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ISCEER-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 999 (2022) 012023 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/999/1/012023

Application of activated charcoal- sugarcane bagasse material

for adsorption of COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) on the
sasirangan wastewater

R Noor 1, N Annisa1, D M Paramitha1, and H Prasetia2,3

1
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lambung
Mangkurat University, Indonesia
2
Research Center for Chemistry-National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN),
Indonesia.
3
Research Center for Policy and Management of Science, Technology, and
Innovation, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract. In Indonesia, there is a significant amount of sugarcane bagasse waste that has not
been utilized optimally. Around 50% of sugarcane bagasse waste is discarded as waste with
little economic value. Sugarcane bagasse contains lignocellulose, composed of 20%
hemicellulose, 52.75% cellulose, 20% pentosan, and 37.55% lignin and converted into
activated charcoal. Sugarcane bagasse can be used as an alternative raw material for activated
charcoal by carbonizing it in a batch process to remove organic compounds from the waste. On
this basis, a study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of bagasse activated charcoal
in reducing the COD content of sasirangan waste and the optimal dose of bagasse activated
charcoal as an adsorbent in reducing the COD content of sasirangan wastewater.The steps to
make activated carbon are by place small pieces of bagasse in the mortar and place in a 350 oC
furnace for 2 hours or until the sample turns black. Next, bagasse charcoal was sieved until
smooth using a 100-mesh sieve. The following stage is chemical activation. Bagasse that has
passed through the sieve is soaked in 0.1 N 20% HCl activator for the day—cleansing the
activated charcoal with distilled water until the pH is neutral. The next step is physical
activation, which involves heating the activated charcoal in an oven at 105 oC for six hours to
dehydrate it. The results indicated that bagasse activated charcoal with a pH of 5 and a contact
time of 90 minutes could reduce the COD content of the Sasirangan wastewater by up to 95.37
% and that the dose of bagasse activated charcoal as an adsorbent had a significant effect on
the COD content. The quantity of 5 g/L is the maximum number of COD that can be absorbed.
Keyword: Activated Charcoal, COD, sasirangan wastewater

1. Introduction
The Sasirangan textile factory is regularly expanding. Sasirangan is a traditional batik fabric
indigenous to South Kalimantan, specifically the Banjar Tribe, most of which is produced on a small
scale and in the conventional manner [1]. The result of this increasingly advanced development has
been the prosperity of the Banjar community economy. However, the sasirangan textile industry can
negatively affect the community if waste is not processed correctly before being dumped into the river.
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ISCEER-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 999 (2022) 012023 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/999/1/012023

