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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We want to express our deep and sincere gratitude to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sanjaya Upreti and Asst.
Prof. Dr. Inu Pradhan Salike for guiding us through every step of our academic project, "The
Conservation Project on Seto Machindranath Route." Their expertise, advice, and support have
been incredibly valuable and have played a huge role in making our project successful.
We also want to thank the local communities, residents, and organizations that worked closely
with us. Their willingness to share their knowledge, experiences, and cultural insights has been
crucial in making our research meaningful and rich. They have added diverse perspectives that
have enriched our study.
We extend our heartfelt appreciation to Ar. Bipul Rawol for his invaluable contribution to our
project. His dedicated efforts in conducting the photogrammetry class significantly aided us during
the critical phases of site measurement and documentation.
As we conclude this chapter, we want to recognize and thank each and every person who has been
a part of this academic journey. Together, we have created a story that not only honors and protects
our cultural heritage but also showcases the strength of working together in scholarly exploration.
With heartfelt appreciation,
075 Batch

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PREFACE
This initiative encapsulates the collaborative endeavors of the 075-batch, as we immersed
ourselves deeply in the intricate narratives woven along the expanse of the Seto Machindranath
Route, stretching from Jaisideval to Lagantole. This report serves as the culmination of a semester-
long Conservation Studio project that unfolded over the course of dedicated exploration.
Throughout this voyage, we actively engaged with the diverse array of voices resonating within
the locale – from the intrinsic essence of the surroundings to the insights shared by our esteemed
professors, seniors, juniors, and ultimately, our own introspections.
This comprehensive documentation underscores the unequivocal significance of safeguarding sites
permeated with cultural, political, social, and religious import, particularly within the densely
intertwined urban matrix of Kathmandu. In this venerable city, where every step carries with it
echoes of history spanning, at the very least, a century, and often reaching even further back, the
imperative of preserving these sites becomes vividly evident. Our journey commenced with a
sincere endeavor to fathom the intricate weave and underlying principles that define the core of
the locale. This was followed by an expedition into imaginative re-envisioning.
This semester-long odyssey has proven to be a profoundly enlightening experience for each
participant. With every exploration of landmarks such as the Jaisideval Temple, Lagantole,
Krishna Mandir, and the bustling streets linking Jaisideval to Lagantole, our perspectives have
been revitalized. As a harmonious collective, our aspiration is to provide our readers with a
revitalized perspective on this area.
In unity,
075 Batch

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................ 5
TABLE OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. 10
1 ABOUT THE REPORT ........................................................................................................ 16
1.1 BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE CONSERVATION STUDIO PROJECT ............ 16
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT................................................................................ 16
1.2.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE........................................................................................ 16
1.2.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................... 16
1.3 SCOPE AND LIMIITAION .......................................................................................... 17
1.3.1 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT ................................................................................... 17
1.3.2 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT ........................................................................ 17
1.4 IMPORTANCE OF HERITAGE CONSERVATION ................................................... 18
2 OVERVIEW OF THE HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SITE ............................. 19
2.1 Historical Significance of Lagan Tole ........................................................................... 20
3 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 22
3.1 Jaisidewal Chowk ........................................................................................................... 22
3.2 Jaisideval to Lagal Tol ................................................................................................... 23
3.3 Lagan Tol ....................................................................................................................... 24
4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM..................................................................................... 25
4.1 Jaisideval ........................................................................................................................ 25
4.1.1 Lack of Public Awareness about Cultural Significance ......................................... 25
4.1.2 Underutilization of Chowk's Potential .................................................................... 25
4.1.3 Traffic Congestion and Loss of Community Space ................................................ 25
4.1.4 Inadequate Maintenance of Public Spaces:............................................................. 26
4.1.5 Negligence in Temple Conservation and Redesign:........................................... 27
4.2 Jaisideval to Lagan Street............................................................................................... 27
4.3 Lagan Tol ....................................................................................................................... 28
28
5 METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH ................................................................................ 29
5.1 Jaisideval ........................................................................................................................ 30
5.1.1 Existing Sites Structure ........................................................................................... 30
5.1.2 ASSESSMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS AND MATERIALS ....... 33

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 5.1.3 INFRASTRUCTURES ........................................................................................... 34
5.2 Jaisideval to Lagan Street............................................................................................... 37
5.2.1 HERITAGE............................................................................................................. 37
1.1.1 INTANGIBLE HERITAGES ................................................................................. 38
1.1.2 HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF THE SITE ................................................... 39
5.2.2 ARCHITECTURAL AND INFRASTRUCTURAL INVENTORY ...................... 42
5.2.3 VALUE ASSESTMENT ........................................................................................ 43
5.2.4 FACADE INVENTORY ........................................................................................ 45
5.2.5 SIGNIFICANCE TO THE LOCAL COMMUNITY ............................................. 46
5.2.6 ARCHITECTURAL AND CULTURAL IMPORTANCE .................................... 47
5.2.7 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES.............................. 50
5.2.8 ASSESSEMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS AND MATERIALS ..... 53
5.2.9 OVERVIEW OF INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS .............................................. 56
5.3 Lagan Tol ....................................................................................................................... 58
5.3.1 Heritage ................................................................................................................... 58
5.3.2 Historical evolution of the site ................................................................................ 59
5.3.3 Architectural and Cultural Importance of Lagan tole ............................................. 62
5.3.4 Significance to the Local Community .................................................................... 63
5.3.5 Architectural and Infrastructural Inventory ............................................................ 64
5.3.6 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING STRUCTURE ................................ 70
i. Lukeko Mahadev : A Beacon of Spiritual Fulfillment ................................................... 77
5.3.7 Dabali: Where Traditions Unfold ........................................................................... 78
• Conclusion: N4............................................................................................................... 81
A Triad of Values: Culture, Community, and Space ............................................................. 82
5.3.8 Assessment of Architectural Elements and Materials ............................................ 89
5.3.9 Overview of infrastructure system .......................................................................... 91
• Water supply .................................................................................................................. 91
• Sewerage management .................................................................................................. 91
• Waste management ........................................................................................................ 91
5.3.10 Site & surroundings ................................................................................................ 92
5.3.11 Space & planning .................................................................................................... 92
............................................................................................................................................... 95

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 5.3.12 Behaviour mapping ................................................................................................. 99
5.3.13 Factors leading to Urban space multifunctionality/vibrancy: ............................... 116
6 ANALYSIS (JAISI DEVAL) .............................................................................................. 119
6.1 Examination of Deterioration and Decay................................................................. 120
6.2 Identification of Threats and Risks .......................................................................... 122
6.3 Structural and Material Analysis ............................................................................. 122
6.4 BEHAVIOUR MAPPING ........................................................................................... 125
6.4.1 TRAFFIC FLOW .................................................................................................. 125
6.4.2 INFRASTRUCTURES NEARBY........................................................................ 125
6.4.3 COMMERCIALY VIBRANT AREA .................................................................. 126
6.4.4 SOCIALLY VIBRANT SPACES ........................................................................ 127
6.4.5 CULTURALLY VIBRANT SPACES ................................................................. 128
6.4.6 VISUAL ANALYSIS ........................................................................................... 128
7 ANALYIS (JAISIDEVAL TO LAGAN STREET) ............................................................ 129
7.1 EXAMINATION OF DETERIORATION AND DECAY .......................................... 129
7.1.1 CAUSES ............................................................................................................... 129
7.1.2 EXTENTS ............................................................................................................. 131
7.1.3 TYPE OF DECAY ................................................................................................ 132
7.1.4 MODERN EXTENTION...................................................................................... 134
7.2 IDENTIFICATION OF THREATS AND RISKS ....................................................... 135
7.2.1 Local community opposition ................................................................................ 135
7.3 STRUCTURAL AND MATERIAL ANALYSIS........................................................ 136
7.3.1 Material board Analysis ........................................................................................ 136
7.3.2 Structure Systems.................................................................................................. 138
8 ANALYSIS (LAGAN TOLE)............................................................................................. 140
8.1 Examination of Deterioration and Decay ..................................................................... 141
8.2 Identification of Threats and Risks .............................................................................. 144
8.3 Structural and Material Analysis .................................................................................. 144
9 CONSERVATION PROPOSALS ...................................................................................... 147
9.1 PRESERVATION STRATEGIES AND APPROACHES (JaisiDeval) ...................... 147
9.1.1 Need for conservation in Jaisidewal ..................................................................... 147
9.1.2 Proposals on Physical Aspect ............................................................................... 148

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 2. Haku Mahadev ........................................................................................................... 152
3. Seto Mahadev.............................................................................................................. 152
i. Balkumari Mandir ..................................................................................................... 152
ii. Bal Hanuman .............................................................................................................. 152
iii. Dii Pyakha Dabu ..................................................................................................... 152
iv. Nhu Ghah: ............................................................................................................... 153
v. Ganesh Temple ........................................................................................................... 153
vi. Krishna Mandir ...................................................................................................... 154
vii. Falcha ....................................................................................................................... 154
viii. Nasaman Dabu ........................................................................................................ 155
9.1.3 PROPOSAL ON SOCIO CULTURAL ASPECTS .............................................. 155
9.2 PRESERVATION STRATEGIES AND APPROACHES (Jaisideval to Lagan Tol) 157
9.2.1 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESTORATION AND REHABILITATION .... 159
9.2.2 GUIDELINES FOR SUSTAINABLE CONSERVATION.................................. 161
9.3 PRESERVATION STRATEGIES AND APPROACHES (Lagan Tol) ...................... 163
9.3.1 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESTORATION AND REHABILITATION .... 165
10 DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS (Jaisideval)..................................................................... 170
Heritage Conservation and Restoration: ............................................................................ 170
Adaptive Reuse and Mixed-Use Development: .................................................................. 170
Public Spaces and Placemaking:.......................................................................................... 170
Infrastructure and Connectivity: ......................................................................................... 170
Cultural and Educational Initiatives:.................................................................................. 171
Sustainable Practices: ........................................................................................................... 171
Tourism and Economic Growth: ......................................................................................... 171
10.1 Integration of Modern Needs with Heritage Conservation: Balancing Progress and
Preservation ............................................................................................................................. 171
10.2 CONSERVATION PROPOSAL ................................................................................. 172
10.3 Tourism data................................................................................................................. 173
10.4 Adaptive Reuse ............................................................................................................ 177
10.5 ADAPTIVE REUSE FOR DIFFERENT ZONE OF THE SITE ................................. 178
10.5.1 Entrance Zone ....................................................................................................... 178
10.5.2 Market Zone .......................................................................................................... 179
10.5.3 Traditional Zone.................................................................................................... 182

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 10.6 Alternative and Additional Proposed Strategies .......................................................... 183
10.7 ENTRANCE ZONE ..................................................................................................... 185
11 DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS (Jaisideval to Lagan Street) ........................................... 192
11.1 INTEGRATION OF MODERN NEEDS WITH HERITAGE CONSERVATION .... 192
11.1.1 MODERN NEEDS ............................................................................................... 192
11.1.2 URBAN RENEWAL ............................................................................................ 193
11.2 ADAPTIVE REUSE CONCEPTS ............................................................................... 194
11.3 PROPOSED ADDITIONS AND ALTERATIONS .................................................... 200
11.3.1 NARRATIVE: AN ARCHITECTURE THAT MOVES GODS.......................... 200
11.3.2 MODULAR ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS .................................................. 205
11.3.3 ZONING ............................................................................................................... 206
PLACE MAKING- FEEL OF SPACES.......................................................................... 214
PUBLIC SPACES .............................................................................................................. 214
11.3.4 INFRASTRUCTURE & AMENITIES................................................................. 214
11.3.5 GUIDELINES & POLICIES ................................................................................ 216
12 DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS (Lagan) .......................................................................... 218
12.1 Integration of modern needs with Heritage .................................................................. 218
12.2 Adaptive Reuse Concepts............................................................................................. 219
Design consideration for open space .......................................................................................... 220
12.3 Proposed Additions and Alterations ............................................................................. 228
13 Timeline ............................................................................................................................... 229
14 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 235
15 References ........................................................................................................................... 236

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TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1:Rath being taken around karunamaya temple (mother of seto machindranath) ............. 20
Figure 2Chautari for casual relaxation, socializing space ............................................................ 20
Figure 3: lagan courtyard view ..................................................................................................... 21
Figure 4:Informal market for vendors........................................................................................... 21
Figure 5Lagan to Jaisedewal road................................................................................................. 21
Figure 6 Masterplan of Jaisidewal chowk .................................................................................... 22
Figure 7 Location map of Jaisidewal ........................................................................................... 22
Figure 8 Street from Jaisedewal to Lagan..................................................................................... 23
Figure 9 Lagan tole ....................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 10 Old picture of Jaisidewal chowk .................................................................................. 26
Figure 11 Old picture of Jaisidewal chowk .................................................................................. 26
Figure 12 Dried well ..................................................................................................................... 26
Figure 13 Unmanaged wires hanging infront of abandoned pati .................................................. 26
Figure 14 Unmanaged wires hanging infront of abandoned pati .................................................. 26
Figure 15 Dried well ..................................................................................................................... 26
Figure 16 Current use of falcha .................................................................................................... 27
Figure 17 Old falcha ..................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 18 Jaisidewal temple.......................................................................................................... 30
Figure 19 Haku mahadev .............................................................................................................. 31
Figure 20 Krishna Mandir ............................................................................................................. 31
Figure 21 Nhu Gha........................................................................................................................ 31
Figure 22 Balkumari Temple ........................................................................................................ 31
Figure 23 Bal hanuman ................................................................................................................. 31
Figure 24 Dii Pyakka Dabu........................................................................................................... 32
Figure 25 Ganesh Temple ............................................................................................................. 32
Figure 26 Jhalpwa Dya ................................................................................................................. 32
Figure 27 Falcha ........................................................................................................................... 32
Figure 28 Courtyard ...................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 29 Modern Building .......................................................................................................... 33
Figure 30 Traditional Building ..................................................................................................... 33
Figure 31 Newari window ............................................................................................................ 33
Figure 32 Zinc Sheet as roofing .................................................................................................... 33
Figure 33 Well .............................................................................................................................. 34
Figure 34 Unmanaged electric pole wires .................................................................................... 34
Figure 35 Street lamp .................................................................................................................... 35
Figure 36 Waste disposal route ..................................................................................................... 36
Figure 37 Tangible Heritages in & around the Street ................................................................... 38
Figure 38 Intangible Heritages of the Street ................................................................................. 39
Figure 39 Traditional Medeival Facade ........................................................................................ 40
Figure 40 European Influence in the Facade ................................................................................ 40
Figure 41 Changing Urban Dynamics .......................................................................................... 41

