that is being used most commonly in
ethnography is observations. This happens when a researcher observes and
takes notes of the behavior of people that they want to be a part of their research.
There are three types of
Source: https://araba.com.ng/2016/03/6-different-types-interviews-must-know/8ia6nra8t/

observations:
Naturalistic Observation- this happens when a researcher observes the
behavior of a group of people in their natural setting. For example, you
want to observe the behavior of students inside a classroom without
putting any external disturbances on them then you are using naturalistic
observation.

Participative Observation- this observation happens when a researcher

takes part on the activities of the group of people that they are observing.
Say for example you want to study the daily routine of a Lumad community.
To have a better understanding of what their everyday activities are, you
as a researcher decided to join a community so that you can immerse
yourself in their daily life. This is utilizing participative observation.

Non-naturalistic Observation- this type of observation happens when you

take your respondents out of their natural environment and put them in an
environment of your choice. You observe how people behave when they
are not in their usual settings. One situation for this is taking a group of
high school students and letting them attend one or two college classes
where you have to observe their learning behaviors. Non-naturalistic
observation is where you as a researcher decides what is the “ideal”
environment for you to complete your research.

3. Questionnaires
Questionnaires are also one of the most common types of instrument that
is being used by qualitative researchers. This is somewhat similar to interviews
based on the format of questions that is being used. There are three types of
questionnaires:
Closed-ended questionnaires- this type of questionnaire is similar to a
structured interview. This is mostly used when you want to
conduct surveys on your
respondents. This is mostly for statistical purposes and the questions are already prepared for
your respondents to answer. These types of questionnaires usually have boxes for the
respondents to put a check mark.

Open-ended questionnaires- unlike close-ended questionnaires, this type

of questionnaire leaves a blank space for the respondents to give their
point of view about a specific question.

Combination of both- this type of questionnaire combines both the close-

ended and open-ended questionnaires. For example, you may want to ask
a yes or no question to your respondents and also want them to explain,
why they have answered yes or
noSource:://sociologytwynham.com/2014/11/29/questionnaires/

4. Focus Group Discussion

This type of data gathering instrument focuses on groups of people being
interviewed at the same time. This relies on the respondents to give a discussion
amongst themselves on the questions that you, the researcher, give. You will
serve as the moderator or facilitator. Put three or more people around a table and
give them guide questions for them to discuss among themselves. Your role as
the researcher and facilitator is to take note of their discussions.

What’s More

Answer the following items carefully.

1. The following are considered as data gathering instrument EXCEPT:
A. Interviews
B. Observation
C. Questionnaire
D. The internet
2. This type of observation requires the researcher to be involved in the usual
activities of the subjects that they are researching.
A. Naturalistic observation
B. Participative observation
C. Non-naturalistic observation
D. None of the above
 3. Steve distributed a data gathering instrument where respondents are
requested to supply the necessary information in the blanks placed after each
statement or question. What data gathering instrument is Steve using?
A. Observation
B. Interview
C. Questionnaire
D. Focus Group Discussions

4. Sophia wants to study the behavior of baby pandas when placed in a

controlled environment. What data gathering instrument will Sophia be using?
A. Observation
B. Interview
C. Questionnaire
D. Focus Group Discussions

5. This type of data gathering instrument is used when the researcher personally
asks the respondents about the information that the researcher needs.
A. Observation
B. Interview
C. Questionnaire
D. Focus Group Discussions

What I have learned

In lesson 3, I have learned the different types of data gathering instruments which are:
1.
2.
3.
4.

What I can do

Write your answer on the space provided

1. What data gathering instrument are you going to use for your own research topic?
Why?
2. As a researcher, how are you going to prove the validity of your data
gathering instrument?

After you have finished your activity, you may show it to your instructor for further
corrections or you may opt to proceed to the next part of the lesson.
 Lesson 4 WRITING YOUR RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this lesson, we are going to put together all answers from your previous activities.
The Research Methodology is the third chapter of your research paper.
It contains all the steps and procedures that you are going to use for you to finish
your paper.
There is no general format on the parts of the methodology since it can be
different for qualitative and quantitative research. For the sake of writing your
methodology, it will be divided into two parts:
Locale of the study- you are going to put the WHERE aspect of your paper.
Going back to your first activity, you need to describe the location where you are
going to get your participants for you research. You can even put a map so that
your reader can have a visual presentation on where you plan to conduct your
research.
Try to give an accurate description of the place where you want to conduct
your study. If it’s a school, what is the address of that school? How many students
are currently enrolled there? If it’s a community, where is that community located?
What is the population?
Data Gathering- this is where you are going to write WHO your samples will be
and WHAT will be your sampling technique. You can also write WHEN you will
gather your data. This is also where you are going to write what will be your data
gathering instruments. You can incorporate your answers from your previous
activities so that you can fill in the data gathering section of your paper.

Example:
M
ETHODOLOGY
Locale of the study
The research will take place at Valencia National High
School located at Valencia City, Bukidnon. It is a secondary public
school with a population of 340 grade 11 students, the ones who
will participate in the study.
Data gathering
Samples will be taken from grade 11 students and
teachers. Opportunistic sampling will be used to select
respondents as researchers will only gather the participants that
are available during the data gathering process. Data gathering
will take 3 weeks from the 1st week of January up to the last week
of the month. Interview materials will be the main data gathering
instrument to be used. The researcher will use semi-structured
interview so that the researcher can freely give follow up
questions.
 Assessment

To evaluate all the lessons that you have tackled in this chapter, answer
the following items for the POST-TEST. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
The answers can be found on page 26.

