GOOD DAY CLASS!

I AM YOUR SCIENCE TEACHER FOR

TODAY
IAM TEACHER YANNA SO GET YOUR LAB COATS AND
GOOGLES AS WE GO ON DEEPER IN THE WORLD OF
SCIENCE!

So before all that, Let us start with a prayer

Let’s bow down our heads and feel the presence of God
in the name of the father…

So are you all ready for new discoveries?!

First let’s have some Fun!
I have a little game here called word hunt, here are the
mechanics.
Thank you for your participation…

Let’s have a review on your previews lesson

I have prepared here a 5-item quiz
And you only have 10 seconds to answer. Good luck!
Okay let’s start!
Congratulations to those who got all 5 answers correct!
Lets proceed to our topic this afternoon. We have
electrolysis.

Here are the objectives

At the end of this lesson we are able to…

So before all that are you all familiar with the word
electrolysis???
Let’s say we have here a…
Liquid or molten ionic compound
For electrolysis to work, the compound we’ll be
using must contain ions. Or in either case, must
carry current.

Why are ionic compounds good condition of

electricity?
Bec remember Ionic substances contain charged
particles called ions. Ionic compounds conduct
electricity when molten (liquid) or in aqueous
solution (dissolved in water),

Why molten or liquid form?

Ionic compounds cannot conduct electricity when
solid, as their ions are held in fixed positions ions
cannot move. So if In an aqueous state or molten
state, ions are free to move. Therefore Ionic
Compounds conduct electricity.

Bec This ionic compound Has free flowing positive

and negative charges.
Positive ions are called Cations

So for the electrolysis to work, we will be putting an

electrical conductor or an electrode into the liquid.
So what do you think is happening here?
Nothing happens at this point. bec the electrodes
does not consists electrical charges that can cause
a current flow…
So if we connect the two electrical conductor, to a
power supply or a battery… the electrons will start to
move (towards the positive terminal of the battery,)
this is what is called current flow.
This apparatus is what we call ELECTROLYTIC
CELL, it is where electrolysis takes place
The reaction that occur in the electrodes of an
ELECTROLYTIC CELL are called redox reaction.

As you can see here, the arrow represents the

movement of the electrons.
ANODES
CATHODES
Anodes It attracts ANIONS
Cathodes attracts cations.

SO LET’S TAKE SA CLOSER LOOK

Anything positively charged in a liquid is going to be
attracted to the negative electrode Cathode.
And anything negatively charged, is going to be
attracted to the positive electrode Anode.
This is because opposite electrical charges attract.

When the ions meet the electrodes, electron

exchange happens,

so now when we connect the battery to the

electrodes and this is what happens
so this cathode here is connected to the negative
side of the battery so that means it's going to have a
negative charge… these positively charged atoms
are going to be attracted to the negatively charged
cathode because opposite charges attracts
so we got this positive atom moving over to the
negatively charged cathode… and electrons are
being pushed out of the battery into the cathode and
this electron is going to be given to the positive ion
and gaining that electron causes t lose the charge
on that atom so it's going to turn this into a neutral
atom
now over here at the anode the opposite thing is
going to happen
electrons are going to be pulled out of these ions so
we got this negatively charged atom over here it's
attracted to the anode because the anode is
connected to the positive side of the battery…
so this negatively charged is going to be pulled over
here and the anode is pulling in electrons so one of
the electrons from the negative ion is going to be
pulled up towards the battery and that is going to
cause this to lose its negative charge because it's
lost one of its electrons… so it's going to turn this
into a neutral atom

and this process triggers a chemical reaction. Where

Solids can form, gases can be given off, and new
solutions can be left behind. It all depends on the
compound.

So this process is what we call ELECTROLYSIS

So in simple words, Electrolysis involves using
electricity to break down electrolytes to form
elements.
Electrolysis won't happen spontaneously and
always requires electricity.

Electrolyte
When current flows in an electrolyte, it is the ions
that move and carry the electrical charge.

EXAMPLE
So what will happen here is that sodium chloride
being broken apart or broken down by electrolysis
into sodium metal and chlorine gas.
so here's the equation for the electrolysis of sodium
chloride
why is a CL 2 and not Cl well that's because CL
chlorine is one
of the diatomic elements
diatomic elements always form groups of two they
always pair up together you never find just one of
these atoms alone they will always be in pairs.
the equations that we've got here is an example of
an oxidation reduction reaction where electrons are
moving between atoms

So in order to understand how the atoms are moving

We are going to put their oxidation numbers
The oxidation numbers are being discussed by our
previous peer teachers.