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Figure 42 Value Assessment ......................................................................................................... 43
Figure 43 Value Assessment ......................................................................................................... 44
Figure 44 Facade Inventory Left Side .......................................................................................... 45
Figure 45 Facade Inventory Right Side ........................................................................................ 45
Figure 46 Krishna Chowk ............................................................................................................. 47
Figure 47 Open Space in the Street .............................................................................................. 48
Figure 48 Courtyard where the Indra Rests .................................................................................. 49
Figure 49 100 Year Old Building in the Street ............................................................................. 49
Figure 50 Right Side Street Elevation from Lagan to Jaisedewal ................................................ 50
Figure 51 Left Side Street Elevation from Lagan to Jaisedewal .................................................. 50
Figure 52 No. of floors (Left Side from Lagan to Jaisedewal) ..................................................... 51
Figure 53 No. of floors (Right Side from Lagan to Jaisedewal) ................................................... 51
Figure 54 Residents Status............................................................................................................ 52
Figure 55 Colors of the Street ....................................................................................................... 54
Figure 56 Materials in the Facade ............................................................................................... 54
Figure 57 Existing Windows ......................................................................................................... 55
Figure 58 Existing Windows ......................................................................................................... 55
Figure 59 Existing Doors.............................................................................................................. 56
Figure 60 Drainage System ........................................................................................................... 56
Figure 61 Mapping of Wells ......................................................................................................... 57
Figure 62 Asphalt Road ................................................................................................................ 57
Figure 63 Infrastructures of the Street .......................................................................................... 58
Figure 64 South building showing wooden windows and door .................................................... 89
Figure 69 Major Landmarks of site .............................................................................................. 92
Figure 70: Circulation of Rath ...................................................................................................... 93
Figure 71 Namobuddha................................................................................................................. 95
Figure 72 Kritipunya Bajradhatu Mahabihar ................................................................................ 95
Figure 73 Lukeko Mahadev .......................................................................................................... 95
Figure 74 Shrimati mandir ............................................................................................................ 95
Figure 75 Panchabuddha mandir .................................................................................................. 95
Figure 76 Nasal mandir ................................................................................................................. 95
Figure 77 Karunamaya mandir ..................................................................................................... 95
Figure 78 Silkhana present state ................................................................................................... 95
Figure 79 Silkhana building before earthquake. ........................................................................... 95
Figure 80 Alignment of Chariot wheels........................................................................................ 96
Figure 81 Chautara ........................................................................................................................ 97
Figure 82 Courtyard ...................................................................................................................... 98
Figure 83 Dabali, courtyard & inner routes .................................................................................. 99
Figure 84 Courtyard space ............................................................................................................ 99
Figure 85 Dabali area .................................................................................................................. 100
Figure 86 Inner routes ................................................................................................................. 100
Figure 87 Different routes ........................................................................................................... 101
Figure 88 Pedestrian movement mapping................................................................................... 103

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Figure 89 Different forms of market ........................................................................................... 105
Figure 90 Activities of devotees ................................................................................................. 106
Figure 91 Socializing spaces. ...................................................................................................... 107
Figure 92 Parking and taxi stand ................................................................................................ 108
Figure 93 Overshadowed. ........................................................................................................... 109
Figure 94 A morning in Te Bahal ............................................................................................... 109
Figure 95 Recite- "Bhagawansharan" ......................................................................................... 109
Figure 96 Vendor sits idle waiting for customers. ...................................................................... 109
Figure 97 "दिदि फलफुल एकिम ताजा छ l” ................................................................................. 109
Figure 98 A house struck by earthquake and an abandoned plant. ............................................. 109
Figure 99 Different economic activities ..................................................................................... 110
Figure 100 Play area for kids. ..................................................................................................... 111
Figure 101 Different social activities .......................................................................................... 111
Figure 102 Religious activities ................................................................................................... 112
Figure 103 Zoning of buildings .................................................................................................. 114
Figure 104 space user of Lagan tole ........................................................................................... 117
Figure 105 Anjay Kumar Basnet selling fresh vegetables. ......................................................... 118
Figure 106 Jaisidewal Temple (focal Point) ............................................................................... 119
Figure 107 Old Police Station ..................................................................................................... 120
Figure 108 Weathering of brick & plaster .................................................................................. 120
Figure 109 Decayed Wooden beam and column ....................................................................... 120
Figure 110 E.Q damage in structure ........................................................................................... 120
Figure 111 Decay in the facade face ........................................................................................... 120
Figure 112 Overgrown plants ..................................................................................................... 121
Figure 113 Plants on the walls .................................................................................................... 121
Figure 114 Dust infested window panel ..................................................................................... 121
Figure 115 Damaged by E.Q ...................................................................................................... 121
Figure 116 addition of upper floor for residential purpose ......................................................... 121
Figure 117 Floor section (source: Nhess.com) ........................................................................... 122
Figure 118 Joist and Plank detail on floor .................................................................................. 122
Figure 119 Staircase section ....................................................................................................... 123
Figure 120 Bricks type used in the wall...................................................................................... 123
Figure 121 Behavious Mapping- Traffic Flow ........................................................................... 125
Figure 122 Behaviour Mapping - Site surrounding ................................................................... 126
Figure 123 Behavior Mapping: Commercial Vibrancy .............................................................. 126
Figure 124 Behaviour Mapping- Socially Vibrant Spaces ......................................................... 127
Figure 125 Behaviour Mapping- Possible Socially Vibrant Spaces ........................................... 127
Figure 126 Spaces Used by Street Vendors ................................................................................ 127
Figure 127 Figure 5 Behaviour Mapping- Culturally Vibrant Spaces ........................................ 128
Figure 128 Behaviour Mapping- Visual Analysis ...................................................................... 128
Figure 129 No proper maintenance of courtyards ...................................................................... 130
Figure 130 Theft and Vandalism ................................................................................................ 131
Figure 131 Corrosion .................................................................................................................. 132

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Figure 132 Decay in facades ....................................................................................................... 132
Figure 133 Deterioration and Decay in Buildings ...................................................................... 133
Figure 134 Inappropriate blending of structure & usage ............................................................ 134
Figure 135 Materials in building facades.................................................................................... 137
Figure 136 Existing Openings .................................................................................................... 137
Figure 137 Old building plans .................................................................................................... 139
Figure 138 New Building Frame Structure ................................................................................. 139
Figure 139 South corner building, towards road to Teku ........................................................... 141
Figure 140 Weathering of bricks ................................................................................................ 142
Figure 141 Earthquake cracks ..................................................................................................... 142
Figure 142 Moss formation on Wooden struts and rafters ......................................................... 142
Figure 143 Decaying wooden beams .......................................................................................... 142
Figure 144 Termite infestation in window panels ...................................................................... 142
Figure 145 Exposed bricks, peeling off plasters in facade ......................................................... 143
Figure 146 Unmaintained Light well .......................................................................................... 143
Figure 147 Damaged beam ......................................................................................................... 143
Figure 148 Dhalin resting on newly built column ...................................................................... 143
Figure 149 Floor support ............................................................................................................ 144
Figure 150 Joist and plank detail on floor .................................................................................. 145
Figure 151 Floor Plan of Southern Building............................................................................... 145
Figure 152 Pedestrianization of Jaisidewal-Lagan Tol ............................................................. 149
Figure 153 One Way Proposition ............................................................................................... 150
Figure 154 Volume of Haku Mahadev and seto Mahadev ......................................................... 152
Figure 155Dii Pyakha Dabu ....................................................................................................... 153
Figure 156 Ganesh Mandir ........................................................................................................ 153
Figure 157 Krishna Mandir Premises ........................................................................................ 154
Figure 158Falcha ....................................................................................................................... 154
Figure 159 Nasaman Dabu ......................................................................................................... 155
Figure 160 Pedestrianization....................................................................................................... 157
Figure 161 Permeable Stone Pavements .................................................................................... 158
Figure 162 Wood Carving .......................................................................................................... 159
Figure 163 Pottery....................................................................................................................... 159
Figure 164 Public Amenities ...................................................................................................... 160
Figure 165 Retrofitting building structures....................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 166 Culturally important building's restoration..................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 167 Greeneries throughout the street ..................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 168 Soft pavements ............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 169 Local crafts ............................................................................................................... 163
Figure 170 Conceptual Diagram for division of zones .............................................................. 173
Figure 171 The proposed circulation route map for tourists ..................................................... 174
Figure 66 Shades of bricks .......................................................................................................... 175
Figure 173 Street Elevation Proposed ........................................................................................ 175
Figure 66 Lighting in street ideas ............................................................................................... 175

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Figure 67 Visual Axis sketch ...................................................................................................... 176
Figure 68 CASE: Pimbahal , Pulchowk ...................................................................................... 176
Figure 177 Cycle of Adaptive Reuse .......................................................................................... 177
Figure 178 Proposed Street fcaade of entrance zone .................................................................. 179
Figure 179 Existing street facade of entrance zone .................................................................... 179
Figure 180 Overall street elevation of entrance zone ................................................................. 179
Figure 182 Proposed building facade ......................................................................................... 180
Figure 181 Existing Rana-style building .................................................................................... 180
Figure 183 Proposed street facade .............................................................................................. 180
Figure 184 Mix-use Residence Existing Building ....................................................................... 180
Figure 185 Southern Street facade of market zone ..................................................................... 181
Figure 186 Western Street facade of market zone ...................................................................... 181
Figure 187 Overall Street facade of market zone ....................................................................... 182
Figure 188 Existing right side street of traditional zone ............................................................. 182
Figure 189 Proposed right side street of traditional zone ........................................................... 182
Figure 190 Existing left street facade of traditional zone ........................................................... 183
Figure 191 Proposed left street facade of traditional zone ......................................................... 183
Figure 192 Zone of entrance ....................................................................................................... 185
Figure 193 Pathway from kasthmandap to Jaisidewal ................................................................ 185
Figure 194 Value assessment of the building ............................................................................. 186
Figure 195 Building plan ............................................................................................................ 186
Figure 196 N-W Elevation .......................................................................................................... 187
Figure 197 Existing Plan ............................................................................................................. 187
Figure 198 Damanges dur to E.Q ............................................................................................... 187
Figure 199 Existing condition of building .................................................................................. 187
Figure 200 Conceptual Use of old police station ........................................................................ 188
Figure 201 Conceptual use of dabali and building .................................................................... 188
Figure 202 Courtyard spaces to be used ..................................................................................... 188
Figure 203 Conceptual use of dabali .......................................................................................... 188
Figure 204 Proposed 3d .............................................................................................................. 189
Figure 205 proposed elevation .................................................................................................... 189
Figure 206 Proposed 3d .............................................................................................................. 189
Figure 207 Proposed elevation.................................................................................................... 189
Figure 208 Vibrancy in café interior to be maintained ............................................................... 189
Figure 209 Visual axis from the dabali ani proposed cafe zone to the monument ..................... 189
Figure 210 Food culture establishment ....................................................................................... 191
Figure 211 Existing Elevation .................................................................................................... 196
Figure 212 Proposed Elevation .................................................................................................. 196
Figure 213 Existing Elevation .................................................................................................... 197
Figure 214 Proposed Elevation .................................................................................................. 197
Figure 215 Ground Floor Plan................................................................................................... 197
Figure 216 Ground Floor Plan................................................................................................... 197
Figure 217 First Floor Plan ....................................................................................................... 198

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Figure 218 First Floor Plan ....................................................................................................... 198
Figure 219 Second Floor Plan ................................................................................................... 198
Figure 220 Second Floor Plan ................................................................................................... 198
Figure 221 Existing Elevation .................................................................................................... 199
Figure 222 Proposed Elevation .................................................................................................. 199
Figure 223 Right Side Street Elevation ...................................................................................... 200
Figure 224 Street through which the Gods travel ...................................................................... 201
Figure 225 Street Section with Rath, demonstrating Vibrancy at Street Levels ......................... 202
Figure 226 Transparency of Activities ....................................................................................... 202
Figure 227 Opening Ground Floors and Balconies for Transparency of Activities .................. 203
Figure 228 Reinterpretation of Traditional Elements ................................................................ 204
Figure 229 Reinterpretation of Newari Elements ....................................................................... 204
Figure 230 Proposed Pedestrian Street and Streetscape ........................................................... 205
Figure 231 Proposed Left Side Street Elevation......................................................................... 205
Figure 232 Modular Architectural Elements Reimagined from Traditional Elements .............. 206
Figure 233 Proposed Zoning along the Street ............................................................................ 206
Figure 234 Zone of Youth ........................................................................................................... 207
Figure 235 Major Buildings and Activity Zones......................................................................... 207
Figure 236 Section through Street of Zone of Youth .................................................................. 208
Figure 237 Proposed Street Facade (Left, Right) ...................................................................... 208
Figure 238 Street Facade (Left, Right) ....................................................................................... 209
Figure 239 Street Section through Zone of Learning ................................................................. 209
Figure 240 Blow-up Figure ........................................................................................................ 209
Figure 241 Existing Activities ..................................................................................................... 210
Figure 242 Proposed Activities .................................................................................................. 210
Figure 243 Section through the Street and Urban Park in Proposed Design ............................ 211
Figure 244 Street Facade (Left, Right) ....................................................................................... 211
Figure 245 Existing Building Types and Activities..................................................................... 212
Figure 246 Proposed Building and Activities ............................................................................. 212
Figure 247 Section through Street, Zone of Heritage................................................................. 213
Figure 248 Street Facade Zone of Heritage ............................................................................... 214
Figure 249 Urban Parks and Open Spaces ................................................................................ 214
Figure 250 Street Amenities/ Utilities......................................................................................... 215
Figure 251 Permeable Street Pavement Details ......................................................................... 215
Figure 252 Drainage Plan .......................................................................................................... 215
Figure 253 Street lighting plan ................................................................................................... 216
Figure 254 Place making guideline............................................................................................. 220
Figure 255 Present South Elevation of Lagantole ...................................................................... 225
Figure 256 Proposed South Elevation of Lagantole indicating adaptive reuse .......................... 225
Figure 257Adaptive Reuse of Silkhana ...................................................................................... 227
Figure 258 Reference Concept generated for courtyard revitalization ...................................... 227

15
1 ABOUT THE REPORT
1.1 BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE CONSERVATION STUDIO PROJECT
The "Rethinking Seto Machindranath Route" Conservation Project is a forward-looking endeavor
aimed at revitalizing and preserving the cultural and historical significance of the Seto
Machindranath Route, which stretches from Jaisideval to Lagan Tole within the vibrant tapestry
of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Rooted in an innovative approach to urban renewal, the project seeks
to harmonize the rich heritage of the route with contemporary urban development, ensuring its
enduring legacy for generations to come. By merging traditional architectural conservation with
sustainable urban planning and community engagement, the project aspires to create a living
testament to the past while nurturing a vibrant future.

The core objectives of the project encompass multifaceted aspects of heritage preservation, urban
revitalization, and community empowerment. Through meticulous historical research,
architectural restoration, and urban design, the project aims to resurrect the grandeur of historical
landmarks and structures along the route. Concurrently, the endeavor strives to reimagine public
spaces and streetscapes, creating inviting environments that reflect the needs and aspirations of
modern society. Community involvement forms a cornerstone, fostering a sense of ownership,
pride, and cultural identity among local residents. As a result, the reinvigorated Seto
Machindranath Route is anticipated to evolve into a dynamic cultural hub, drawing in visitors and
locals alike, while serving as a paradigm for sustainable heritage conservation and urban
development on a broader scale.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

1.2.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE
To revitalize and preserve the historical and cultural significance of the Seto Machindranath Route
through an integrated approach to urban renewal, heritage conservation, community engagement,
and sustainable development in accordance to the contemporary need.

