Marking of computer skills

1. what is an operating system ,and what is its primary purpose

solution
An operating system (OS) is a software that manages computer hardware and software
resources and provides common services for computer programs.

The primary purpose of an operating system is to provide a platform for

running computer programs and applications. It provides a consistent and
predictable environment for software to run on, regardless of the hardware it's
running on. The operating system manages the computer's memory,
processing power, and input/output (I/O) operations, and it provides a range
of services to applications, such as file management, network communication,
and security features.

2. What are the different types of operating system

1Windows, 0.5 marks

2. macOS, 0.5 marks

3. Linux, 0.5 marks
4. Unix 0.5 marks

Question 3

1. Kernel 0.5 marks

2. Device Drivers 0.5 marks
3. User Interface 0.5 marks
4. Memory Management 0.5 marks
5. File Management 0.5 marks
6. Process Management 0.5 marks
7. Security 0.5 marks
8. Networking 0.5 marks

4. A.what is file management and why is importan

 File management refers to the process of organizing, storing, and maintaining digital
files in a structured and accessible manner. It involves creating, naming, categorizing,
storing, and retrieving files in a way that makes it easy to find and access the
information when needed.

File management is important for several reasons:

1. Efficiency: Proper file management ensures that files are organized and accessible, which
can save time and increase productivity.
2. Security: By properly managing files, you can ensure that they are stored securely and
are protected against unauthorized access.
3. Backup and recovery: File management can also help ensure that important files are
backed up regularly and can be recovered easily in the event of a disaster.
4. Collaboration: Effective file management can facilitate collaboration among team
members, as it enables them to share files and access them easily.
5. Compliance: Proper file management is essential for compliance with legal and
regulatory requirements, such as data protection and privacy laws.
4.B what are the different types of file system

There are several different types of file systems, each with its own advantages
and disadvantages. Here are some of the most common types of file systems:

1. FAT (File Allocation Table): This is an older file system that is still used in some
devices, such as USB drives and digital cameras. It has limited support for long
file names and large file sizes.
2. NTFS (New Technology File System): This is a file system developed by
Microsoft and is used in Windows operating systems. It offers improved
support for larger file sizes, file permissions, and other advanced features.
3. exFAT (Extended File Allocation Table): This file system is designed for use with
flash drives and other portable storage devices. It supports large file sizes and
is compatible with both Windows and Mac OS.
4. HFS+ (Hierarchical File System Plus): This is the default file system used in
Apple's Mac OS X operating system. It supports case-sensitive file names and
offers better performance than the older HFS file system.
5. APFS (Apple File System): This is a newer file system developed by Apple,
which is used in the latest versions of Mac OS. It offers improved performance,
 better security features, and support for modern storage technologies like
solid-state drives (SSDs).
6. EXT (Extended File System): This is a family of file systems used in Linux and
other Unix-based operating systems. It offers good performance and supports
features like file permissions and symbolic links.
7. ZFS (Zettabyte File System): This is a file system developed by Sun
Microsystems and is used in some enterprise storage systems. It offers
advanced features like data compression, encryption, and snapshotting.
4 C. what is the difference between a file and directory

The main difference between a file and a directory is that a file contains data or
information, while a directory is a container that holds files and other directories. Files
can exist without directories, but directories cannot exist without files

5.what is computer

A computer is an electronic device that is designed to process, store, and retrieve digital
information or data and store for future use.

6. what is antivirus software and what does it do

Antivirus software is a type of computer program that is designed to detect,
prevent, and remove malicious software (malware) from a computer system. It
provides a layer of protection against viruses, worms, trojan horses, spyware,
adware, and other types of malware that can cause harm to a computer or
compromise the user's privacy and security.

Antivirus software typically works by scanning files and programs on a computer

system for known patterns of malicious code, and by monitoring the system for
suspicious activity. If the software detects a virus or other malware, it will either
quarantine the infected file or remove it from the system altogether

7. what is kernel model in operating system and its characteristics

The kernel mode provides an interface between the hardware and software
components of a computer system. The kernel is responsible for managing
system resources, such as memory, CPU time, and I/O operations, and providing
a layer of abstraction between hardware devices and software applications. In
 kernel mode, the operating system has full access to system resources and can
perform privileged operations, such as modifying hardware settings and
accessing protected memory regions

Characterstics of kernel model

The kernel model is the architecture that defines how the kernel interacts with
other system components and manages system resources. The characteristics of
the kernel model include
1. Resource management.
2. Process management
3. Device management
4. Security.
5. Virtual memory management
6. Inter-process communication
7. File system

8. what is the purpose of file management system and why is it important for
computer users

A file management system is a software that organizes and controls access to files on a
computer. The purpose of a file management system is to ensure that files are stored in
an organized and logical manner, making it easier for users to find and access the files
they need. A file management system can also provide tools for backing up files, sharing
files with others, and securing files from unauthorized access.