Na is in group 1a so it is always plus one

CL chloride belongs to the halogen group usually
minus one…but positive with oxygen
definitely minus one here and
then on this side of the equation we have sodium
and chlorine on their own elements by themselves
they're not bonded to any other elements so NA over
here is going to be zero and cl2 over here is going to
be zero as well.

sodium here on this side of the equation it's plus one

and then over
here it's zero so it's oxidation number goes down so
that means that it is
undergoing reduction it is gaining electrons so
sodium is reduced here from
plus 1 to zero

and then CL goes from minus one here to zero over

here so it's oxidation number is going up it is
undergoing oxidation and it is losing electrons it's
being oxidized from minus one to zero

so sodium is reduced gaining electrons and chloride

is oxidized losing electrons.
SO this process, the breaking down of compounds
to form element, does not happen on it’s own.

so we have to force this process to happen and

that's where the electricity part of electrolysis comes
into play, to separate the elements…the electrical
energy from a battery can force this process to
happen

BATTERY
a battery has these two sides the positive and
negative terminal… the positive side of the battery
pulls electrons in and the
negative side of the battery pushes electrons out so
these two things can
force this process to happen.
As what I have shown u earlier, the process of
electron exchange.
First you have to melt the sodium chloride into a
liquid in order for the electricity to flow.

So let’s just imagine that the Na or Sodium is the

positive atom and the Cl or chloride is the negative
atom.

Anything positively charged in a liquid is going to be

attracted to the negative electrode.
And anything negatively charged, is going to be
attracted to the positive electrode.

so this negatively charged Chloride is going to be

pulled over here to the anode and the anode will be
pulling in electrons so one of the electrons from the
negative ion is going to be pulled up towards the
battery and that is going to cause this to lose its
negative charge because it's lost one of its
electrons… so it's going to turn this into a neutral
atom.

so we got this positive atom moving over to the

negatively charged cathode… and electrons are
being pushed out of the battery into the cathode and
this electron is going to be given to Sodium and
gaining that electron causes to lose the charge of
sodium so it's going to turn this into a neutral atom.
Oxidation happens at the anode and reduction
happens at the cathode.
So we have understood the process of electron
exchange here let us proceed to…

HALF REACTION
A half-equation shows you what happens at one of
the electrodes during electrolysis.
SAMPLE EQUATION
(So next let us write the half reaction of what just
happened at the anode and cathode. )
READ THE EQUATION

2CL minus and then what happens is these loses

two electrons to get pulled up to the battery and that
gives us a molecule of Chlorine gas

Na plus that gains an electron ( plus e minus) the

symbol for electron and that gives us
neutral sodium metal ( without a charge that's how
we know it's neutral)

can someone in class point out the difference in the

equations?

what's wrong about this well you can't subtract

things in a chemical equation.

FINAL EQUATION
So to get the final equation for the electrolysis of
sodium chloride
You have to combine the half reactions
So in order to combine these half reactions together
they have to have the same number of electrons

these parentheses to show the physical state of

each of these particular compounds

RECAP
electrolysis of sodium chloride this happens
because sodium gains electrons
then chloride loses electrons it undergoes oxidation
so that's how sodium chloride turns into sodium
metal and chlorine gas during electrolysis.

WATER
h2o add some electrical energy and we’ll get
hydrogen and oxygen gas

let’s remember that hydrogen and oxygen are

diatomic elements. They always come in pairs.

Next step we will be putting the oxidation numbers

So hydrogen is plus 1 when it's with nonmetals like

oxygen here is non-metal
And oxygen is minus 2
hydrogen and oxygen these are elements by
themselves they're not combined with any other
elements so h2 is going to be 0 + o2 is going to be 0

and now to see how the electrons are being

transferred
let’s see if it’s gaining or losing electrons.

hydrogen is plus 1 and then over on this side of the

equation it is 0 so it's oxidation
number is going down which means it is undergoing
reduction it is gaining
electrons
oxygen over here is -2 and then on the right side of
the equation it is zero so oxygens oxidation number
is going up from minus 2 to 0… oxidation number
going up that means it is
undergoing oxidation which is loss of electrons so
oxygen is being oxidized

so again for this process to happen, we will be using

electrical energy to force this to happen.

This is the device that we are going to use for the

electrolysis of water.
What are these…? Upside down test tubes.

Electrolysis does not work in pure water because water

does not conduct electricity all that well, so you're going
to need to add some extra ions to make electrolysis
possible.