1.2.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

The project aims:
• To restore and enhance historical structures and monuments along the Seto Machindranath
Route, preserving their cultural value and authenticity.

16
 • To integrate modern urban planning with heritage preservation to create a sustainable and
vibrant urban corridor.
• To develop and enhance the urban fabric to meet the contemporary needs of the local
community.

1.3 SCOPE AND LIMIITAION

1.3.1 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The "Rethinking Seto Machindranath Route" Conservation Project is meticulously scoped to
concentrate its efforts on the specific stretch of the route, spanning from Jaisideval to Lagantal.
Within this defined scope, the project aims to accomplish several targeted objectives. The foremost
objective is the restoration and enhancement of historical structures and artworks along this
corridor, with a focused commitment to preserving their cultural value and authenticity. By
meticulously restoring architectural elements, sculptures, and artworks, the project seeks to breathe
new life into the cultural heritage that graces this specific portion of the Seto Machindranath Route.

In tandem with the restoration endeavors, the project's scope encompasses robust community
engagement initiatives. Local communities residing within the Jaisideval to Lagantal section will
be the focal point of various workshops, educational programs, and interactive events. Through
these engagements, a sense of pride, ownership, and responsibility for the route's cultural heritage
will be nurtured, with the goal of fostering a lasting connection between the community and their
shared historical legacy.

Additionally, the project ambitiously integrates modern urban planning principles into the
restoration efforts, harmonizing heritage preservation with sustainable development. By
strategically aligning modern urban needs with the preservation of historical charm, the project
envisions creating a vibrant and sustainable urban corridor that aptly caters to contemporary
requirements while celebrating the Seto Machindranath Route's cultural richness.

1.3.2 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

However, it is important to acknowledge that the "Rethinking Seto Machindranath Route"
Conservation Project operates within certain limitations due to its academic context and the
constraints of a limited time period. The academic nature of the project inherently brings about a
finite timeframe, which may inevitably influence the depth and breadth of the restoration and
engagement initiatives that can be undertaken within the designated section. This temporal

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constraint may necessitate prioritization and careful allocation of resources to achieve impactful
outcomes.

Furthermore, the scope of the project's activities, while focused and purposeful, remains
constrained by available resources, including funding, human capital, and specialized expertise.
The concentrated efforts within the Jaisideval to Lagantal segment might inadvertently result in
the partial coverage of the entire Seto Machindranath Route, potentially omitting other noteworthy
heritage elements located beyond this specific area.

1.4 IMPORTANCE OF HERITAGE CONSERVATION

Within the "Rethinking Seto Machindranath Route" Conservation Project, heritage conservation
assumes a central role of paramount importance. The preservation of cultural and historical assets
along this revered route, spanning from Jaisideval to Lagantal, is a linchpin that anchors the
project's purpose and impact. By safeguarding these cherished structures, artworks, and landmarks,
the project not only ensures the continuity of local traditions and values but also fosters a deepened
sense of community identity. Moreover, heritage conservation transforms the route into a living
classroom, offering residents and visitors alike a tangible connection to the region's past, serving
as a source of education, inspiration, and cultural exchange.

The significance of heritage conservation extends beyond the immediate context. It radiates
economic benefits through cultural tourism, attracting visitors who seek an authentic experience
and invigorating local businesses. Simultaneously, the integration of heritage preservation with
modern urban planning principles lays the foundation for a sustainable and vibrant urban corridor.
As a testament to cultural stewardship, heritage conservation within this project bestows a lasting
legacy upon future generations, anchoring a bridge between history and progress that is both
dynamic and enduring.

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2 OVERVIEW OF THE HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SITE
The Seto Machindranath Route, stretching from Jaisideval to Lagantal, holds profound historical
significance within the cultural tapestry of Kathmandu Valley. This corridor is imbued with
centuries of heritage, serving as a living testament to Nepal's rich history, architectural brilliance,
and spiritual traditions.

Dating back to ancient times, the route has been a thoroughfare of cultural exchange, connecting
diverse communities and echoing the footsteps of pilgrims, traders, and artists. Along this path,
historical structures bear witness to the evolution of architectural styles, reflecting the artistic
prowess of different eras. The intricate carvings, sculptures, and artworks adorning these structures
not only signify the region's artistic legacy but also encapsulate the spiritual beliefs and cultural
expressions of its inhabitants.

The Seto Machindranath Route also plays a central role in religious festivals and rituals, with the
revered Seto Machindranath deity being ceremoniously paraded through these streets. This annual
event is a vibrant display of communal unity, spirituality, and traditional practices that have been
upheld for generations.

Moreover, the route's geographical location has made it a hub of cultural crossroads, where diverse
influences from Tibetan, Indian, and Newar cultures converge, shaping its distinct identity. As
such, this corridor stands as a testament to the resilience of Nepal's heritage, reflecting its ability
to adapt and flourish amidst changing times.

In essence, the Seto Machindranath Route is not merely a physical pathway; it is a repository of
stories, art, spirituality, and human connection. Its historical significance radiates through its
architecture, rituals, and the very essence of the communities that have thrived along its course.
The conservation and revitalization of this route represent a profound commitment to honoring
and preserving this legacy for generations yet to come.

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2.1 Historical Significance of Lagan Tole

Lagan Tole is located in the region of Central Region. Central Region's capital Kathmandu) is
approximately 1.3 km / 0.8 mi away from Lagan Tole. Lagan is a historic and cultural site located
in the heart of Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal. It holds immense historical, cultural, and
architectural significance. The square has important historical events, such as route of seto
machindranath. These events have shaped the course of Nepal's history. On the third and final day
of the festival, the rath is pulled from Hanumandhoka to Lagantole via Maruhity and Jaisideval.
After the rath reaches Lagantole, it is taken around a big tree known as Maan Sewa and the deity’s
mother’s temple three times. The pujas and lighting of lamps is done on this day as well. The
festival can be longer than three days if there occur any unavoidable breaks and the need to stop
at any point. If during any of the festival days, the chariot has to stop at a location that is not the
designated location, the musket is not fired by the platoon. The tole is home to numerous temples
and shrines dedicated to various deities, including karunamaya temple, lukeko mahadev,
Namobuddha, Kritipunya mahabihar, Bajradhatu Mahabihar and Ganesh temple which made the
tole of religious and cultural practices for centuries.

Figure 2Chautari for casual relaxation, socializing space

Figure 1:Rath being taken around karunamaya temple (mother
of seto machindranath)

Lagan Tole has been a hub of cultural activities, festivals, rituals, and ceremonies. It was a place
where various cultural and social events, including religious processions and royal ceremonies,
took place and important historical events, such as royal coronations, royal weddings, and political
gatherings.

The tole is renowned for its stunning architecture, showcasing a blend of Newari and neo-classical
architectural styles. The buildings, courtyards, temples, and other structures exemplify the intricate
woodwork, stone carvings, and tired, pagoda-style roofs of temple characteristic of traditional

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Nepalese architecture. Traditional Newari building blend with neo classical elements such as
exposed brick and lime plastered surfaces with influence of classical architecture, a pilaster used
to give the appearance of a supporting column and to articulate an extent of wall, with only an
ornamental function. Column, with a capital at the top, plinth (base) at the bottom, and the various
other column elements. Symmetrical principle with Sanjhyā on the as hierarchy of building.

Lagan being cultural fusion with commercially vibrant became a melting pot of cultures due to its
strategic location on ancient trade routes. Interacting Spaces for the youths - a significant portion
of the population engaged in social interactions consists of elderly individuals, spaces of catering
to the younger generations during jatra festivals. Furthermore, considering Lagan's proximity to
Sundhara and Teku, there may be a desire for diverse activities beyond purely economic pursuits.
Lagan is already established as a business center, there seems to be a demand for eating and
socializing spaces within the community. Attracting people - The distance between Kathmandu
Durbar Square and Lagan Tole is just an 8-minute walk, yet there seems to be a lack of compelling
reasons for people to visit Lagan Tole from Kathmandu Durbar Square. Engaging Ground Floor
Spaces during the jatra - The ground floor spaces are predominantly occupied by clothing and
retail businesses, which remain closed during jatra festivals, indicating a potential need for the
design of these spaces to cater du ring such festivals.

Figure 3: lagan courtyard view

Figure 4:Informal market for vendors Figure 5Lagan to Jaisedewal road

Resilience and Restoration: Over the centuries, endured natural calamities such as earthquakes,
some of the monument damaged, vulnerable situation, Cracked and decayed beams and need to be
persevered. The earthquake of 2015 caused significant damage to many structures, leading to
ongoing restoration efforts to preserve the monument.

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3 Introduction
3.1 Jaisidewal Chowk
Jaisidewal is a small square located in Kathmandu, Nepal, 450 meters south of Hanumandhoka
Durbar Square. The square is named after its significant landmark, the Nhu: Gha: Jaisidewal
Temple, and is home to various historical monuments of high cultural and religious significance.
The Jaisidewal Chowk is a major stop for the Seto Machhindranath Chariot procession, and it also
lies in the route for the Chariot procession for two other major Jatras: Gai Jatra and Indra Jatra.
The major feature of the Jaisidewal Chowk is the magnificent 3-tiered temple that sits on 7-tiered
bases as a plinth. The temple is traditionally ascribed to a construction date of 1688 CE, and its
name is linked to Lakshiminarayan Joshi, an influential minister of King Bhupatendra. Jaisidewal
is located within an area thought to contain the early nucleus of the Licchavi settlement within the
Kathmandu Valley.
The chowk also has Dabali, a raised platform where the traditional dance takes place during Indra
Jatra. Behind the Jaisideval temple lies yet another large platform. Jaisidewal Chowk also housed
several other Historical Monuments with great cultural significance like Nhu: Gha, Kohiti,
Jhalpwa Dya, Bal Hanuman, Haku Mahadev, Krishna Temple, Nasaman Dabu, etc.
In the past, Jaisidewal Chowk used to be a place for the local residents to use for various household
activities as well as a place for social gatherings and socializing. Currently, the chowk has become
a spot for local commerce with street vendors. The large open space amid the compact settlement
of lower Kathmandu has been used for parking taxis, and the streets are as busy as they can get as
hundreds of two and four-wheelers pass every hour. The Dabali is no longer for the use of local
residents but for the public. Nonetheless, the open space still hosts various festivals like Indra Jatra
and Siti Nakha. Jaisidewal Chowk, though situated in the outskirts of the core heritage area for
Hanuman Dhoka Durbar Square, is a significant cultural and religious site in Kathmandu.

Figure 7 Location map of Jaisidewal Figure 6 Masterplan of Jaisidewal chowk

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3.2 Jaisideval to Lagal Tol

Figure 8 Street from Jaisedewal to Lagan

Nestled within the vibrant heart of Kathmandu lies a hidden gem of cultural and historical
significance – the ancient street stretching from Jaisedewal to Lagan. This stretch weaves its way
through the bustling city, whispering tales of centuries gone by. As part of an ambitious
conservation project, we embark on a journey to safeguard not just the physical structures, but also
the memories, traditions, and stories that have shaped this path into a living testament of Nepal's
rich heritage. The Jaisedewal to Lagan conservation project is a collaborative effort that seeks to
preserve the architectural magnificence, embrace the cultural diversity, and revive the soul of this
historic street, ensuring that it continues to thrive for generations to come.

With its roots tracing back to the medieval era, this pathway has witnessed the passage of time,
bearing witness to the evolution of Kathmandu from its humble beginnings to the bustling
metropolis it is today. Along its course, the street is adorned with intricately carved Newar-style
buildings that narrate the story of the city's architectural prowess and artistic finesse. Each brick,
each facade, holds a piece of history, reflecting the influences of various dynasties, cultures, and
artistic traditions that have left an indelible mark on the city's fabric.

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However, time and modernization have taken their toll on this invaluable relic. The very elements
that make this street a historical treasure also make it vulnerable to the ravages of decay and
neglect. The preservation initiative aims to breathe new life into these time-worn structures,
employing meticulous restoration techniques that honor the original designs while adhering to
modern conservation standards.

The conservation project also recognizes the need for sustainable urban development. Through
innovative urban planning, infrastructure upgrades, and the implementation of eco-friendly
practices, we aim to strike a harmonious balance between preserving the past and embracing the
future. This rejuvenated street will not only serve as a testament to our shared heritage but also as
a model for how historical preservation can contribute to the vitality of modern cities. In the pages
that follow, join us as we explore the past, present, and future of the Jaisedewal to Lagan
conservation project.

3.3 Lagan Tol

The final destination of the Seto Machchhindranath Chariot is the "La-gan," a term derived from
"la" meaning water and "gan" meaning dry, collectively symbolizing a "Water dried" area. This
site experienced a significant rise in its original sea level during the 1990 earthquake, exacerbating
water scarcity. Locals recall the
presence of hot water and emissive gas
with igniting properties in the past. The
area is vividly alive during the Jatra
festival and regular days, offering a
glimpse into the vibrant Newar
civilization. Each corner of Lagan holds
a unique narrative, making it a rich
repository of stories and history.

Figure 9 Lagan tole

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Myth: “Sacredness and purity”

• Lagan is considered sacred, often associated with deities, temples, or holy sites.
• Passing by or visiting these places during rituals or events is believed to purify and sanctify
the individuals involved.
• It signifies a spiritual connection and invokes blessings from the divine.
Residents of lagan Tole:

• Owners: Locals (Shakya, Bajracharya, Pradhan)

• Tenants: Vendors, Retail owners, Wholesalers, Traders esp. (From terai) lives with their
whole family and also rents the whole house.

4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

4.1 Jaisideval
4.1.1 Lack of Public Awareness about Cultural Significance
The Jaisidewal temple holds diverse cultural, historical, social, and architectural significance.
Inadequate awareness among both local residents and outsiders about the temple's importance.
Neglecting this crucial aspect has hampered the recognition and appreciation of the area's rich
heritage.
4.1.2 Underutilization of Chowk's Potential
The central Chowk possesses untapped potential for tourism and economic growth but failed effort
of communicating the Chowk's value to the broader community results in missed opportunities.
Jaisidewal's deserving attention from outside communities remains unfulfilled, hindering its
rightful recognition.
4.1.3 Traffic Congestion and Loss of Community Space
The unmanaged traffic has transformed the once-vibrant gathering spot into a parking area.
Congestion leads to reduced community activities and impacts the lively atmosphere of the area.
Loss of community space adversely affects the social fabric and spirit of unity in Jaisidewal.

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Figure 10 Old picture of Jaisidewal chowk Figure 11 Old picture of Jaisidewal
chowk

4.1.4 Inadequate Maintenance of Public Spaces:

Neglected upkeep of public wells, roads, and infrastructure impacts the aesthetic appeal.
Randomly hanging wires and transmission lines mar the visual integrity of the area.
Insufficient maintenance reflects a lack of civic responsibility and undermines the town's overall
impression.

Figure 13 Unmanaged wires hanging infront of abandoned pati Figure 12 Dried well

Figure 14 Unmanaged wires hanging infront of abandoned pati Figure 15 Dried well

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4.1.5 Negligence in Temple Conservation and Redesign:
Temple like Krishna Mandir and Nhu gha witness inadequate preservation efforts.
Falcha, which was once a public resting place is now being used privately for income generaion.
Modern constructions and design changes deviate from the original architectural identity.
Neglect of Seto Mahadev's restoration demonstrates the erosion of the area's authenticity and
historical legacy.