Sasirangan processing involves several stages, including fabric preparation, pattern creation,
sewing, dye preparation, colour dyeing, washing, drying, and ironing. Sasirangan is a producer of
wastewater during the colouring stage. Synthetic dyes such as naphthol (ASLB), indanthrene, and salt
compounds (B red) are frequently used in Sasirangan staining. These dyes contain a high
concentration of chemicals and are therefore difficult to dissolve in water. The numerous applications
of chemicals in the dyeing and dyeing process necessitate a unique approach to the generated
wastewater [2]. The waste produced during the colouring process results in a cloudy, viscous liquid.
By and large, the colour of wastewater is determined by the dye used.
According to the survey results conducted on Saturday, May 22, 2021, The Sasirangan wastewater
comes from "Indah Sasirangan" in Sasirangan Village, Seberang Masjid Street, Seberang Masjid
Village, Banjarmasin City. The COD content of the wastewater is 730 mg/L, which exceeds the
quality standard for Textile Industry wastewater stipulated by the Minister of Environment and
Forestry Regulation Number 16 (2019) of 150 mg. Health problems, such as respiratory and digestive
disorders, can result from elevated COD levels. There are also environmental consequences, such as
the disruption of aquatic biota ecosystems. The need for oxygen as a source of life for aquatic
creatures, such as animals and aquatic plants, cannot be met, putting aquatic creatures at risk of death.
And are incapable of reproducing effectively [3]. Sewage treatment employs various techniques,
including cation exchange membranes, flocculation/coagulation, adsorption, and electrochemical
degradation. However, due to its high adsorption efficiency, high adsorption capacity, low operating
costs, and other advantages, adsorption technology employing a variety of adsorbents remains the
most profitable method to date [4].
Indonesian industries, both large and small, frequently use the activated charcoal adsorption
method to remove contaminants from their products. Activated charcoal is a type of adsorbent medium
composed of carbon that has been treated to increase its adsorption capacity. Industrial growth is
directly proportional to the domestic and export demand for activated charcoal. Indonesia exported
activated charcoal to countries throughout Asia and Europe in 2000. Indonesia exported 25,671 tons of
activated charcoal in 2005, according to the Asian and Pacific Coconut Community [5]. Anticipating
the current high demand for activated charcoal, individuals seek alternative raw materials containing
lignocellulose that are readily available, renewable, and have a low economic value for use as
activated charcoal [6].
A significant amount of bagasse waste exists in Indonesia, which has not been used to its full
potential. Around 50% of bagasse waste is discarded as waste with little economic value [7]. Bagasse
contains lignocellulose, 20% hemicellulose, 52.7% cellulose, 20% pentosan, and 37.5% lignin [8].
Bagasse can be used as an alternative raw material for activated charcoal by carbonizing it in a batch
process to remove organic compounds from waste [9]. Bagasse charcoal can reduce COD levels in
well water by up to 3.59 %, while bagasse charcoal activated with KOH can reduce COD levels by
24.75 %. The dose of the adsorbent can also affect its adsorption capacity [9]. Bagasse at a quantity of
4 grams in tofu waste resulted in a reduction of up to 84.72 % [3]. On this basis, a study was
conducted to determine the effectiveness of bagasse activated charcoal in reducing the COD content of
sasirangan waste and the optimal dose of bagasse activated charcoal as an adsorbent in reducing the
COD content of sasirangan wastewater. Sasirangan craftspeople can use the findings of this study to
develop an alternative method of processing wastewater before it is discharged into the river.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Carbonization and Activation of Sugarcane Bagasse

Place small pieces of bagasse in the mortar and place in a 350 oC furnace for 2 hours or until the
sample turns black. Next, bagasse charcoal was sieved until smooth using a 100-mesh sieve. The
following stage is chemical activation. Bagasse that has passed through the sieve is soaked in 0.1 N
20% HCl activator for the day—cleansing the activated charcoal with distilled water until the pH is

2
ISCEER-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 999 (2022) 012023 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/999/1/012023

neutral. The next step is physical activation, which involves heating the activated charcoal in an oven
at 105oC for six hours to dehydrate it.

2.2. Characterization of Activated Charcoal

To be considered carbonized and activated charcoal, it must meet the Indonesian National Standard
(SNI) requirements, SNI No. 06-3730-1995, which is attached to Table 1.

2.3. Characterization of the quality of sasirangan wastewater

The characteristics of the Sasirangan wastewater are summarized in Table 3.

2.4. COD Content Verification

The varied sample solution is taken up to 3 ml and then added to the reagent tube along with 1.5 ml of
K2Cr2O7 standard solution, Ag2SO4 and H2SO4 reagent solutions. The tube is gently shaken until the
solution is thoroughly mixed. Additionally, the tube is placed on a heating block set to 150 oC for two
hours. Next, the temperature of the test sample was lowered to room temperature. Then, using the
COD and Measuring Photometer tool, determine the COD content.

Table 1. Requirements for activated charcoal quality SNI No. 06-3730-1995

Test Type Terms of Quality of Active Carbon
Water content Maximum 15%
Ash content Maximum 10%
Iodine Absorption Minimum 750 mg/gr

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Sugarcane Bagasse Activated Charcoal Characteristics

The bagasse waste used in this study as activated charcoal originated at a sugarcane ice mill in
Banjarmasin City, specifically on Jalan A. Yani Km 6.7. The characteristics of activated charcoal that
is ready to use are first determined. Table 2 summarizes the characteristics of bagasse activated
charcoal.

Table 2. Sugarcane bagasse activated charcoal characteristics

No. Characteristics Total Contained Unit
1 Water content 13 %
2 Ash content 3 %
3 Iodine Absorption 964,44 mg/g

The results of several tests conducted on bagasse activated charcoal are shown in Table 2. The
determination procedure is based on SNI 06-3730-1995, which is attached to Table 2. The water
content calculation is used to determine the hygroscopic nature of activated charcoal. Activated
charcoal has a strong attraction to water [10]. After 1 hour or until a constant weight at 105 oC was
obtained, the water content of activated bagasse charcoal was 13%. As the heating temperature
increases, the water content decreases. After reaching the boiling point of 100 oC, H2O undergoes a
phase change from liquid to gas. When the temperature rises, more water evaporates, and the water
content decreases. The low water content is most likely due to the carbonization process and the
activator HCl. HCl has hygroscopic properties, which means it can absorb water. The duration of the
activation process affects the water content; the longer the activated charcoal is immersed, the less
water is produced [11].