9.What are some common file management tasks, and how are they performed
using a file management system?
There are several common file management tasks that users may perform
using a file management system. Some of these tasks include:

1. Creating a new folder or directory: To create a new folder, users can typically
right-click on an existing folder or in a blank area of the file manager and
select "New Folder" or similar option. They can then name the folder and
choose where to save it.
2. Renaming a file or folder: To rename a file or folder, users can typically right-
click on the file or folder and select "Rename" or similar option. They can then
enter the new name and save the changes.
3. Moving or copying files and folders: To move or copy files and folders, users
can typically drag and drop them to a new location or right-click on the file or
folder and select "Cut" or "Copy" and then "Paste" in the desired location.
4. Deleting files and folders: To delete a file or folder, users can typically right-
click on it and select "Delete" or drag it to the recycle bin or trash.
5. Searching for files: To search for a file, users can typically use the search bar in
the file manager or use the search function to find files based on criteria such
as file type, date modified, or keyword.
6. Backing up files: To back up files, users can typically use the backup function
built into the file management system or use third-party software to create
backups of important files.
7. Sharing files: To share files with others, users can typically
question 10

Metadata refers to data that provides information about other data. In the
context of file management systems, metadata refers to additional information
about files and folders that are not part of the file's content but provide
important details about the file's properties, such as the author, creation date,
file type, size, and permissions.

Metadata is used in file management systems to help users organize, search,

and filter files and folders. For example, a user can sort files by date, author, or
type, based on the metadata associated with the files. Metadata can also be
used to provide security and access control, by setting permissions and
specifying who can access, modify or delete files.

In addition, metadata can be used to provide contextual information about

files, such as tags or keywords, which can be used to categorize files

Question 10
What is back up system ,and why is it important to include in file
managements strategies

A backup system is a process or software solution that creates duplicate copies of data and
stores them in a secure location, separate from the primary storage location. The purpose of a
backup system is to provide a way to restore lost or damaged data in the event of a disaster or
data loss.

Question 11

What is a multi-user operating system.

A multi-user operating system is a type of operating system that allows multiple users to access
and use the resources of a computer simultaneously. In a multi-user operating system, each user
has their own user account, which provides them with a unique login ID and password to access
the system

Question 12

A real-time operating system (RTOS) is a type of operating system that is designed to respond
to events or inputs within a specific time frame, known as a deadline

RTOS is different from other types of operating systems, such as general-purpose operating
systems like Windows, Linux, or macOS, which are designed to provide a wide range of features
and support a variety of applications. RTOS, on the other hand, is designed for specific
applications that require real-time performance and determinism, such as industrial control
systems, robotics, medical devices, and automotive systems.

Question 13

A single-user, single-tasking operating system is a type of operating system that allows only one
user to access the computer at a time, and can run only one task or application at a time. This
means that the operating system can handle only one program or process at a time, and the
user must wait for one task to complete before starting another.

ome examples of single-user, single-tasking operating systems include MS-DOS, Apple DOS,
and early versions of Mac OS

question 14
What is a multi-user, multi-tasking operating system and how does it work
A multi-user, multi-tasking operating system is a type of operating system that allows multiple
users to access a computer simultaneously and run multiple tasks or applications at the same
time.

In this type of operating system, each user has their own user account, and the operating
system manages the resources of the computer to ensure that each user can run their own
programs without interfering with other users or the system as a whole

Question 15
What is a single-user, multi-tasking operating system and what are some
examples?