Figure 17 Old falcha Figure 16 Current use of falcha

In conclusion, Jaisidewal grapples with a series of challenges that collectively undermine its
cultural value, community cohesion, and aesthetic appeal. Addressing these issues would not only
preserve the area's heritage but also ensure its rightful place on the broader map of recognition and
appreciation.
4.2 Jaisideval to Lagan Street
• Over time, the street has undergone alterations that have eroded its historical and cultural
identity, leading to a diminished sense of character.
• The inconsistent building heights and inadequate natural light along the street hinder its
visual coherence and overall ambience.
• The disorganized arrangement of building facades results in a lack of architectural harmony
and unity, diminishing the street's aesthetic appeal.
• Abandoned and underutilized spaces throughout the street create voids that disrupt the
continuity and functionality of the urban environment.
• The formation of an urban slum in the street poses socioeconomic challenges and affects the
overall neighborhood dynamics.

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• The presence of numerous closed and inactive storefronts on the street creates a sense of
abandonment and contributes to a lack of vibrancy.
• The absence of accessible open and green spaces limits opportunities for recreation and
social interaction within the urban fabric.
• The scarcity of greenery and natural elements within the street's environment contributes to
a lack of visual appeal and connection to nature.
4.3 Lagan Tol
Why are the owners leaving Lagan?

• Owners are renting out their house and escaping lagan in search of green space.
• Reconstruction and renovation work of traditional houses are costly and challenging.
• Renting out their homes at higher prices can be their source of income.

• Traffic congestion during office hours,

both in the morning and at night.
• Unregulated parking spaces.
• Vendor space allocation on roads
significantly contributes to heavy
office-hour traffic congestion.
• Unmanaged socializing spaces.
• Unused spaces of Sil Khana

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 Solution
• Drop off zones and parking space near
the kritipunya mahabihar
• Open chautara with ramp for sit out
space for visitor and elderly
• Dabali with sit out space.
• Vendor space inside the Sil Khana in
order to reduce traffic load.
• Sil Khana is transformed into museum.

Vendor space

5 METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH

Our project's initial research encompassed a comprehensive examination of the Seto
Machchhindranath rath, its trajectory, and associated narratives. As we narrowed our focus to the
Jaisidewal locality, we engaged with secondary sources, primarily online, to comprehend its
historical, cultural, and social significance. This foundation led us to explore both tangible and
intangible heritage elements within the Jaisidewal domain.
Aiming to delve deeper into the Seto Machchhindranath Rath's route, Jaisidewal's reception of the
rath, underlying challenges, and potential solutions, we adopted a hands-on approach. This entailed
multiple on-site visits, consultations with local stakeholders, and conversations with Jaisidewal's
residents.
Additionally, we embarked on an innovative documentation endeavor, employing
photogrammetry with guidance from our senior, Mr. Bipul Rawal. Despite encountering technical
limitations and other obstacles, this experience proved invaluable, enriching our understanding of
contemporary methodologies utilized within our field.
Following the unfruitful photogrammetry attempt, we resorted to manual measurements and
documentation. This entailed meticulously assessing each building within the area, conducting
door-to-door surveys, and appraising their historical, social, and cultural significance. For
buildings allowing entry, we meticulously drafted detailed architectural renderings.

29
With our data gathered and insights consolidated, collaborative idea pitching ensued, guiding our
trajectory forward. Subsequently, a collective approach was adopted, synchronizing our efforts for
the impending conservation tasks that lay ahead. This collaborative methodology reinforces our
commitment to preserving and celebrating the heritage of the Jaisidewal site.

5.1 Jaisideval
5.1.1 Existing Sites Structure
5.1.1.1 Jaisidewal Temple
Jaisidewal holds immense historical importance and is steeped in rich culture. Over
time, as societal norms and lifestyles have become more flexible, the architecture
Figure 18
of Jaisidewal has undergone significant changes. However, as we progress into the Jaisidewal temple

30
present day, it's evident that many architectural marvels that once represented the
area's culture and traditions have unfortunately been lost. Here, are the detailed
description of existing structures.

5.1.1.2 Haku mahadev

In the Newari language, "haku" signifies black. This temple symbolizes the Black Figure 19 Haku
Mahadev, whose statue was unfortunately stolen a few years ago. Positioned on mahadev
the southern flank of Jaisidewal Temple, it currently holds value as a noteworthy
preservation candidate.

5.1.1.3 Krishna Mandir

Located north of Jaisidewal Temple, this structure serves as a sanctuary with
historical significance. It was constructed as a protective have been for Seto
Macchindranath during the vibrant Macchindranath Jatra festival. The
Figure 20 Krishna Mandir
festival holds deep cultural and religious roots, and this shelter stands
as a testament to the reverence and devotion attached to the deity. It
is under reconstructed in order to maintain its originality and is now
nearing the completion of its construction.
5.1.1.4 Nhu Gha:
Figure 21 Nhu Gha
Nestled within the Kathmandu Valley, this site holds a special place
as one of the eight "Gha:" locations. As you approach, a striking sight
awaits - three beautifully adorned gagris stand proudly along the
roadside. With a significant role during jatras, this location is currently
undergoing repair work.
5.1.1.5 Balkumari temple Figure 23 Balkumari Temple

Near Nhu Gha: in the Kathmandu Valley, stands the revered Balkumari
Temple. Its religious importance is magnified during crises, as local beliefs
suggest that the deity Balkumari visits her father Bhairav near the southern
side of Jaisidewal Temple.

Figure 22 Bal hanuman

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5.1.1.6 Bal Hanuman
Located to the south of Jaisidewal Temple, the Bal Hanuman shrine holds a special belief. It is
said that bringing a weeping baby adorned with a 'khaisi ko mala' (a necklace made of wooden
beads) for worship can lead to the baby's healing. This tradition
highlights the faith in the divine power of Bal Hanuman and his ability
to provide solace and remedy.
5.1.1.7 Dii Pyakha Dabu
A captivating tradition unfolds during Indra Jatra as Di Pyakha dance
graces the dabali in front of Jaisidewal Temple. In this mesmerizing
performance, the goddess Kumari engages in a symbolic battle with a Figure 24 Dii Pyakka Dabu

demon, triumphantly overcoming the adversary. This victorious moment propels the
procession of the chariot forward. The dabali itself holds immense sanctity, playing a
pivotal role in the Indra Jatra festivities. Its sacredness and the dramatic reenactment of
Kumari's valor infuse the event with spiritual significance and cultural resonance.
5.1.1.8 Ganesh Temple
Figure 25 Ganesh Temple
Situated to the west of Jaisidewal Temple along the route to Kohiti, this temple
holds a prominent place. Its proximity to the Di Pyakha Dabu enhances its significance,
creating a distinct spiritual enclave. It is now in a state of reconstruction due to the need for
repairs.

5.1.1.9 Jhalpwa Dya

Figure 26 Jhalpwa Dya
Facing the temple across the road, a sizable stone structure stands as a sentinel on the
path to Kohiti. Worshipped for resolving female health concerns, this deity's
blessings sought before sunrise interweave spirituality and well-being, evoking a
connection between the divine and the physical realm.
5.1.1.10 Falcha
Situated in the plaza north of Jaisidewal Mandir, this building stands out as an
Figure 27 Falcha
intriguing feature. Interestingly, it goes by the name "falcha," traditionally
associated with public spaces, yet it is privately owned and currently functions as a shop. The
building has been reconstructed in the year 2056. Comparing with the old images, it is evident

32
 that the roof structure of the temple has been altered. Although the building is structurally sound,
it currently lacks maintenance.
5.1.1.11 Dabali
This RCC stage serves as a platform for performing bathing rituals dedicated
to the Kumar deity.
5.1.1.12 Courtyard Figure 28 Courtyard

Positioned to the south of Jaisidewal Temple, the courtyard encompasses a temple, open space,
and residential areas within its confines. This space holds
profound religious significance for the local community,
forming a cohesive unit where worship, communal activities,
and daily life seamlessly intertwine.
5.1.1.13 Residence
The residences within this area exhibit a clear distinction
Figure 30 Traditional Figure 29 Modern
between two types: modern and traditional. The residences in Building Building
this area can be categorized into two types: modern and tradition
al. A significant portion of the traditional houses have been renovated or reconstructed to align
with modern requirements and preferences.

5.1.2 ASSESSMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS AND

MATERIALS
5.1.2.1 Wall
Exposed brick is a distinctive feature of Newari architecture, which is the
Figure 31 Newari window
traditional architectural style of the Newari people. While today’s scenario,
which is influenced by modernism, the use of concrete plastering has
become more prominent.
5.1.2.2 Windows
Newari windows are the epitome of intricate craftsmanship and carry the
essence of the Newar people's heritage, adorned with meticulously carved Figure 32 Zinc Sheet as roofing
wooden frames. The rising cost of wood and the evolving landscape of

33
modern arch itecture have led to a notable shift towards the increased utilization of aluminum
windows.
5.1.2.3 Door
In context of door, wooden doors are mostly replaced by the shutters and chain gates can be seen
as a main door.
5.1.2.4 Roof
As per the local residents of Jaisidewal, they have opted to replace Jhingati tiles with zinc sheets
for their roofs. This decision stems from the concern that the annual jat ra which cause damage
to the Jhingati tile roofs, leading to substantial repair expenses. Consequently, using zinc sheets
is considered a more practical and cost-effective choice to mitigate potential roof
damage during the jatra festivities.

5.1.3 INFRASTRUCTURES
Jaisidewal there is in need of improvements in areas like water, electricity, and waste
management. Improving infrastructure and essential services is crucial for the well-
being and development of any community. Figure 33 Well

5.1.3.1 Water
Melamchi water is provided for drinking and other household chores. Previously, the community
relied on well water. However, due to improper disposal of solid waste, the well water became
contaminated and unfit for use, leading to its abandonment.
Issues Recommendations
• Drying up of natural sources of • Use of more permeable pavements for ground
water due to overconsumption but water recharge.
lack of water permissibility. • Sources of water to be kept clean by avoiding
• Rising water demand by users. waste water line near to it.

5.1.3.2 Electricity
In this locality, a concerning issue was the haphazard hanging of electric wires
directly in front of the houses, which not only presented a significant risk of fire but
also contributed to an overall sense of disorder and neglect. The tangled web of wires
overhead created a visually chaotic scene, reflecting the lack of proper management
and planning in the area's infrastructure.
However, amidst these challenges, a notable silver lining emerged: the initiative
Figure 34
taken by Nepal Telecom to address this problem. Recognizing the potential dangers Unmanaged
posed by overhead wires, they undertook the commendable task of placing their electric pole
wires
electric cables underground.

34
 Issues Recommendations
• The old electricity system has many worn- • Exchange overhead cables, whether for electrical
out lines that need to be changed. power or communication, with underground cables
• There are also a lot of transformers in bad where appropriate within historical regions.
condition that should be replaced. • Build capacity of employees in terms of staff
• Insufficient number of employees engaged numbers and technical skills to implement
in maintenance innovation

5.1.3.3 Street lamp

Although street lamps are present in the area, their condition is suboptimal due to
being tangled in electric wires. These street lamps operate using solar energy, which
is a commendable instance of sustainability. However, the effectiveness of these eco-
friendly measures is compromised by the tangled wires, diminishing their overall
impact. Rectifying the wiring situation would not only enhance the visual appeal of
the area but also ensure that the sustainability initiative through solar energy truly
shines and sets a positive example.
Figure 35 Street lamp

5.1.3.4 Waste management

Waste management is a crucial aspect of maintaining cleanliness and hygiene in traditional
significant areas. Municipalities and local authorities often implement waste collection systems
to ensure the proper disposal of waste generated by residents and businesses. However, waste
collection is not limited to just households and businesses. Open spaces, around Jaisidewal temple
also require careful waste management strategies. A significant challenge in maintaining the
cleanliness of open spaces is the lack of adequate dustbin infrastructure. Without easily accessible
and strategically placed dustbins, people often resort to littering, as they have nowhere convenient
to dispose of their waste. This has results in the unsightly accumulation of trash in these areas,
negatively impacting their aesthetic appeal and usability.
5.1.3.4.1 Solid waste management
Solid waste, in this area is collected by municipality waste collector vehicle time to time.
However, separation of bio-degradable and non- biodegradable waste is not done on site.

35
5.1.3.4.2 Waste water management
In the context of waste water management, there was a notable absence of modern sewage
systems and advanced sanitation facilities such as septic tanks. Instead, the prevailing practice
involved the use of rudimentary pipelines from Rana period for waste disposal. These pipelines
were characteristic of a time when more sophisticated waste treatment methods were not widely
adopted.

As a consequence of the limited waste management infrastructure, waste water, including both

Figure 36 Waste disposal route

domestic and potentially hazardous materials, often found their way into water bodies like the
Bagmati River.
Issues Recommendations

• Raw sewage dumped into the waterways • Formulating technical instructions for sewage
• Old sewage network networks to assist in strategic planning.
• Out of date statistics • Enhancing the efficiency of long-term project
• No separation of degradable and non- planning and financial allocation for the
degradable solid wastes. establishment of new networks and upkeep.
• Solid waste should be separated as bio-degradable
and non-biodegradable before collection for easy
and proper disposal.

5.1.3.5 Road
Originally designed to accommodate jatras and not vehicles, the road's dimensions are inadequate
for modern transportation needs. The 12-ft road width proves to be insufficient for the smooth
flow of both four-wheeler and two-wheeler traffic, creating congestion in a location known for
its traditional charm. This situation not only disrupts the local scene but also detracts from the
appeal of the area for tourists. Therefore, it is advisable to consider pedestrianizing this area to
enhance its overall ambiance and functionality.

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 Issues Recommendation
• Road is very narrow for running 4 • The road should be made wider if possible,
wheelers and 3 wheelers at same else vehicular movement must be restricted.
time. • Proposal of one-way traffic route at specified
• Lack of maintenance in road time.
• Lack of proper signages. • Timely maintenance of road with proper
signages should be ensured.

5.2 Jaisideval to Lagan Street

5.2.1 HERITAGE
Exploring the Rich Tapestry of Heritage: The historic street stretching from Jaisedewal to Lagan
is a captivating journey through time, where tangible and intangible heritages intertwine to paint a
vivid portrait of Nepal's cultural legacy.

5.2.1.1 TANGIBLE HERITAGE

As you wander along this street, you'll be greeted by a visual symphony of some Newari-style
architecture. Intricately carved wooden windows, intricacies of brickwork, and gracefully designed
facades stand as testaments to the skilled craftsmanship of bygone eras. These tangible marvels
narrate the architectural prowess of the Malla and Rana dynasties, showcasing their unique blend
of indigenous aesthetics and foreign influences. Each building, each courtyard, carries the weight
of history, beckoning you to explore their stories etched in brick and wood. As follows are some
of the tangible heritages lying in and around the street of Jaisedewal-Lagan.