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ISCEER-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 999 (2022) 012023 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/999/1/012023

The ash content of activated charcoal is determined to determine the metal oxide content. The ash
content is interpreted as the mineral residue remaining after combustion. Natural materials used to
make activated charcoal contain carbon compounds and a variety of minerals, some of which are lost
during the carbonization and activation processes. After one hour of heating at 500 oC, the ash content
is 3%. The low ash content is most likely due to the time required to activate the charcoal, as
activation results in the enlargement of the pores and expansion of the surface. High ash content can
impair adsorption capacity by clogging surface pores, making it more challenging to absorb adsorbate
[12].
The purpose of determining iodine uptake is to ascertain the activated charcoal's adsorption
capacity [13]. Iodine solution is added as an adsorbent and is absorbed by the adsorbent. The residual
iodine concentration can be determined by titrating the iodine solution with 0.1 N sodium thiosulfate
and starch as an indicator [14]. Bagasse activated charcoal absorbs 964.44 mg/gr of iodine. The
adsorption capacity of activated charcoal for iodine is proportional to its surface area. The more iodine
present, the more ability the activated charcoal has to adsorb the adsorbate or solute. The rate of iodine
absorption increases in direct proportion to the duration of activation. The longer the activation time,
the more pores open, allowing for more excellent iodine absorption into the activated charcoal pores.
Pore surface area is a critical parameter in determining the adsorbent quality of activated charcoal
because it affects the adsorption process.

3.2. Sasirangan Wastewater Characteristics

Sasirangan businesses with direct access to the Martapura River are concentrated in three locations in
Banjarmasin City: Seberang Masjid Street, Seberang Masjid Village. The water used in the adsorption
process was Sasirangan wastewater, which originates in ―Indah Sasirangan‖, Kampung Sasirangan,
Seberang Masjid Street, Seberang Masjid Village, Banjarmasin City (L. 03 311 64 46; E. 114 594 20
64). Before being used in this study, Sasirangan wastewater is tested for parameters under the Minister
of Environment and Forestry's Regulation 16 (2019). The characteristics of the Sasirangan wastewater
are summarized in Table 3.

Table 3. Initial test results for the quality of sasirangan wastewater

No. Parameter Amount Contained Unit
1 COD 730 mg/l
2 BOD 268,65 O2 mg/l
3 TSS 527 mg/l
4 Total Phenol 0,016 mg/l
5 Total Chromium (Cr) 0,0528 mg/l
6 Total Ammonia 7,368 mg/l
7 Sulfide <0,0020 mg/l
8 Oils and Fats 0,04 mg/l
9 pH 11,42 -

According to the results, parameters with a value greater than the quality threshold are as follows:
COD, BOD, TSS, and pH. Because BOD and COD are determinants of other parameters for water
quality conditions, they are always used as standard parameters for wastewater quality. The results of
the measurements indicate that the COD value was greater than the BOD value. In comparison to
BOD, COD has a higher value because BOD is influenced only by quickly decomposable organic
matter, whereas COD is influenced by all organic matter present in the water body [1]. In addition, the
COD test is more effective and precise than the BOD test because it is capable of oxidizing substances
that are inert to biological reactions and microorganisms [15].

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ISCEER-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 999 (2022) 012023 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/999/1/012023

3.3. The Effects of Activated Charcoal Dosage on COD Content

Another factor influencing COD absorption is the adsorbent dose. The addition of the quantity can
affect the adsorbent's relationship with the adsorbate. The dosage variation of bagasse activated
charcoal adsorbent was divided into five groups in this study, one control and four treatment groups.
The control group (K) was the group that received no dose treatment and was exposed to a pH of 5 for
90 minutes. The second group received a dose of bagasse up to 1.5gr/L with a pH of 5 and 90-minute
interval (P1), the third group received a quantity of bagasse up to 3gr/L with a pH of 5 and 90-minute
interval (P2), group four received a dose of bagasse up to 4gr/L with a pH of 5 and 90-minute interval
(P3). Group five received a quantity of bagasse up to (P4). Figure 1, illustrates the effect of adsorbent
dose on adsorption capacity and efficiency in reducing COD content.