A single-user, multi-tasking operating system is a type of operating system that allows only one
user to access the computer at a time, but can run multiple tasks or applications simultaneously.
In other words, it enables a single user to work on multiple tasks or applications without having
to complete one before starting another

Examples of single-user, multi-tasking operating systems include Microsoft Windows, macOS,

and Linux

Question 16
How does a single-user, single-tasking operating system differ from a single-user,
multi-tasking operating system

A single-user, single-tasking operating system is a type of operating system that allows only one
user to access the computer at a time and can run only one task or application at a time. This
means that the operating system can handle only one program or process at a time, and the
user must wait for one task to complete before starting another

Question 17.
Discuss the role of a file system in an operating system
Elaborate the different types of file systems used in modern operating systems

Elaborate a network file system and discuss how does it work

The role of a file system in an operating system is to manage and organize the storage and
retrieval of files and data on the storage devices attached to the computer
 There are several types of file systems used in modern operating systems, each with its
own advantages and disadvantages. Some common types of file systems used in
modern operating systems include:

1. FAT (File Allocation Table): It is a simple file system that was widely used in early
versions of Microsoft Windows. It is relatively simple and efficient but has limited
features and poor performance with large files and volumes.
2. NTFS (New Technology File System): It is a file system developed by Microsoft and used
in modern versions of Windows. It provides improved performance, reliability, and
security features such as file encryption, access control lists, and transactional file
operations.
3. EXT (Extended File System): It is a file system used in Linux and other Unix-like operating
systems. It is known for its reliability and support for large file systems and volumes.
4. APFS (Apple File System): It is a file system developed by Apple and used in macOS, iOS,
and other Apple devices. It provides support for advanced features such as snapshots,
encryption, and cloning.

A network file system is a file system that allows files and directories to be shared across a
network, allowing multiple users to access and modify the same files simultaneously. In a
network file system, the storage devices are typically located on a remote server, and the file
system is accessed over the network using a protocol such as NFS (Network File System) or SMB
(Server Message Block).

When a user requests a file from a network file system, the operating system sends a request to
the server over the network, which then retrieves the requested file and sends it back to the
client. Similarly, when a user modifies a file, the changes are sent back to the server over the
network, where they are stored and made available to other users

Question 18

File system permissions are a set of rules that determine which users or groups can
access, modify, or execute files or directories on a computer's storage device. Different
operating systems have different permission systems, but most include some common
permissions:

1. Read: Allows a user to view the contents of a file or directory. If applied to a directory, it
allows the user to view the names of files and directories within it.
2. Write: Allows a user to modify the contents of a file or directory, create new files or
directories, and delete files or directories.
3. Execute: Allows a user to run a file as a program or script. If applied to a directory, it
allows the user to enter and access the files and directories within it.
4. Read and Execute: Allows a user to view the contents of a file or directory and execute
files within it, but not modify or create new files.
5. Read and Write: Allows a user to view and modify the contents of a file or directory, but
not execute files or create new files or directories.
6. Full Control: Allows a user to perform all actions on a file or directory, including
modifying permissions and ownership.

Permission systems are important for ensuring the security and integrity of data stored
on a computer's storage device. They allow administrators to control who can access
and modify files and directories, and prevent unauthorized access or modification.

18.B

Utility programs are software applications designed to perform specific tasks that help
users manage and optimize their computer systems. Some common examples of utility
programs are:

1. Antivirus software: This program is designed to detect and remove viruses and other
malicious software from a computer system.
2. Disk cleanup: This program is used to free up disk space on a computer by deleting
temporary files, log files, and other unnecessary data.
3. Backup software: This program is used to create backup copies of important data to
protect against data loss due to hardware failures, malware infections, or other disasters.
4. Disk defragmenter: This program is used to optimize the performance of a computer
system by rearranging data on the hard drive so that it is stored in contiguous blocks.
5. Compression software: This program is used to compress files and folders to reduce
their size, making it easier to store and transfer them.
6. Disk partitioning software: This program is used to create and manage partitions on a
hard drive, allowing users to separate their data and programs into different areas of the
drive.

Question 19
Monolithic kernel and microkernel are two different approaches to designing an
operating system architecture. The key difference between the two architectures is how
they manage system resources and services.
 A monolithic kernel is a single large program that runs in kernel space and manages all
system resources and services. In this architecture, all the core operating system
services, such as memory management, file system management, process scheduling,
device drivers, and network protocols, are included in the kernel. As a result, the kernel
has complete access to all system resources, and there is little or no separation between
the kernel and the user-space applications. Examples of operating systems that use a
monolithic kernel architecture are Linux, Unix, and Windows.