1. This type of sampling takes advantage of whatever is readily

available in their environment.
A. Convenience sampling C. Opportunistic sampling
B. Snowball sampling D. Homogenous sampling
2. This type of data gathering instrument is used when the researcher
personally asks the respondents about the information that the researcher
needs.
A. Observation C. FGD
B. Interview D. Questionnaire

3. It is a set of characteristics representing the research variable.

A. Data C. Sample
B. Population D. Variable set

4. It is a group of individuals that represents certain characteristics of a population.

A. Data C. Sample
B. Population D. Variable set

5. It is a form of interview wherein the researcher uses an interview schedule and

uses a set of prepared questions, which are unchangeable, to ask from one
respondent to another.
A. Unstructured interview C. Structured Interview
B. Semi-structured interview D. Group Interview
6 This type of data collection method is used when the study participants are very
young children and those with disabilities.
A. Observation C. FGD
B. Interview D. Document Review

7. Maya used an unstructured interview as her data gathering instrument for her
research. What type of data will Maya get from her respondents?
A. Answers that are straight to the point based on what is written on her
interview questions.
B. Answers that are conversation-like because her questions are based on her
outline only.
C. Answers that are based on her interview questions and follow up answers
that are not found on her written questions
D. None of the Above

8. What type of data gathering instrument is best used for Ethnographic studies?
A. Observation C. FGD
B. Interview D. Questionnaire
9. Which does not belong to the pair of qualitative inquiry and data gathering instrument?
A. Ethnography: Observation
B. Grounded theory: Interview
C. Historical Approach: Questionnaire
D. Phenomenology: Interview

10. Sophia wants to study the behavior of baby pandas when placed in a
controlled environment. What data gathering instrument will Sophia be
using?
A. Observation C. FGD
B. Interview D. Questionnaire

11. As a researcher, how are you going to use phenomenology as an approach

to a qualitative study about the victims of typhoon Yolanda?
A. Ask the victims on their experiences during the typhoon
B. Look for historical data about instances where the victims were also
victims of flooding in the past
C. Have an in-depth understanding on the socio-economic impact of typhoons
D. Formulate a theory
12. This type of qualitative inquiry involves studying a particular group or
population in the natural setting or habitat.
A. Ethnography C. Case study
B. Grounded theory D. Phenomenology

13. It is a process of structuring techniques and strategies that help researchers

solve their problems or answer their inquiry
A. Research blueprint C. Research ethics
B. Research design D. Research proposal

14. Pedro uses convenience sampling to gather respondents for his research.
Give an explanation on how he can properly use this sampling technique.
A. Gather respondents that are readily available regardless of any criteria
and qualifications
B. Ask his friends if they someone that is willing to participate in his research
C. Use his friends as research respondents
D. Use a set of criteria and qualifications to be followed before selecting respondents

15. It is commonly used to elicit different ideas, opinions, or beliefs from the respondents.
A. Ethnography C. Case study
B. Grounded theory D. Phenomenology

16. What is the difference between naturalistic observation and non-naturalistic

observation?
A. The difference is on how the researcher approach their respondent
B. The difference is on the type of environment that the subjects are to be observed
C. The difference is on the experience of the researcher based on the type
of observation
D. There is no difference

17. The following are considered as data gathering instrument except:

A. Interviews C. Questionnaire
B. Observation D. Internet
18. This type of sampling is done by asking relevant people if they know
somebody who is willing to participate in the study.
A. Convenience sampling C. Opportunistic sampling
B. Snowball sampling D. Homogenous sampling
19. This type of qualitative inquiry describes the common meaning of several
individuals’ lived experiences about a phenomenon.
A. Ethnography C. Case study
B. Grounded theory D. Phenomenology

20. It refers to any procedure done to select samples.

A. Experimentation C. Sampling
B. Replication D. Treatment

END OF POST-TEST -

Additional Activities

Using your answers from the previous activities, write your own
research methodology for your research topic.
Topic:
METHODOLOGY
Locale of the study

_
 Data gathering

After you have finished your activity, you may show it to your instructor
for further corrections or you may opt to proceed to the post-test.
 Answer Key

Pre-test (Page 3-4) What I can do (Page 9)

1. B 11. A 1. Ethnography
2. B 12. C 2. Phenomenology
3. A 13. A 3. Historical Approach
4. C 14. B What’s more (Page 13)
5. A 15. C 1. Opportunistic sampling
6. C 16. C 2. Convenience Sampling
7. C 17. C 3. Snowball Sampling
8. A 18. D
9. B 19. A
10. B 20. B

Post-test (Page 24-25) What’s More (Page 19)

1. C 11. A 1. D
2. B 12. A 2. B
3. A 13. B 3. C
4. C 14. C 4. A
5. C 15. B 5. B
6. A 16. B
7. B 17. D
8. A 18. C
9. C 19. B
10. A 20. C

REFERENCES
Clemente R. F., Julaton A. B. E., Orleans, A. V. Science in today’s world for senior high
school: Research in daily life 1
Dawson, C. (2002). Practical research methods: a user-friendly guide to
mastering research techniques and projects. How to books Ltd.
Marshall, M. N. (1996). Sampling for qualitative research. Family practice, 13(6), 522-526.
 Bas,c Education
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