So again the electron exchange

So lets take a look back here at our equation.
We got H2O here as reactants and hydrogen gas and
oxygen gas as products what gets made where,

well hydrogen here in water gets reduced to form

hydrogen gas so the cathode the
site of reduction is going to be where hydrogen gas
gets produced

then oxygen in water gets oxidized to form oxygen

gas
so over here at the anode the site of oxidation…
oxygen is going to be produced

So let’s take a closer look at what actually happens

during oxidation and reduction in order for us to
know the half reaction.
REDUCTION
We have here 2 molecules of water or H2O, where
the product of reduction is Hydrogen.
Remember that reduction happens in the Cathode
where it attracts positive charge…. and gains
electrons and it will make the Hydrogen a neutral
atom and pair up because it is a diatomic element,
where they always come in pairs.

this hydrogen was plus 1 and then gains an electron

and becomes zero
we get one molecule of h2
but then we have these parts of the water molecule
which are just left behind so we get an O and an H
and these two things together have a negative
charge of one - these are polyatomic ions
OH or hydroxide. Are polyatomic ion are usually
covalently bonded to one another, and therefore
stay together as a single, charged unit.
OH or hydroxide.

So writing down that equation we’ll have

h2o and then we gain two electrons so plus 2e - and
that gives us one molecule of h2
and then we get 2 OH minuses
(and the reason why they have a charge here is
because notice that their oxidation numbers haven't
changed because we're not adding or removing
electrons from the rest of the water molecule so
these numbers are just staying the same as they
were over here you add these oxidation numbers up
and you get minus 1 so that's the charge of this ion)

OXIDATION

So we have here 2 molecules of water that is H2O,

so we will be getting oxygen from the H2O,
Remember that oxidation happens in the ANODE
where it attracts negative charge and pulls out
electrons and it will make the oxygen neutral
therefore it will pair up and form an oxygen gas.
our hydrogen's left over after we pull off those
oxygens and their oxidation
numbers are not changing because we're not adding
or removing electrons so
we're just going to get four H plusses
2 h2o and then we lose four electrons minus two
minus 2 so minus four electrons and that gives us
O2 plus four H plus.

WE CANNOT SUBTRACT THINGS IN A CHEMICAL

EQUATION

FINAL EQUATION

so that is the electrolysis of water…where hydrogen

is reduced it gains electrons
this happens to the cathode the site of reduction and
h2 is produced there…
then oxygen is oxidized it loses electrons this
happens at the anode the site of
oxidation where the oxygen is produced

LED BROMIDE
PbBr2 add some electrical energy and we’ll get led
(metal) and bromine (liquid)

Led is plus 2 and then over on this side of the

equation it is 0 so it's oxidation
number is going down which means it is undergoing
reduction it is gaining
electrons
Bromide over here is -1 and then on the right side of
the equation it is zero so bromide’s oxidation
number is going up from minus 1 to 0… oxidation
number going up that means it is
undergoing oxidation which is loss of electrons so
bromide is being oxidized

so again for this process to happen, we will be using

electrical energy to force this to happen.

Let’s write their half reactions

Okay so let’s test yourself if you really understood on
how to get the half reactions
I’ll give you 5 mins to answer and then we will check
you answers. You can send your answers in the chat
box if you can or send it sa gc nlng.

Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry is the study of chemical
processes that cause electrons to move. This
movement of electrons is called electricity, which
can be generated by movements of electrons from
one element to another in a reaction known as an
oxidation-reduction ("redox") reaction.
What is electrochemistry used for?
Electrochemical techniques, including potentiometry,
amperometry, coulometry, and voltammetry, are
used in chemical research to measure redox
potentials, characterize reversibility of a
chemical process, assemble or synthesize
materials, and analyze the efficiency and
function of catalysts, among many other uses.
So for our developing mastery we will have a quiz.
we will be using quizizz for this activity.

RECAP
Electrolysis involves using electricity to break down
electrolytes to form elements.

For electrolysis to work, the compound we’ll be

using must contain ions.

Oxidation happens at the anode and reduction

happens at the cathode.
Reduction gaining electrons and oxidation losing
electrons.

HALF REACTION
A half-equation shows you what happens at one of
the electrodes during electrolysis.

Electrochemistry is the study of chemical

processes that cause electrons to move.

Electrochemistry is the study of chemical

processes that cause electrons to move.

Galvanic cells derives its energy from spontaneous redox

reactions, while electrolytic cells involve non-spontaneous
reactions and thus require an external electron source like
a DC battery or an AC power source.