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Figure 37 Tangible Heritages in & around the Street

All the historically important buildings of age 100 years or more were marked as significant
buildings that needed to be preserved. Also, the historic courtyards holding rich cultural
importance during the Jatras were noted. The monuments such as Bahals, Stupas and Temples
come under the tangible heritages of the site as well.

1.1.1 INTANGIBLE HERITAGES

Beyond the physical structures, the street comes alive with intangible heritage that dances through
the air. The echoes of traditional music, the aroma of local cuisines, and the rituals that have been
practiced for generations create a sensory tapestry that is uniquely Kathmandu. The vibrant
festivals celebrated along this street reflect the harmonious blend of different traditions, uniting
communities and showcasing their unyielding reverence for cultural roots. As follows are some of
the intangible heritages of the street of Jaisedewal-Lagan.

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Figure 38 Intangible Heritages of the Street

The various intangible heritages such as the Jatras, festivals, legends and folklores, music and
dance, food and drinks were noted on the basis of the narratives given by the locals.

As we undertake the conservation of this historic street, we recognize the delicate balance between
preserving tangible structures and nurturing intangible practices. The restoration efforts not only
breathe life back into weathered bricks but also rekindle the flames of tradition, ensuring that the
stories, customs, and values passed down through generations continue to shape the cultural
mosaic of Kathmandu.

1.1.2 HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF THE SITE

The street stretching from Jaisedewal to Lagan in Kathmandu stands as a silent witness to the ebb
and flow of time, encapsulating the essence of Nepal's history within its well-worn walls. A
journey through this ancient pathway reveals a tapestry of cultural shifts, architectural marvels,
and the evolution of a city that has endured and thrived for centuries.

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Medieval Origins:

The roots of this historic street can be traced back to the medieval era, a
time when the Kathmandu Valley was divided into small kingdoms ruled
by the Malla dynasty. It was during this period that the Newar architectural
style, characterized by intricately carved wooden windows, red-brick
facades, and ornate pagoda-style temples, began to flourish. As a bustling
thoroughfare connecting the bustling neighborhoods of Jaisedewal and
Lagan, this street served as a lifeline for trade, commerce, and cultural
exchange.

Mingling of Cultures: Figure 39 Traditional

Medeival Facade
The historical evolution of the street reflects the mingling of various
cultures and influences that shaped Kathmandu over the centuries. During the reign of the Shah
dynasty, Nepal opened up to the outside world, leading to a blend of indigenous Newar architecture
with elements of Indian, Tibetan, and even European styles. As trade routes expanded and travelers
brought stories from distant lands, the street became a crossroads of cultures, evident in the diverse
architectural motifs and decorative elements that adorn its buildings.

Colonial Encounters:

The street also bears the traces of colonial encounters that marked Nepal's
history. As European powers vied for influence in the region, their
architectural signatures left an indelible mark on the street's landscape. The
juxtaposition of traditional Newar buildings with colonial-style facades is a
testament to the adaptive nature of Kathmandu's urban fabric, absorbing
foreign influences while retaining its distinctive identity.
Figure 40 European
Influence in the Facade

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Changing Urban Dynamics:

Figure 41 Changing Urban Dynamics

With the onset of modernization, the street witnessed changes in urban dynamics. The advent of
increased urbanization brought new challenges and opportunities. The scale and proportion of the
streets and buildings dynamically changed. Traditional buildings coexisted with modern
structures, reflecting the city's ongoing struggle to balance preservation with progress.

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5.2.2 ARCHITECTURAL AND INFRASTRUCTURAL INVENTORY
5.2.2.1 INVENTORY SHEETS

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5.2.3 VALUE ASSESTMENT

This is the value assessment of the old buildings which are recognized throughout the street and
their value is accessed. Their details are further carried out in another portion.

Figure 42 Value Assessment

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Figure 43 Value Assessment

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5.2.4 FACADE INVENTORY

• LEFT FROM LAGA: TO JAISIDEWAL

Figure 44 Facade Inventory Left Side

• RIGHT FROM JAISIDEWAL TO LAGA:

Figure 45 Facade Inventory Right Side

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5.2.5 SIGNIFICANCE TO THE LOCAL COMMUNITY
The significance of the historic street to the local community is explained as follows:
1. Proximity to Heritage Site; Prospect of Tourism:
The historic street's close proximity to a heritage site brings with it the promise of tourism. This
presents the local community with a unique opportunity to share their cultural heritage with the
world. The street becomes a gateway for tourists to immerse themselves in the city's history and
traditions, generating revenue for businesses and enhancing the area's visibility on the global stage.

2. Prospect of Economic Development:

The historic street acts as an economic lifeline for the local community. The influx of tourists, both
domestic and international, leads to increased footfall in local businesses. Cafes, shops, boutiques,
and craft stores thrive as visitors seek authentic experiences and souvenirs. This economic activity
fosters job opportunities and helps uplift the financial well-being of the community.

3. Promotion of Local Culture:

The street serves as a vibrant canvas upon which the local community can showcase its cultural
richness. Festivals, traditional performances, and cultural exhibitions create a platform for
residents to celebrate their heritage. By actively participating in these events, the community not
only preserves its traditions but also imparts them to a broader audience, enriching the cultural
landscape of the city.

4. Tangible & Intangible Heritages

The street is a treasure trove of both tangible and intangible heritages. The architecture, artistry,
and craftsmanship of the buildings stand as tangible relics of bygone eras. Intangible heritages like
traditional music, craft techniques, and culinary practices breathe life into the street. The
community's ability to sustain these practices ensures the preservation of a distinctive way of life
that has been passed down through generations.

5. Cultural Exchange and Learning:

As visitors and locals traverse the historic street, cultural exchange becomes a two-way street.
Locals engage with tourists, sharing stories and traditions, while visitors learn about the local way
of life. This mutual understanding fosters a sense of unity among diverse cultures, promoting
tolerance and acceptance.

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6. Community Identity and Pride:
The historic street is a cornerstone of the local community's identity and a source of collective
pride. Residents often associate their roots with the street's history and are motivated to preserve
it for future generations. This pride manifests in efforts to maintain the architectural authenticity,
promote local businesses, and engage in cultural activities.

In summary, the Jaisedewal to Lagan historic street is more than just a physical route – it is the
heartbeat of the local community. Its proximity to a heritage site, coupled with the promise of
tourism, economic development, cultural promotion, and the preservation of tangible and
intangible heritages, makes this street a vital nexus of community life. As the community embraces
its historical significance and works together to safeguard its legacy, the street becomes a beacon
of unity, cultural enrichment, and shared prosperity.

5.2.6 ARCHITECTURAL AND CULTURAL IMPORTANCE

The various architecturally and culturally important structures are explained as follows:

5.2.6.1 KRISHNA CHOWK

Figure 46 Krishna Chowk

The Krishna Chowk, said to be more than 200 years old, is built in a traditional Malla style. The
intricately carved wooden doors and windows in its façade hold a high architectural value
reflecting the rich craftsmanship of the bygone eras. The falcha and the gumbaj style Radha
Krishna temple that lies in its premises holds unique cultural and religious values. The falcha was
used as a place for Bhajan during Krishna Janmastami, but it now remains exploited as storage.

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5.2.6.2 OPEN GREEN SPACE

Figure 47 Open Space in the Street

This open piece of land, though seems tiny, but is one of the most vibrant spaces in the whole
street. With urban amenities like the shade under the chautara, the benches and green plantations,
this space is used by most of the locals as a socializing space or a breakout space in the long narrow
monotonous street. Especially, the elderly is seen sitting on the benches, talking to one another
and getting some though not so fresh outdoor air.

This space is also used for the 12 barse Gathu Pyakhan, a significant dance of the Newari
community which takes place once every 12 years. Thus, this place has its own cultural as well as
social significance.

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5.2.6.3 COURTYARD WHERE THE INDRA RESTS

Figure 48 Courtyard where the Indra Rests

During the Indrajatra, the chariot of the Indra is kept in this particular courtyard. The chariot of
Indra is rested in four locations in Kathmandu, and this courtyard is one of the locations. This
courtyard is said to be more than 200 years old which was previously used as a horse stable during
the Rana Regime. The buildings surrounding the courtyard are used as training institutes of Baja,
and the courtyard is used to host the Baja during the Jatras.

5.2.6.4 OLD BUILDINGS WHICH REFLECTION TRADITIONAL ESSENCE

There are a number of buildings more than 100 years old
scattered throughout the street. The intricate brick and
woodwork of the Malla period, the colors of the Neo
traditional buildings of the Ranas each has their own story to
tell. These historically significant buildings also hold a rich
architectural value, the values of the craftmanship, the
materials, colors and textures.
Figure 49 100 Year Old
Building in the Street

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5.2.6.5 TANGIBLE & INTANGIBLE HERITAGES
The street is a treasure trove of both tangible and intangible heritages. The architecture, artistry,
and craftsmanship of the buildings stand as tangible relics of bygone eras. Intangible heritages like
traditional music, craft techniques, and culinary practices breathe life into the street. The
community's ability to sustain these practices ensures the preservation of a distinctive way of life
that has been passed down through generations.

5.2.6.6 TEMPLES & OTHER RITUAL SPACES

The street holds many temples, stupas, bahals and courtyards which each has its own history, story
and significance. The locals in the mornings pray at these temples. The temples and Bahals also
host many ritual ceremonies like Pasni, Bartabanda, Gupha, etc.

5.2.7 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES

5.2.7.1 OVERALL FAÇADE

Figure 50 Right Side Street Elevation from Lagan to Jaisedewal

Figure 51 Left Side Street Elevation from Lagan to Jaisedewal

The overall street facade can be seen as a mixture of old and new buildings built in differing
architectural styles with different materials and textures. The old buildings are primarily load
bearing with white paint over the cement plaster whereas the new ones have a R.C.C. frame. Some
are exposed in brick and concrete whereas some are painted or plastered. A wide variety of colors
are is used throughout the street ranging from earthy browns to bright blues and greens.

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5.2.7.2 NO. OF FLOORS
The number of floors and height of the buildings widely differ from one another creating a
haphazard and unharmonious look. The graph below shows the street profiles of the street from
Lagan to Jaisedewal.

Figure 52 No. of floors (Left Side from Lagan to Jaisedewal)

Figure 53 No. of floors (Right Side from Lagan to Jaisedewal)

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The old traditional buildings seem to be lost among the tall tower like modern structures. This has
led to the loss of the essence of scale and proportion, a unique identity of the historic Kathmandu
streetscape.

5.2.7.3 ACTIVITY MAPPING

1. Residential Status

Figure 54 Residents Status

2. Activity Mapping
MORNING
TRAFFIC IN 10 MINS (9:35 AM – 9:45 AM)
HUMANS: 152 (Mostly School Children & Office Workers)
VEHICLES: 166 (Mostly 2 wheelers)
SHOPS & ACTIVITIES (6 AM)
• Grocery Shops, Vegetable Shops, Mari Pasa: & Meat Shops were opened.
• Sweepers were sweeping. Garbage trucks come to pick up the garbage during this
time.
• Locals were going for morning walks and going to temples for morning Puja.

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AFTERNOON
SHOPS
• House Owners are also shopkeepers.
• Most shops are closed during Afternoon.
• Dead street during afternoon due to it being a Residential Area.
• Activity mostly in front of Wada Karyalaya 21.

EVENING
TRAFFIC IN 1 MINS (6 PM – 8 PM)
• HUMANS: 50
• VEHICLES: 4
• 4 - 4 wheelers
• 8 - 2 wheelers
SHOPS & ACTIVITIES (6 PM – 8 PM)
• Grocery Shopping
• Children Playing
• Evening Walks

5.2.8 ASSESSEMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS AND MATERIALS

5.2.8.1 COLORS & TEXTURES
The various colors and materials used in the street façade was studied and hence the following
charts were prepared. There was a wide variety of colors used in the facades ranging from dark
earthy tones to bright blues and greens. The façade materials ranged from exposed bricks to cement
plaster, lime and paint as well as exposed bare concrete.

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Figure 55 Colors of the Street

Figure 56 Materials in the Facade

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5.2.8.2 WINDOWS AND DOORS
There was a wide variety of doors and windows used in the street façade from traditional intricately
carved wooden doors and windows to modern aluminum frames with glass.

Figure 57 Existing Windows

Figure 58 Existing
Windows

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Figure 59 Existing Doors

5.2.9 OVERVIEW OF INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS

5.2.9.1 DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Drains:

The drainage line is throughout left and right of

the street with 10 metal grill inlets. The depth of
the drainage path was almost near to one foot
below from the level of the street. This could lead
to potential accidents during charioting ceremony.
There is a total of 14 Drains of 1 sq. ft. size, all
leading to Bagmati River. The drainage system is
good in the region with no blockage throughout
the year.
Figure 60 Drainage System

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Water and Wells:

Almost each inner courtyard had a well but most of them were un used due to unavailability of
underground water. The drinking water supply is through municipal line with supply for periodic
time every morning.

Wells

Figure 61 Mapping of Wells

5.2.9.2 ROAD
Asphalt road runs throughout the street with stone paved nodes, i.e. Jaisedewal and Lagan.

Black Topped Asphalt Road

Stone Paved Road

Figure 62 Asphalt Road

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5.2.9.3 OTHER INFRASTRUCTURES

Figure 63 Infrastructures of the Street

5.3 Lagan Tol

5.3.1 Heritage

Lagan Tole's heritage is a captivating tapestry woven with historical intricacies, architectural
diversity, and cultural resonance. This heritage unfolds through various layers of time:

• Architectural Symphony: Lagan Tole's heritage resonates with the architectural fusion of
the mid-19th century. This period witnessed the harmonious assimilation of neoclassical
elements into the traditional Newari architecture, resulting in a unique visual synthesis.
Columns and pediments coexist with intricate wood carvings and courtyards, creating a
visual narrative of artistic convergence.
• Dynastic Echoes: Anchored within Lagan Tole is a conserved building that echoes the
Rana dynasty's ascent to power. Its architecture serves as an emblem of the dynasty's rule,

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 embodying the grandeur and authority of the era. The building's very presence encapsulates
a transformative period in Nepal's history.
• Global Touchpoints: Lagan Tole's heritage weaves in the tale of Nepal's engagement with
global influences. The building, a testimony to the wave of Western influence, seamlessly
integrates neoclassical aesthetics with traditional Newari elements. Arched windows,
decorative moldings, and other imported motifs narrate the intersection of cultures.
• Modern Transition: The early 20th century introduces a new chapter in Lagan Tole's
heritage. The shift from traditional brick and timber construction to concrete reflects a
broader movement towards modernization. The conserved building, potentially adapting
to these changes, bridges the traditional and the contemporary.
• Cultural Nexus: Beyond its architectural significance, the conserved building embodies
Lagan Tole's social fabric. It might have served as a gathering place, fostering cultural
exchanges and communal interactions. Its significance extends beyond aesthetics, offering
a glimpse into the community's ethos.
• Living Narratives: The conserved building stands as a living artifact, an embodiment of
Lagan Tole's evolving history. It narrates stories of architectural evolution, political shifts,
and cultural resilience. Preserving this structure sustains a connection to the past while
enriching the present.