A microkernel, on the other hand, is a small operating system kernel that provides only
the essential services required for inter-process communication and resource
management. In this architecture, most of the operating system services, such as file
systems, device drivers, and network protocols, are implemented as user-space
processes, rather than being included in the kernel. This approach provides better
protection against system crashes and security breaches, as user-space processes are
isolated from the kernel. Examples of operating systems that use a microkernel
architecture are QNX and L4.

Advantages of Monolithic Kernel Architecture:

1. Better performance: Since all system services are included in the kernel, communication
between them is faster and more efficient.
2. Easier to develop: It is easier to develop a monolithic kernel because there is no need to
communicate with other processes and no overhead associated with managing separate
processes.
3. More mature: The monolithic kernel architecture is more mature and has been in use for
many years, which means there is a vast amount of documentation and support
available.

Disadvantages of Monolithic Kernel Architecture:

1. Complexity: As all system services are included in the kernel, the codebase is large and
complex, which can make it harder to maintain and debug.
2. Security risks: As the kernel has access to all system resources, a bug or vulnerability in
the kernel can potentially compromise the entire system.
3. Limited flexibility: Adding or removing system services from the kernel requires
modifying the kernel code, which can be a complex and risky process.

Advantages of Microkernel Architecture:

1. Better security: By separating services from the kernel, it is harder for an attacker to
compromise the entire system.
2. Flexibility: Adding or removing services from the system is easier, as services are
implemented as separate processes.
3. More reliable: Since each service is a separate process, a bug or failure in one service will
not affect the entire system.

Disadvantages of Microkernel Architecture:

1. Lower performance: Communication between processes can be slower and less efficient
than communication within a monolithic kernel.
2. Harder to develop: Developing a microkernel requires more complex inter-process
communication and management, which can make it harder to develop.
3. Limited hardware support: Some hardware devices require direct access to the kernel,
which is not possible in a microkernel architecture.

In conclusion, both monolithic and microkernel architectures have their own advantages
and disadvantages. The choice of architecture depends on the specific requirements of
the system and the trade-offs that the system designer is willing to make.

Question 20
Categorize types of malware can an antivirus scan detect
Antivirus software is designed to detect and remove different types of malware that can
infect a computer system. The following are some common categories of malware that
an antivirus scan can detect:

1. Viruses: A virus is a piece of code that is designed to replicate itself and spread from one
computer to another. An antivirus program can detect and remove viruses from the
infected files.
2. Trojans: A Trojan is a type of malware that is disguised as a legitimate software program.
Once the Trojan is installed on the computer, it can open a backdoor for hackers to gain
unauthorized access to the system. An antivirus program can detect and remove Trojans
from the infected files.
3. Worms: A worm is a self-replicating program that spreads over a network and can cause
damage to the system. An antivirus program can detect and remove worms from the
infected files.
4. Adware: Adware is a type of malware that displays unwanted advertisements on the
computer. An antivirus program can detect and remove adware from the infected files.
5. Spyware: Spyware is a type of malware that can steal sensitive information from the
computer system, such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details. An antivirus
program can detect and remove spyware from the infected files.
6. Ransomware: Ransomware is a type of malware that encrypts the user's data and
demands a ransom payment to restore access to the files. An antivirus program can
detect and remove ransomware from the infected files.
7. Rootkits: Rootkits are a type of malware that can hide their presence from the operating
system and antivirus programs. An antivirus program can detect and remove rootkits
from the infected files.

In conclusion, an antivirus program is an essential tool for protecting a computer system

from different types of malware. By regularly scanning the system for malware, the
antivirus program can detect and remove any threats that may have infected the system.

Question 21
Discuss on Windows kernel and how does it relate to the Windows operating
system
The Windows kernel is the core component of the Windows operating system that
provides essential services such as memory management, process scheduling,
input/output operations, and device driver support. The kernel is responsible for
managing the computer's hardware resources, including the CPU, memory, and
input/output devices.

The Windows kernel is a hybrid kernel, which means it combines elements of both
monolithic and microkernel architectures. This allows the kernel to provide fast and
efficient access to hardware resources while still maintaining a high level of security and
stability.

The Windows operating system is built on top of the kernel, and it provides a graphical
user interface and various applications and services to the user. The kernel interacts
directly with the hardware, while the operating system provides an abstraction layer that
allows applications to run on top of the kernel.