Figure 1. The Effect of Dose Variation on the Adsorption Capacity and

Removal of Sasirangan Wastewater

As illustrated in Figure 4.3, the efficiency of reducing COD without dosing (control group) was
only 2.27 %. Efficiency was 88.79 % in the P1 group. The adsorption efficiency of Group P2 was
92.99 %. Adsorption efficiency was 95.26 % for Group P3. The P4 group was most efficient, with a
95.37% efficiency rate. The graph demonstrates that dose is proportional to COD efficiency but not to
adsorption capacity. It has increased dose results in an increase in the active site on the surface of the
bagasse charcoal. The above tightens the adsorbate-adsorbent bond and loosens the adsorbent's
surface-active side [16]. This event is consistent with the Langmuir isotherm principle, which states
that a monolayer layer of adsorbate molecules with a uniform adsorbent surface form. Because the
pores in bagasse charcoal are homogeneous, each active site on the surface can only absorb one type
of adsorbate molecule. Therefore, the active area of the adsorbent increases with adsorbate
concentration, increasing adsorbate absorption. The dose must be adjusted according to the volume of
wastewater to avoid saturation of the adsorbent. When the dose treatment was administered, the pH
parameter changed as well. Although the pH increases, it remains within the specified quality standard
range of 6.00-9.00. Because turbidity is bound to the active side of bagasse charcoal, it can reduce
turbidity in Sasirangan wastewater. According to Hatina et al., the use of HCl in adsorption activation
can decrease COD and TSS content and increase DO and pH content [17].

3.4. Isotherm Adsorption

Because it describes the relationship between the amount of adsorbed substance and the amount of
adsorbent at equilibrium, the adsorption isotherm explains the interaction between the adsorbent and
the adsorbate. The adsorption isotherm was determined by converting the Langmuir (Figure 1) and

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ISCEER-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 999 (2022) 012023 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/999/1/012023

Freundlich isotherm equations (Figure 3) to a straight-line equilibrium curve. The equilibrium model
was determined by the determinant coefficient (R2) value, which should be close to 1.

2.43
2.5 2.26
1.99
1.89
2

1.5
Ce/qe

0.5

0
0 y = -0.0032x + 2.3088
R² = 0.9658
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

-0.5
Ce

Figure 2. Isotherm Langmuir

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2
Log qe

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2 y = -0.9531x + 2.8941

R² = 0.6974
0
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
Log Ce

Figure 3. Isotherm Freundlich

Table 4 contains the equation and correlation coefficient value for each isotherm, as shown in the
illustration above. The results indicate that the Langmuir isotherm model is the most suitable for COD
adsorption in Sasirangan wastewater, with a regression coefficient (R2) close to or greater than one.

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ISCEER-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 999 (2022) 012023 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/999/1/012023

The Langmuir adsorption isotherm is based on the assumption that monolayer adsorption occurs on an
adsorbent surface that is homogeneous. The Langmuir isotherm is based on the assumption that the
adsorbent's surface is uniform. When the adsorption site has been completely depleted, the adsorption
process at that location will come to a close for good. When the adsorption process reaches its
maximum efficiency, the surface of the adsorbent will reach saturation [18].

Table 4. Equation and coefficient of isotherm correlation value

No. Isotherm Model Equation Parameter Value
1 Langmuir y = -0,0032x + 2,3088 R2 0,9658
qmaks -312,5
Kl -0,00139
Rl - 0,498
2 Freundlich y = -0,9531x + 2,8941 R2 0,6974
n -1,049
Kf 783,61

4. CONCLUSION
Sugarcane bagasse activated charcoal with a pH of 5 and a contact time of 90 minutes was effective in
reducing the COD content of Sasirangan wastewater by 88.79 to 95.37 %. The most effective dose
was 5 g/L bagasse activated charcoal, which reduced the COD content of the Sasirangan wastewater to
95.37 %. The results indicate that the Langmuir isotherm model is the most suitable for COD
adsorption in Sasirangan wastewater.

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