In essence, Lagan Tole's heritage is an intricate mosaic of architectural amalgamation, historical

transformation, and cultural continuity. It's a dynamic reminder of the neighborhood's role in
shaping Nepal's narrative, echoing the voices of the past as they resonate into the present.

5.3.2 Historical evolution of the site

The conserved building in Lagan Tole, dating back to the mid-19th century, is a testament to
Nepal's historical and architectural evolution:

• Architectural Assimilation of Neoclassical Style: In the mid-19th century, Lagan Tole

experienced a fascinating transition in architectural styles. The assimilation of neoclassical
elements into Newari architecture marked a period of cross-cultural exchange. Neoclassical
motifs such as columns, pediments, and symmetry likely found their way into the building's

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 design, blending with traditional Newari architectural elements like intricate
woodcarvings, courtyards, and brickwork.
• Testimony of Rana Dynasty's Rise: The conserved building in Lagan Tole stands as a
tangible testament to the rise of the Rana dynasty. Its architectural features, scale, and
possibly even its location within the neighborhood, would have been influenced by the
political and social climate of the time. The building could have served as a residence for
Rana officials or symbolized the dynasty's authority in the area.
• Western Influence and Architectural Fusion: As Western influences reached Nepal,
Lagan Tole became a canvas where traditional and Western architectural styles converged.
The building's façade may exhibit a fusion of neoclassical embellishments with traditional
Newari elements. European-influenced features like arched windows, decorative moldings,
and possibly even imported materials could be evident in its design.
• Shift from Brick and Timber to Concrete: Over time, as the 20th century unfolded, the
shift from traditional brick and timber construction to concrete construction transformed
Lagan Tole's skyline. This transition brought about architectural changes that prioritized
efficiency, durability, and a modern aesthetic. The conserved building might have
undergone renovations or adaptations to incorporate concrete elements while retaining its
historical significance.
• Cultural and Social Significance: Beyond its architectural aspects, the conserved
building in Lagan Tole likely played a crucial role in the community's social fabric. It might
have been a gathering place, a center of cultural activities, or a venue for local events. Its
architecture and historical associations would have contributed to its cultural significance
within the neighborhood.
• Living Heritage: The building's conservation and continued existence stand as a living
heritage, offering a window into Lagan Tole's past. It encapsulates layers of history, from
the initial blending of architectural styles to the cultural shifts that shaped the area.
Preserving this building allows future generations to connect with the area's rich history.

In summary, the conserved building in Lagan Tole represents more than just physical architecture;
it embodies a dynamic narrative of architectural assimilation, political change, cross-cultural

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influences, and societal shifts. Its preservation maintains a link between the past and present,
enriching the understanding of Lagan Tole's heritage for both locals and visitors alike.

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5.3.3 Architectural and Cultural Importance of Lagan tole
Intricate wood and stone carvings are a hallmark of the Lagan tole. These carvings adorn temples,
palaces, and traditional Newari houses, showcasing the exceptional craftsmanship of the local
artisans.Karunamaya Temple is constructed in Chaitya -Gumbaz style having decorative gateway
or archway that leads into the main chamber of the chaitya. The base is of 8 sides (not exactly
octagonal in shape). Namobuddha is constructed with dacchi appa brick on the exterior facade and
dome shape roof and pinnacle at the top. Dabali is built with traditional telia tiles and decorated
with decorated tiles at the top and bottom all around. Most of the heritage building has traditional
Newari architectural floor plans with Chheli, Matan, Chotta and Baiga with Dhuku kotha at top
floor and load bearing. Most buildings showcase distinctive architectural styles, construction
techniques, and design elements that reflect the cultural and artistic trends of the time when they
were built. These places can become landmarks and serve as valuable examples of architectural
history. Preservation and restoration efforts are often undertaken to maintain their historical and
artistic value.

Mostly Lagan tole has compact planned building built for rental purpose. Some has minimal brick
wall cement plastered façade. New building in modern style are constructed in recent days. N8,
S9, S10 and to the west has inner courtyard. Heritage building S9 and S10 have traditional Newari
Sajhya window.

Lagan tole has a deep connection to the traditions, customs, beliefs, and identity of a Newari
society. It has witnessed important historical events as Seto Machchindranath jatra, celebrations,
rituals, or gatherings that are central to the cultural fabric of the region. It has religious centers,
historical landmarks, ceremonial spaces, and places of artistic expression such as bahal, dabali.
Lagan tole act as the final stop of Seto Machchhindranath Jatra. Seto machchhindranath jatra
circumambulates the shrine of mother of machchhindranath and the tree –Maa Seema, during the
jatra. Hom is carried out during the Gun La parba, the pujaris chants the mantras. No sacrifice of
animal is held by the Buddhists Bajracharyas and Shakyas. Cultural dance performed as Gathu
Pyakha, Sikali Naach in the dabali. Scantum of lord Shiva of Pashupatinath temple is brought there
and worshipped for 7 days just before starting of ghode jatra. Dabali in Lagan tole is designated
place for kumari to sit and watch the seto machhindranath jatra. Lighting butter lamps placed

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around Namobuddha where people offer 108 light which symbolizes providing solace, guidance,
and peace to the departed soul.

Terrace and windows provides a view of arrival of Seto Machchhindranath rath jatra in the
Jaisidewal Street. Lagan tole is a living testament to Nepal's diverse culture, with traditions,
festivals, and rituals celebrated throughout the year. The annual Seto machhindranath jatra festival,
Kumari Jatra, and other cultural events draw both locals and tourists to witness and participate in
the vibrant traditions. The architectural elements and cultural practices reflect the interactions
between various trade routes and the religious beliefs of the people. The region has been a meeting
point for diverse cultural influences.

Due to its cultural and historical importance, there have been ongoing efforts to preserve and
restore the structures in this area. Various organizations, ward and clubs are involved in
maintaining the heritage value of the region.

As a conclusion, the Lagan tole of Kathmandu is not only a physical representation of Nepal's
architectural history but also a living cultural hub that continues to thrive and inspire people with
its rich heritage, traditions, and unique blend of influences.

5.3.4 Significance to the Local Community

The Lagan tole holds significant importance to the local community for a variety of reasons:

Cultural Identity: Lagan tole is a representation of its historical and cultural identity. The local
community takes immense pride in their heritage, and this area's architectural and cultural elements
serve as a reminder of their rich history and traditions.

Social Gathering and Interaction: The open spaces, courtyards, and temples within the Lagan
tole provide spaces for the local community to gather, interact, and celebrate various festivals and
events. These spaces play a crucial role in maintaining social connections and fostering a sense of
belonging.

Religious Practices: Many important religious sites are located in this area, and they hold deep
religious significance for the local community. These sites are not only places of worship but also
centers for spiritual practices as in Lukeko Mahadev, jatras, and festivals that are integral to the
lives of the local people.

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Livelihoods and Economy: Local artisans, craftsmen, and vendors benefit from the influx of
tourists who visit to experience the area's cultural and historical treasures.

Cultural Expression: The Lagan tole serves as a canvas for local artists, performers, and
craftsmen to express their creativity. Traditional art forms, music, dance, and craftsmanship are
showcased here, allowing the local community to pass down their cultural heritage to the next
generations.

Preservation of Traditions: Lagan tole is a living example of the continuity of cultural traditions.
By being in close proximity to these historical sites and cultural practices, the local community is
more likely to engage in preserving and passing down their traditional customs to future
generations.

Community Bonding: Lagan tole is a focal point for various community events, such as festivals,
processions, and cultural performances. Participating in these events fosters a sense of unity,
solidarity, and community bonding among the locals.

Civic Engagement: The preservation and upkeep of Lagan tole often involve the local
community. Residents may be part of initiatives to restore historical structures, organize cultural
events, and ensure the sustainability of the area.

Emotional Connection: For many locals, this area holds personal memories and experiences that
are tied to the historical sites and the surrounding ambiance. These emotional connections
strengthen their ties to their hometown and its cultural heritage.

Sense of Ownership and Responsibility: The local community often plays a crucial role in the
preservation and maintenance of this area's heritage. They feel a sense of ownership and
responsibility towards these historical sites, contributing to their protection and sustainability.

In essence, Lagan tole help in shaping the way of life, social interactions, and sense of belonging.
It’s cultural, religious, and historical significance intertwines with the daily lives of residents,
making it an integral part of their identity and well-being.

5.3.5 Architectural and Infrastructural Inventory

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5.3.6 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING STRUCTURE
5.3.6.1 Karunamaya Temple: An Enclave Of Spiritual Significance
• Introduction

The Karunamaya Temple, also referred to as Aryavartalokeshwora, stands as a venerable

testament to the rich cultural tapestry of Kathmandu. This sacred edifice holds not only historical
significance but also serves as a focal point for religious devotion and communal connection. As
the final stop of the Seto Machchhindranath Jatra, the temple has witnessed the passage of time,
surviving the tremors of the 1990 earthquake and preserving its sanctity for over a century.

• Historical Roots and Location

With its origins entwined with the development of the Sil Khana, the Karunamaya Temple has
stood as a silent witness to the growth and transformation of its surroundings. Situated within the
courtyard of Lagan Chowk, adjacent to Chautara, the temple's presence graces the city's heart. Its
placement in the open air, within the confines of religious compounds, beckons devotees and
visitors alike to seek solace and spiritual connection.

• Assumed Roots in Antiquity

The genesis of the Karunamaya Temple is often traced back to the era of Sil Khana's
construction, mirroring the architectural heritage of that time. Among the four Karunamaya
Temples scattered throughout Kathmandu, the one in Basantapur holds particular significance,
believed to safeguard the city from all cardinal directions. This temple complex embodies not
just physical structure but also metaphysical protection.

• Deep-Seated Cultural Value

The Seto Machchhindranath Jatra finds its culmination at the Karunamaya Temple, creating a
cultural spectacle that circles the shrine of the Mother of Machchhindranath and the revered Maa
Seema tree. This ritualistic circumambulation reflects the interplay of cultural traditions and
spiritual devotion, uniting the community in shared reverence.

• Spiritual Sanctuary

Within the temple's sanctum resides the shrine of the Mother of Machchhindranath, an
embodiment of devotion and worship. This sacred space is believed to hold the Buddha's image,
an iconic PRATIMA that bridges the earthly and spiritual realms. The temple becomes a place of
homage on the day of Aaunsi, where a multitude of individuals gather to honor their departed
loved ones.

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 • Social Nexus

The Karunamaya Temple stands as a beacon of communal worship, weaving the fabric of
collective identity. The Bajracharya Pujari, fulfilling the role of a spiritual custodian, initiates
each day by opening the temple's doors at 8 am. The lighting of butter lamps in the morning and
evening adds a luminous touch to the spiritual ambiance. Local devotees, predominantly the
elders of the community, engage in the sacred act of prayer, offering flowers and scents, forging
a connection with the divine.

• Cultural Communion

The process of worship unfolds as a ritualistic symphony. Devotees engage in a sequence of acts,
commencing with prayers, offerings, the resonating chime of the temple bell, circumambulation
around the temple, and the rhythmic spin of the Khorhloj. This comprehensive spiritual
performance exemplifies the cultural and religious embodiment that the temple represents.

• Chaitya-Gumbaz Style

The Karunamaya Temple's architecture showcases the timeless Chaitya-Gumbaz style,

characterized by the dome-shaped "Caitya." This monumental structure is crowned with a bell-
shaped dome and an intricate finial atop, symbolizing spiritual elevation.

• Intricate Details

The entrance, adorned with a decorative archway, grants passage to the inner sanctum, where
stone inscriptions narrate the tales of Buddhist symbols and teachings. The white-painted
structure embellished with coated metal carvings adds an aura of ethereal beauty.

Structural Symmetry

The temple's foundation, with its octagonal-like base, elevates the shrine both literally and
symbolically. The plinth, raising the structure above the "Hom" level, contributes to its exalted
stature. The Torana, positioned approximately two feet above the Hom level, adds to the temple's
sacred geometry.

• Guardians of Entrance

Two tiger statues, vigilant and majestic, stand as sentinels, welcoming and safeguarding the
temple's entrance. Their presence signifies protection and strength, invoking a sense of reverence
and assurance.

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 • Sculpted Narratives

The temple's aura is enriched by the meticulously carved inscriptions that not only pay homage
to the sacred but also recount the stories of donors and the years of creation. These inscriptions
resonate with historical narratives, connecting past and present.

• Conclusion: Karunamaya Temple

In the heart of Kathmandu, the Karunamaya Temple stands as an eloquent embodiment of

spirituality, culture, and community. From its historical roots to its intricate architecture and the
rituals it hosts, this sacred sanctuary bridges the realms of mortal existence and the divine. As
devotees, both local and visitors, continue to gather under its dome, the temple remains an
enduring testament to the enduring spiritual and cultural heritage of the region.

5.3.6.2 Kritipunya Bajradhatu Mahabihar: Where Heritage and Devotion Converge

• Introduction

In the vibrant tapestry of Lagan Tole, the Kritipunya Bajradhatu Mahabihar stands as a living
testament to Nepal's rich cultural and spiritual heritage. This revered edifice, situated south of
Lagantole, occupies an area of 750 square meters, encompassing not just a temple, but a public
courtyard that serves as a multifaceted social and spiritual hub.

• Architectural Splendor

Kritipunya Bajradhatu Mahabihar is more than just a temple; it is an immersive experience that
extends across its physical boundaries. With its 11 Panchabuddha Chaityas encircling the
periphery, it creates a visual symphony of devotion. The central chaitya, accompanied by the
Machhindranath Temple to the north, anchors the spiritual essence of this hallowed ground.

• Surroundings of Legacy and Modernity

The temple complex is cradled within the embrace of traditional Newari houses, which embody a
legacy spanning generations. The juxtaposition of modern concrete structures reflects the
harmonious coexistence of the past and the present. To the south, the Dewa Aanga, a house of
god, stands as a 150-year-old testament to the spiritual continuity of the area.

• Historical Resonance

The roots of the Kritipunya Bajradhatu Mahabihar dig deep into history, with its courtyard being
established 150 years ago. The Panchabuddha Chaityas, radiating devotion, have adorned this
space for at least a century, bridging the past and the present with unwavering reverence.

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 • Socio-Cultural Lighthouse

Within the tranquil confines of the temple complex, a daily rhythm of devotion resonates.
Nearby residents engage in rituals and worship that have endured through generations,
reaffirming the spiritual connection they share with this sacred space. The courtyard's
multifunctional character extends beyond worship, providing a space for social events and
offering a platform for exercise and sports for the youth.

• Religious Significance

Intertwined with the Seto Machhindranath Temple of Lagantole, the Kritipunya Bajradhatu
Mahabihar holds a special place within the Buddhist community. Its spiritual resonance
transcends the physical structure, serving as a haven for devotion, contemplation, and connection
with the divine.

• Historic Elements and Renewal

The architecture of Kritipunya Bajradhatu Mahabihar serves as a living testament to history.

Terracotta tiles grace the ground, echoing the craftsmanship of yesteryears. The traditional brick
facade of the surrounding buildings showcases an architectural lineage that honors time's
passage. A prominent Mandap offers a ceremonial space for occasions that resonate with
festivity.