The Windows kernel is responsible for managing the system's resources, including
memory, processor time, and input/output operations. It also provides a layer of security
by isolating different processes from each other and preventing unauthorized access to
the system's resources.
 The Windows kernel is constantly updated and improved to provide better performance,
stability, and security. Microsoft releases regular updates and patches to fix security
vulnerabilities and improve the overall performance of the kernel.

Question 22

Why is it important to protect your computer from malware and viruses

Protecting your computer from malware and viruses is important for several reasons:

1. Data theft: Malware and viruses can be used to steal sensitive information such as
personal data, bank account details, and login credentials. This information can be used
for identity theft, financial fraud, and other malicious purposes.
2. System damage: Malware and viruses can cause damage to your computer system,
including corrupting files, deleting data, and causing system crashes. This can result in
the loss of important data and disrupt your work.
3. Financial loss: Malware and viruses can also be used to carry out financial fraud, such as
stealing money from your bank account or making unauthorized purchases using your
credit card.
4. Privacy invasion: Malware and viruses can be used to monitor your activities on your
computer, including your internet browsing history, email communications, and other
sensitive information. This invasion of privacy can have serious consequences for your
personal and professional life.
5. Spread to others: Malware and viruses can spread to other computers and devices on
your network, causing widespread damage and disrupting the work of others.

To protect your computer from malware and viruses, it is important to use a reliable
antivirus program and keep it updated with the latest virus definitions. You should also
be cautious when downloading and installing software from the internet, and avoid
opening email attachments or clicking on links from unknown sources. Additionally, it is
important to keep your operating system and software up-to-date with the latest
security patches and updates.

Question 23
Elaborate and explain some common methods used by hackers to gain
unauthorized access to computers
Hackers use a variety of methods to gain unauthorized access to computers.
Here are some common methods used by hackers:
1. Phishing: This is a method used to trick users into revealing their login
credentials by sending them fake emails that appear to be from legitimate
sources, such as banks or social media websites. These emails typically contain
a link to a fake login page, where the user is prompted to enter their login
credentials.
2. Password cracking: Hackers may use software to crack passwords, either by
brute-force attacks or by using algorithms that try to guess the password
based on information about the user, such as their name or date of birth.
3. Malware: Hackers may use malware, such as viruses or Trojans, to gain access
to a computer. These can be downloaded onto a user's computer when they
open an infected email attachment or download a file from an untrusted
source.
4. Social engineering: This involves tricking users into revealing sensitive
information or performing actions that they wouldn't normally do. For
example, a hacker may pretend to be a technical support representative and
ask the user to provide them with remote access to their computer.
5. Exploiting vulnerabilities: Hackers may use software vulnerabilities, such as
zero-day exploits, to gain access to a computer. These vulnerabilities are often
discovered by security researchers and software vendors release patches to fix
them.

To protect your computer from unauthorized access, it is important to use

strong passwords and two-factor authentication where possible. You should
also be cautious when opening email attachments or clicking on links from
unknown sources. It is also important to keep your software and operating
system up-to-date with the latest security patches and updates. Finally, using
a reliable antivirus program and regularly scanning your computer for malware
can help to protect your computer from unauthorized access.

Question 24
Explain the methods can use to protect your computer when using public Wi-Fi
networks
When using public Wi-Fi networks, there are several methods you can use to protect
your computer and sensitive information from potential security threats:
1. Use a Virtual Private Network (VPN): A VPN encrypts your internet traffic and routes it
through a secure server, preventing anyone on the same network from seeing your
activity or intercepting your data.
2. Use a Firewall: A firewall is a security software that monitors incoming and outgoing
traffic and blocks any suspicious activity. Most operating systems come with a built-in
firewall that can be enabled for added protection.
3. Disable File Sharing: If you are on a public Wi-Fi network, it is recommended to disable
file sharing and network discovery to prevent unauthorized access to your files and
devices.
4. Avoid Logging into Sensitive Accounts: Avoid logging into sensitive accounts, such as
online banking or social media, when using public Wi-Fi networks. If you must log in,
make sure the website is using HTTPS encryption and look for the padlock icon in your
web browser.
5. Use Strong Passwords: Always use strong passwords and two-factor authentication
when possible. This will make it more difficult for hackers to access your accounts even if
they manage to intercept your data.
6. Keep Software and Operating Systems Updated: Keep your software and operating
system updated with the latest security patches and updates. This will help to prevent
vulnerabilities that could be exploited by attackers.

By using these methods, you can help to protect your computer and sensitive
information when using public Wi-Fi networks.

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