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Lesson 3 Direction of Lines, Interior and Deflection Angles, Etc.

The document discusses various methods of measuring and describing angles and directions in surveying. It defines interior angles, deflection angles, angles to the right, bearings, azimuths, and how to convert between bearings and azimuths. It provides examples of computing angles from given bearings or azimuths, and converting between bearings and azimuths.

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Prince Eduard Manucum
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593 views8 pages

Lesson 3 Direction of Lines, Interior and Deflection Angles, Etc.

The document discusses various methods of measuring and describing angles and directions in surveying. It defines interior angles, deflection angles, angles to the right, bearings, azimuths, and how to convert between bearings and azimuths. It provides examples of computing angles from given bearings or azimuths, and converting between bearings and azimuths.

Uploaded by

Prince Eduard Manucum
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LESSON 4: DIRECTION OF LINES, INTERIOR AND 26

DEFLECTION ANGLES, ETC.

MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES AND DIRECTIONS

DIRECTION OF LINES
The direction of a line is defined as the horizontal angle the line makes with an
established line of reference. In surveying practice, directions may be defined by means
of: interior angles, deflection angles, angles to the right, bearings, and azimuths.

INTERIOR ANGLES
The angles between adjacent lines in a closed polygon are called interior angles.
In figure below, the interior angles are a, b, c, d, and e. These angles may be
measured clockwise or counterclockwise.

Exterior angles are located outside a closed polygon and are referred to as
explements of interior angles. An explement is the difference between 360 degrees and
any one angle. In figure above, the exterior angles are a, b, c, d, and e.
LESSON 4: DIRECTION OF LINES, INTERIOR AND 27
DEFLECTION ANGLES, ETC.

DEFLECTION ANGLES
The angle between a line and the prolongation of the preceding line is called a
deflection angle. It may be turned to the right (clockwise) or to the left
(counterclockwise). Right deflections are considered to have signs opposite to the left
deflections.
In figure below, the deflection angles at stations B, C, and D are b(R), c (L),
and d(R), respectively.

ANGLES TO THE RIGHT


Angles to the right are measured clockwise from the preceding line to the
succeeding line. In figure below, the angles to the right at stations B, C, and D are b,
c, and d, respectively. These angles are also referred to as azimuths from back line.
LESSON 4: DIRECTION OF LINES, INTERIOR AND 28
DEFLECTION ANGLES, ETC.

BEARINGS
The bearing of a line is the acute horizontal angle between the reference meridian
and the line. A quadrantal system shown below is used to specify bearings such that a
line may fall under one of the following quadrants: NE, SE, NW, and SW. Each quadrant is
numbered from 0 to 90 degrees from either the north or south end of the meridian to
the east or west end of the reference parallel.

FORWARD AND BACK BEARINGS


When the bearing of a line is observed in the direction in which the survey
progresses, it is referred to as a forward bearing, if the bearing of the same line is
observed in an opposite direction it is called the back bearing. From the illustrated
directions given in figure below it can be readily seen that back bearing can be obtained
from the forward bearings by simply changing the letter N to S and also changing E to
W, and vice versa.
LESSON 4: DIRECTION OF LINES, INTERIOR AND 29
DEFLECTION ANGLES, ETC.

LINE FORWARD BEARING BACK BEARING


AB N 44 38’ E S 4438’ W
BC
CD
DE

AZIMUTHS
The azimuth of a line is its direction as given by the angle between the meridian
and the line measured in a clockwise direction from either the north or south branch of
the meridian. Figure 25-8 shows different lines whose azimuths are measured from the
north branch of the reference meridian. Azimuths measured from the south branch of the
meridian are shown in figure below.
LESSON 4: DIRECTION OF LINES, INTERIOR AND 30
DEFLECTION ANGLES, ETC.

FORWARD AND BACK AZIMUTHS


Any line established on the earth's surface has two azimuths - a forward and a
back azimuth. To determine the back azimuth when the forward azimuth is known, the
following rules are used:
RULE 1: If the forward azimuth of the line is greater than 180 deg., subtract
180 deg. to obtain the back azimuth.
RULE 2: When the forward azimuth of the line is less than 180 deg., add 180
deg. to determine the back azimuth.
Shown in figure below are four successive lines whose azimuths have been
observed.
LESSON 4: DIRECTION OF LINES, INTERIOR AND 31
DEFLECTION ANGLES, ETC.

OBS AZIM FROM SOUTH CAL AZIM FROM NORTH


LINE FORWARD BACK FORWARD BACK
AB 230 50 230-180=50 314-180=134
BC
CD
DE
LESSON 4: DIRECTION OF LINES, INTERIOR AND 32
DEFLECTION ANGLES, ETC.

PROBLEMS:
1. Determining angles from bearings. Compute the angles AOB, COD, EOF, and
GOH from the following set of lines whose magnetic bearings are given:
a) OA, N3925'E and OB, N7550'E
b) OC, N3414'E and OD, N5322'W
c) OE, S1504'E and OF, S3600'W
d) OG, N7015'W and OH, S5205'W

2. Determining angles from azimuths. Compute the angles APB, CPD, and EPF
from the following set of lines whose azimuths are given:
a) AZIMn of Line PA = 3948'; AZIMn of Line PB = 11529'
b) AZIMs of Line PC = 32022'; AZIMs of Line PD = 6216'
c) AZIMn of Line PE = 21902'; AZIMs of Line PF = 15416'
LESSON 4: DIRECTION OF LINES, INTERIOR AND 33
DEFLECTION ANGLES, ETC.

3. Converting bearings to azimuths. Convert the following bearings to equivalent


azimuths.
a) AB, N2525'W
b) BC, Due East
c) CD, S5010'E
d) DE, S4550'W
e) EF, N6630'W

4. Converting azimuths to bearings. Convert the following azimuths to equivalent


bearings:
a) AZIMs of Line AB = 23030'
b) AZIMn of Line BC = 11246'
c) AZIMs of Line CD = 27000'
d) AZIMn of Line DE = 22815'
e) AZIMs of Line EF = 13500'

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