• Variety in Unity

The architectural style of Kritipunya Bajradhatu Mahabihar stands as a fusion of form and
devotion. The central courtyard hosts an array of chaityas, each representing the diverse essence
of the Panchabuddha. The flooring, adorned with terracotta tiles, reverberates with historical
significance, while the brick facade of the surrounding buildings pays homage to the
architectural splendor of the Newari heritage.

• Historical Tapestry

The Kritipunya Bajradhatu Mahabihar is a living history book, telling the tales of bygone eras
through its architectural elements and rituals. The chaityas and buildings, with their age-old
presence, bridge the gaps between generations, preserving a legacy of faith and devotion.

• Socio-Cultural Harmony

This sacred abode isn't merely a temple; it's a cultural nexus that fosters unity and camaraderie.
The daily rituals and multifunctional courtyard serve as avenues for spiritual devotion, social
interaction, and youth engagement, embodying the multifaceted nature of community life.

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 • Conclusion

Kritipunya Bajradhatu Mahabihar, nestled within the vibrant heart of Lagan Tole, serves as a
living testament to Nepal's rich heritage. Its architectural splendor, intertwined with spiritual
resonance, creates a space that transcends time and offers solace to the seekers and devotion to
the faithful. As local residents continue to weave their lives around its essence, the Mahabihar
remains an eternal beacon of unity, faith, and cultural continuity.

5.3.6.3 Kritipunya Mahabihar: A Tapestry of History, Culture, and Spirituality

• Inroduction

Nestled prominently in the vibrant heart of Lagan, the Kritipunya Mahabihar stands as a
testament to Nepal's rich architectural and cultural heritage. Located in front of the revered
Panchabuddha Temple, this sacred enclave reflects a synthesis of private devotion, communal
space, and intricate architectural craftsmanship.

• An Intriguing Locale

The Kritipunya Mahabihar claims its place within a public courtyard, while harboring the
intimate essence of the Shakya family. Encircled by the dignified presence of five Panchabuddha
Chaityas on each side, it radiates an aura of sanctity and serenity. The temple is further embraced
by two traditional Newari houses, offering a captivating blend of heritage and modernity.

• Architectural Elegance and Historical Roots

With foundations that span a century, the Kritipunya Mahabihar and its accompanying traditional
Newari buildings emerge from the late Malla architectural lineage. Serving as a tribute to the
Shakya lineage, the two traditional Newari buildings were erected to commemorate the Kul Puja
of the Shakya family. Remarkably, the reconstruction of the northern traditional building resulted
in the addition of a new floor, marking a transition from the past to the present.

• Private Temple's Grandeur

The private temple within the Mahabihar stands as a paragon of pagoda-style architecture. The
single-tiered roof crowns a square base supported by timber beams and columns. The entrance
doors are intricately carved, a tribute to the woodworking craftsmanship of the era. A gilded
Gajur, resplendent and regal, graces the zenith of the temple, paying homage to its spiritual
essence.

• The Traditional Newari Buildings

The traditional Newari buildings present a visual narrative of history. The northern building, a
three-story structure, mirrors the splendor of Newari architecture. Its southern counterpart stands

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tall at four stories, crowned with Gajhya and Ankhi Jhya – exquisite elements that add an air of
mystique and tradition.

• Historical Resonance

With an age surpassing a century, the temple and the adjacent traditional buildings serve as time
capsules, preserving the essence of generations long past. Their architectural beauty and
historical significance intermingle to offer a glimpse into the rich past of the Shakya lineage.

• Socio-Cultural Significance

The Mahabihar nurtured the establishment of Sansthan (Nimbarey Khala), a congregation of

twenty Jwan Shakyas. The private temple within is a testament to their devotion, established
collectively by these twenty souls. Among them, fifteen are Nimbarey and five are Thaipya, with
one distinguished figure known as "Muthaipya." The temple remains open for worship by people
of various castes; however, they are restricted from entering its inner sanctum. Even women and
girls from the Shakya family are not allowed to witness the sacred rituals within.

• Religious Reverberations

The Mahabihar pulsates with religious fervor during festivals like Baisakh Purnima and Faghu
Purnima. The temple is a sanctuary for daily devotion, meticulously attended to four times a day
by the twenty Jwan Shakyas. The rituals encompass a variety of acts, from "Mukh Dhuney"
(purification) in the morning to "Batti Diney" (offering light) in the evening, weaving a tapestry
of devotion and discipline.

• Architectural Heritage

The Kritipunya Mahabihar encapsulates the architectural brilliance of the Late Malla period. A
quintessential example of Newari pagoda-style architecture, it stands as a living testament to a
bygone era's artistry and ingenuity.

• Conclusion

The Kritipunya Mahabihar stands as a bridge connecting history, culture, and spirituality. Its
intricate architecture, rich historical significance, and cultural value weave together a tapestry
that transcends time. The private temple, traditional buildings, and the ceremonies that unfold
within their walls embody a living legacy that continues to resonate within the hearts of the
Shakya community and all those who encounter this sacred abode.

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5.3.6.4 Namobuddha: A Sanctuary of Peace and Devotion
• Introduction

In the northeastern corner of Lagan Tole lies a spiritual haven known as Namobuddha, a
resplendent monument that radiates tranquility and reverence. Also referred to as Namra Vagwan
Temple, this sacred site is a testament to Nepal's rich religious tapestry. Nestled amidst the
bustling energy of the city, Namobuddha stands as a beacon of serenity and devotion.

• Monument of Reverence

Namobuddha, synonymous with Namra Vagwan Temple, occupies a poignant place within the
hearts of devotees. It is strategically positioned to face the southern orientation, an embodiment
of homage to the sun's life-giving energy. Encircled by the historical Sil Khana on the east and
bordered by roads on three sides, this monument resonates with an aura of reverence and
sanctity.

• Historical Context and Architecture

With roots stretching back over a century, Namobuddha stands as a testament to time's enduring
influence. It beckons those who may not have had the privilege to journey to the revered
Namobuddha Twareba. Constructed with traditional brick facades and crowned with a dome-
shaped roof, the monument's architectural splendor is complemented by its sacred significance.

• Recent Renovation

In recent times, the monument has undergone a transformation, rekindling its spiritual essence.
Its boundaries are marked by 108 butter lamps, which find rest upon the embrace of iron fences
that stand at a height of 2 feet 6 inches. This renewal breathes new life into the monument's
surroundings, reinvigorating its role as a place of worship and solace.

• Current Usage and Rituals

As the sun rises and sets, a symphony of devotion unfolds at Namobuddha. Local residents
engage in daily worship, a practice that illuminates the monument's significance in their lives.
The act of worship extends to the lighting of 108 butter lamps, a poignant gesture that honors the
memories of departed souls, offering them solace, light, and guidance on their journey beyond.

• Chaitya Style

Namobuddha stands as a living embodiment of the Chaitya style, rooted in traditional

architectural forms. The monument's framework is meticulously crafted with Dachi Appa bricks,
each layer woven into a narrative of spiritual dedication. Its crowning glory is the dome-shaped
roof, culminating in a pinnacle that reaches towards the heavens.

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 • Historical Legacy

With more than a century of existence, Namobuddha bears witness to the passage of time,
serving as a testament to continuity and reverence. It stands as a living link to generations that
have sought solace and spirituality in its embrace.

• Socio-Cultural Significance

Namobuddha holds a special place in the hearts of local residents who converge to honor the
teachings of Buddha. The practice of circumambulation and the lighting of 108 butter lamps
resonate with the collective heartbeat of the community. It offers solace, guidance, and peace to
both the living and the souls departed.

• Conclusion

Namobuddha, nestled within the heart of Lagan Tole, transcends its architectural beauty to
embody a spiritual sanctuary. With its historical legacy, cultural resonance, and spiritual
importance, it stands as a testament to devotion's enduring power. As local residents continue to
gather in its embrace, Namobuddha remains an eternal source of solace, guidance, and tranquility
in a world that constantly evolves.

5.3.6.5 Shreemati Mandir: A Place of Devotion and Community

• Introduction

Located at the southern edge of Lagan Tole, the Shreemati Mandir stands as a revered monument
that bridges the spiritual and social aspects of Nepalese culture. A symbol of collective worship
and community bonding, this temple resonates with the hearts of the local inhabitants.

• Socio-Cultural Significance

The Shreemati Mandir occupies a central place in the daily lives of the community members. It
serves as a focal point for daily worship, drawing people together in shared reverence. Birthdays
are marked by worship, a ritual that embodies gratitude, blessings, and a sense of belonging.
Situated at the junction of Teku, the temple experiences heightened traffic during the morning
worship hours, as a testament to its profound importance.

i. Lukeko Mahadev : A Beacon of Spiritual Fulfillment

• Introduction

Nestled at the heart of Lagan Tole, Lukeko Mahadev is a public monument that carries within its
three stone structures a profound spiritual significance. Its history, rituals, and architectural
essence weave together a tale of devotion and community bonding.

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• Embracing the Past: Historical Threads

The history of Lukeko Mahadev is a story of preservation and rediscovery. Covered by mud in
the past, the monument required diligent effort to reveal its presence, a symbol of devotion that
transcends time.

• Value and Rituals

Lukeko Mahadev, known for its triadic stone structures, is a place of worship for those seeking
improved health. The pujari prepares Malajha, a ritualistic offering, specifically for children with
speaking disabilities. The sacred Malajha is believed to hold the power to cure various ailments,
infusing children with strength and vitality.

• Guarded by Tradition: Architectural Embrace

The site is not merely a physical structure; it is a space of reverence protected by balusters
forming a half-circle around Mahadev. These stone elements serve as guardians of the
monument, embodying tradition and spirituality.

5.3.7 Dabali: Where Traditions Unfold

• Introduction

Situated to the north of Lagan Tole, Dabali is a public space with a rectangular shape that
resonates with cultural, social, and economic significance. As a designated place for Kumari to
witness the Seto Machhindranath Jatra, it holds the footprints of tradition and celebration.

• Historical Threads

Dabali has witnessed centuries of tradition, serving as the designated seat for Kumari to observe
the Seto Machhindranath Jatra. It holds an essential role during the event, marked by the ignition
of gunpowder by the Guruju Ko Paltan from Hanumandhoka. This act is performed twice during
the event, signifying its beginning and end.

• A Nexus of Ritual and Festivity

Dabali isn't just an architectural space; it's a cultural nexus. The center of the four wheels aligns
with the mandap in front of Dabali, signaling the culmination of the Seto Machhindranath Jatra.
This space is now undergoing reconstruction, and it offers a place for rest. Once restored, it will
continue to be a platform for various programs, from blood donation events to club gatherings.

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• An Epitome of Values: Cultural, Social, and Economic

Dabali is an embodiment of cultural dances and rituals. Gathu Pyakha and Sikali Naach find their
expression on this platform. Additionally, the Scantum of Lord Shiva from Pashupatinath
Temple is worshipped here, enriching the cultural tapestry of the space.

• Strengthening Bonds: Social Nexus

Dabali serves as a space for making important announcements and social gatherings. The
platform also doubles as a place for sunbathing during the winter, bringing families together to
celebrate festivities and forge stronger connections.

• A Flourishing Economy: Economic Catalyst

During festivals, Dabali becomes a hub of commercial activities. Traditional clothes, food items,
and religious artifacts are sold, enriching local artisans and contributing to the local economy.
The influx of vendors and visitors adds vibrancy and economic vitality to the area.

• Architectural Gem of Heritage

Dabali is not just a space; it's an architectural testament. It stands as an exemplar of the Late
Malla period, echoing the architectural brilliance of the era while intertwining with the cultural
and social essence of the community.

• Conclusion

These monuments, whether standing as centers of worship, cultural expressions, or social

convergence, are threads that weave the fabric of Lagan Tole's history, spirituality, and cultural
vitality. Each stone, each tradition, and each act of reverence stands as a testament to the
enduring values that shape the collective identity of the community, drawing a timeless
connection between the past, present, and future.

5.3.7.1 N4: A Timeless Dwelling with Cultural Echoes

• Introduction

Standing with the dignity of time, N4 holds within its walls a history of generations, architectural
heritage, and communal interactions. Owned by Raghubar Rajbhandari (71) and Prawabati
Rajbhandari (66), this residence has witnessed the flow of time for nearly two centuries. Located
at the northern side, it gazes upon the Lagan Tole Chautari, offering a front-row view of the Seto
Machchhindranath Rath Jatra.

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• Historical Roots

Built around two centuries ago, N4 stands as a living chronicle of the past. The proud ownership
of Raghubar and Prawabati Rajbhandari carries forward the legacy that binds generations.

• The Architectural Grace of Tradition

N4 is a testament to the revered Newari architectural style. The ground floor serves as a
commercial space, while the four floors above cradle the residential sanctuaries. Traditional
louvered windows frame vistas of the Seto Machchhindranath Rath Jatra, weaving the essence of
devotion and festivity into the very fabric of the residence.

• Structural Elements

The building echoes with the craftsmanship of load-bearing construction, its façade adorned with
cement plaster. Steel column pipes on the first floor and wooden posts on the fourth and fifth
floors support this abode. Wooden beams bear the weight of history, while the compact layout is
ingeniously designed to accommodate multiple families. The interiors and exteriors remain
unpainted, allowing time to leave its mark.

• Architectural Features

A traditional staircase with a horizontal door reflects the architectural intricacies. The floor
height, approximately 5 feet 6 inches, nurtures a sense of intimacy. A Dhukuti-like structure
finds its place, providing a shelter for the revered Kul Deuta in the main room.

• Present Day Functions

The ground floor now houses a tea shop and a mobile shop, adding a contemporary layer to its
historical fabric. However, the building stands in a vulnerable state, quivering in response to
passing vehicles. Beams bear cracks and decay, a testament to the passage of time.

• Challenges and Transformation

The western side lacks a wall due to the construction of a new building, while the floor structure
stands uneven. Rainwater and kitchen drainage are channeled to the back of the house in Shagal.
The aftermath of the 2015 earthquake left its imprint, rendering the first and second floors
unused and causing damage to the rear rooms.

• Cultural Embrace

Intangible cultural value radiates from N4, offering a prime spot to relish Jatras and cultural
activities flourishing in Lagan Tole. It has become a hub for experiencing the vibrancy of local
traditions.

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• Community Gathering and Communion

N4 holds a special place in the hearts of taxi drivers, serving as a social gathering space. It
generously hosts visitors seeking to partake in the essence of Jatras, fostering connections and
shared experiences.

• Architectural Resonance

N4 doesn't just stand as a structure; it echoes with architectural significance. Traditional Newari
style floor plans and construction techniques are preserved within its walls, standing as a living
specimen of a heritage that transcends eras.

• Conclusion: N4

N4, with its architectural elegance and historical lineage, carries within its walls the stories of
generations, the echoes of devotion, and the bonds of community. As it stands at the threshold of
past and present, it remains a space where culture, heritage, and the joys of communal
interactions harmoniously intertwine.

5.3.7.2 N8: A Testament to Residential Ingenuity

• Introduction

Embedded in the fabric of time, N8 stands as a living relic from the era before the 1990
earthquake. Its historical lineage embraces the essence of a rental building system, offering a
purely residential haven. Positioned in front of Dabali, facing Jaisidewal Street, N8 has
witnessed the ebb and flow of life in Lagan Tole.

A Glimpse into the Past: Pre-Earthquake Era

Constructed before the 1990 earthquake, N8 carries within its walls the whispers of a bygone era.
A testament to resilience, this building once operated within the rental building system,
accommodating lives and stories that have intertwined with its architecture.

• Architectural Style

N8 emerges as a symphony of architectural elegance. With its four-and-a-half stories, it

embodies a load-bearing system, showcasing minimal brick walls and cement-plastered façades.
This compact haven, designed exclusively for rental purposes, wears its unpainted interiors and
exteriors as a testament to the passage of time.

• Design Elements

Six wooden windows, adorned with white paint, grace the façade, casting a timeless charm. The
door height, standing at 5 feet, embraces a sense of intimacy. The narrow staircase, merely 2 feet

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wide, and the slender entrance, also 2 feet wide, are architectural details that narrate the
practicality of a bygone era. Floor height approximating 7 feet carves an ambiance of coziness.
The terrace finds shelter under CGI sheets, supported by iron framings, protecting it from rain's
embrace.

• Exterior and Interior Expression

The façade, stripped of plaster, is veiled under a layer of dust and grime, carrying the marks of
time. Faded-out plasters, both interior and exterior, stand as silent witnesses to the passage of
countless days. The staircase, once independent, now relies on iron supports post-earthquake.

• Visible Imprints of Time

Visible earthquake cracks, once harbingers of catastrophe, are now mended with the cement
mortar's touch. Rainwater drainage, a lifeline for the building, directly converges with the street
drainage. Amidst this history-laden ambiance, the chibaha stands, bridging the space between
parked bikes.

A Triad of Values: Culture, Community, and Space

• Cultural Whispers

The terrace and windows of N8 transform into vantage points, offering a front-row view of the
majestic Seto Machchhindranath Rath Jatra's arrival along Jaisidewal Street. Here, culture and
festivity intertwine in a symphony of sights and sounds.

• Community Connection

N8 isn't just a residence; it's a living space that has fostered a sense of community. Nearby
traders and vendors find solace in residing near their work areas, creating a unique bond between
livelihood and living space.

• Conclusion: N8

N8, with its historical roots, architectural allure, and communal bonds, isn't merely a building;
it's a story. It stands as a silent narrator of generations past, embodying the essence of a bygone
era while seamlessly intertwining with the rhythm of contemporary existence.

5.3.7.3 S1: A Living Chronicle of Time and Architectural Splendor

• Introduction

Nestled within the fabric of history, S1 stands as an enigmatic monument to the eras it has seen
unfold. Estimated to be over a century old and predating the seismic shift of 1990, this building

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encapsulates the essence of time itself. With its four stories, it becomes a multi-layered vessel,
holding within it the echoes of lives and events long past.

• Current Utilization and Vertical Tales

S1's ground floor serves as a vibrant hub of activity, housing bustling fruit shops where vibrant
produce catches the light. Ascend the stairwell to the upper floors, and you'll find silent
chambers, waiting to be animated by the stories of future inhabitants. Four stories in height, S1 is
a vertical narrative of existence.

• A Fusion of Materials and Aesthetic Vision

Its construction reveals an artful amalgamation of materials. Brick forms the robust foundation,
dressed in a coat of cement plaster that hints at the passage of years. Within its embrace, the
architectural motifs seamlessly blend tradition with neo-classical nuances. Here, wooden joists
and floors stand as an homage to craftsmanship, while wooden windows, iron grills, and delicate
cornices are the brushstrokes that paint a visual ode to history.

• Steeling Against Calamity: The Earthquake of 2015

The earthquake of 2015 was a test of S1's mettle, a challenge it met with unwavering fortitude.
Though its facade now bears the scars of seismic unrest in the form of intricate cracks, they
merely trace the surface and do not mar its enduring spirit. The earthquake was a mere chapter in
S1's chronicle, a testament to its resilience.

• Unveiling the Exterior's Narrative

The exterior tells a story of its own, the mottled plaster peeling back to reveal the layers beneath.
Each crack etched upon its surface is a testament to its journey, a silent testimony to seismic
forces and the passage of countless days. The once-vibrant wooden elements now exhibit the
grace of age, carrying with them an air of quiet dignity.

• A Glimpse Behind Closed Doors

Stepping across the threshold, you enter a realm untouched by modern renovation endeavors.
The interior retains its original character, a reflection of the belief that the building itself is a
guardian of time. As if in harmony, the structure has stood strong, a living embodiment of
endurance and stability.

• Stability in Shoring and the Art of Care

After the earthquake's echoes faded, the facade was reinforced with shoring—a gentle reminder
of the building's fragility and the care bestowed upon it. In each shoring support, one can discern
a commitment to preserving history and heritage.

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• An Inhabitant's Insight

Curious about life within S1, one of its occupants shared their perspective. They spoke of a
connection that transcends the material realm—a symbiosis with nature, a refuge in the embrace
of wooden elements, and an unparalleled comfort arising from the thickness of the walls. This is
a dwelling where temperature dances in harmony with the rhythms of life.

• Conclusion:

S1 isn't just a building; it's a living symphony of eras gone by and timeless elegance. It carries
not just stories, but the essence of moments frozen in time. A testament to both history and
strength, S1 invites us to understand that within each edifice resides a narrative—a rich tapestry
woven from threads of history, the present, and the enigma of what lies ahead.

5.3.7.4 S5: A Testament of Shakyas' Residency and Heritage

• Introduction

Situated on the southern fringe of Lagan Tole, S5 stands as a monument to the Shakyas' legacy, a
testimony to a community's history and aspirations. This four-story residential building, erected
post the 1990 earthquake, holds within its walls a narrative of change, resilience, and
architectural essence.

• Historical Context

Built by the Guthi of Shakyas, S5 emerges as a reflection of community values and aspirations.
Its origins trace back to a period when the entire building was offered for rent, a bustling haven
where lives intertwined. However, the tides of time and the seismic tremors of 2015 left their
imprints, forever altering the fate of this residence.

• Architectural Style

S5 unfolds in the Neo-Classical architectural style, a testament to the fusion of history and
modernity. The building boasts nine Neo-Classical windows adorned with cornices, each a
gateway to both tradition and evolution. The ivory-hued paint that graces its interior and exterior
signifies not just color but the very essence of a space where life once thrived.

• Present Echoes: A Glimpse into Today

S5, once a vibrant abode, now stands in a state of disrepair. The earthquake of 2015 took its toll,
rendering the upper floors unsafe for habitation. Today, the ground floor serves a humble
purpose, housing a storage for gas. The roof, marred by leakage, bears the scars of time's
passage.

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• Awaiting Transformation: A Story of Neglect

After the earthquake of 2015, no concerted efforts were made to restore S5 to its former glory.
The Guthi members, custodians of its history, are left with a sense of resignation, waiting for the
building to reclaim its fate. A building that once stood as a cornerstone of life and livelihood is
now poised on the precipice of collapse.

• Rent and Usage

Amidst the dilapidation, the building continues to hold a place in the modern world. It fetches a
monthly rent of 10,000 Nepalese Rupees, a stark contrast to its past vibrancy. The echoes of life
that once filled its corridors now resonate in the commercial aspect, a poignant reminder of
change and adaptation.

• Values of History and Heritage

S5 isn't just a structure; it's a piece of the Shakyas' heritage, a living testament to their identity
and history. It embodies their journey through time, narrating tales of resilience and
transformation.

• Conclusion: A Building Between Two Worlds

S5 stands as a bridge between the past and the present, an emblem of transformation and
adaptation. It speaks of a community's aspirations, the evolution of architectural styles, and the
resilience of a monument through time. As it stands in the shadows of change, it embodies the
stories of generations and the dynamic spirit of heritage.

5.3.7.5 S6: A Silent Witness of Time and Transition

• Introduction

Standing proudly in the heart of Lagan Tole, S6 serves as a steadfast observer of the passage of
generations and the changing tides of history. This six-story edifice, known as a silent sentinel,
has weathered the trials of time and the seismic tremors of 1990, harboring stories spanning well
over a century.

• Historical Tapestry

Built prior to the 1990 earthquake, S6 has witnessed the ebb and flow of more than a generation.
Starting as a modest three-storied structure, it evolved vertically over time, adapting to the
diverse needs of its inhabitants. These walls resonate with echoes of lives lived, weaving
together to form its unique identity and historical significance.

• Architectural Symphony of the Ages

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S6 stands as an exquisite fusion of architectural styles, embodying the essence of both Lagan
Tole's past and present. Neo-Classical fluted Ionic columns grace the ground floor, while Doric
columns adorn the second floor. Lime plastered surfaces, wooden joists, floors, green windows,
iron grills, and cornices contribute to a narrative of enduring craftsmanship and timeless
elegance. Arched windows on the first floor and sloped roofs atop the second, fourth, and fifth
floors harmonize to create an architectural symphony.

• Present Echoes: A Glimpse into Today

The current state of S6 reflects the marks of time's passage and seismic disturbances. Cracks etch
the exterior, while peeling plaster and decaying wooden elements bear witness to seismic
upheavals. Once inhabited, the building now stands empty and locked, with its untold stories
waiting to be unveiled.

• Historical Legacy

Beyond its physical form, S6 serves as a living time capsule, encapsulating the architectural and
cultural heritage of Lagan Tole. Its journey across the ages mirrors the evolution of design,
purpose, and the continuity of generations.

• Legacy of Transition

As the upper floors await potential transformation or even demolition, S6 mirrors the ever-
changing face of Lagan Tole. Its fate underscores the delicate equilibrium between preservation
and progress, embodying the choices individuals make within a dynamic landscape.

• Conclusion

S6 stands as an eloquent embodiment of Lagan Tole's living history. Its walls bear not only
bricks and plaster, but also the intertwined stories of generations, architectural aesthetics, and the
rhythm of change. It serves as a poignant reminder that within each structure, a narrative
unfolds—a tapestry woven from the threads of the past, present, and an uncharted future.

5.3.7.6 S9: A Silent Sentinel of Time and Transition

• Introduction

In the heart of Lagan Tole, a monument stands as a silent witness to the ebb and flow of
generations, a sentinel of history's passage. S9, a six-story building, has weathered time,
transformations, and the seismic tremors of 1990, carrying within its walls a narrative that spans
more than a century.

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• Historical Tapestry

Constructed before the 1990 earthquake, S9 has seen more than a generation pass through its
halls. What began as a modest three-storied structure expanded vertically over time, embracing
the ever-changing needs of its occupants. Within these walls, echoes of lives lived intertwine,
shaping its identity and significance.

• Architectural Symphony of the Ages

S9 stands as a harmonious blend of architectural styles, an emblem of Lagan Tole's past and
present. The ground floor boasts Neo-Classical fluted Ionic columns, while Doric columns grace
the second floor. Lime plastered surfaces, wooden joists, floors, green windows, iron grills,
cornices—each element weaves a story of craftsmanship and timeless elegance. Arches grace the
first-floor windows, while sloped roofs crown the second, fourth, and fifth-floor windows,
creating a symphony of architectural elements.

• Present Echoes: A Glimpse into Today

Today, S9 bears the scars of time and tremors. Exterior cracks, peeling plaster, decaying wooden
struts—the marks of seismic upheavals—are etched on its façade. Though it once held lives
within its walls, it now stands locked and vacant, its stories waiting to be told.

• Historical Legacy

S9 is more than just a building; it's a time capsule, encapsulating the architectural and cultural
heritage of Lagan Tole. Its journey through time reflects the evolution of design, function, and
the passage of generations.

• Legacy of Transition

As the upper floors await transformation and possibly demolition, S9 is a microcosm of Lagan
Tole's ever-evolving landscape. Its potential dismantling not only speaks of individual choices
but also illustrates the delicate balance between preservation and progress.

• Conclusion: A Monument to Evolution

S9 is a testament to the living history of Lagan Tole. Its walls hold more than bricks and plaster;
they cradle stories of generations, architectural aesthetics, and the rhythm of change. S9 stands as
a poignant reminder that in every structure, there exists a narrative—a tapestry of past, present,
and the uncharted future.

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5.3.7.7 S10: The Tale of Timeless Elegance and Sustainable Living
• Introduction

Nestled in the southern expanse of Lagan Tole lies a monument that transcends time—a silent
tribute to sustainable living and architectural heritage. S10, standing for over a century, embodies
the spirit of evolution, sustainability, and aesthetic charm.

• Historical Canvas

Born before the seismic echoes of 1990, S10 stands as a testament to generations past and a
blueprint for generations to come. It began as a humble three-story structure, later embracing the
sky with the addition of new floors, a tribute to adaptability and evolving needs.

• An Architectural Symphony

S10 marries tradition with innovation, resonating with Neo-Classical fluted columns. The lower
half, adorned in exposed brick, speaks of the original structure, while the upper half, dressed in
lime plaster, adds a touch of grandeur. Wooden joists and floors, wooden windows, iron grills,
and ornate cornices come together in a symphony of craftsmanship. A nod to classical
architecture, pilasters punctuate the façade, creating an illusion of supporting columns, blending
ornamentation with function.

• Current State and Usage

Today, S10 stands as a harmonious coexistence of heritage and modernity. The ground floor,
now a clothing shop, resonates with commerce. The upper floors, a haven for the owner and
seventeen family members, are a living testimony to the passage of time and the adaptability of
spaces.

• Echoes of Aesthetic Splendor

S10 exemplifies the aesthetic appeal of traditional architecture, a source of visual delight. Its
intricate detailing, craftsmanship, and overall beauty enhance Lagan Tole's aura, blending history
with the present.

• Legacy of Sustainability

Beyond aesthetics, S10 showcases the art of sustainable living. Its longevity and evolving
functionality underscore the importance of adaptable design and harmonious coexistence with
the environment.

• Conclusion

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S10 isn't just a building; it's a living testament to tradition, innovation, and sustainable living. As
it stands, it weaves stories of generations, adaptation, and architectural artistry. Its walls bear
witness to the rhythm of time, showcasing that within every structure lies a narrative—a
narrative of evolution, legacy, and the enduring charm of Lagan Tole.

5.3.8 Assessment of Architectural Elements and Materials

The Newari people, an indigenous
ethnic group of the valley, have
developed distinctive architectural
styles that reflect their rich culture,
history, and craftsmanship. Here's an
assessment of the architectural elements
and materials found in Lagan tole:

• Architectural Elements:
• Courtyards (Bahals) and Public
Spaces: Buildings typically have
inner courtyards as in S9, S10 and
patios that serve as open spaces for
family gatherings, social activities, Figure 64 South building showing wooden windows and door

and rituals. Lagan tole feature intricately designed courtyards (bahals) that serve as
communal gathering spaces. These courtyards are adorned with sculptures, carvings, and
religious symbols, creating a serene atmosphere for social interaction and festivities.
• Wood Carvings: Wood is a prominent material in Newari architecture, and intricate wood
carvings are a hallmark of their buildings. These carvings adorn windows, doors, balconies,
eaves, and pillars. The carvings often depict religious motifs, deities, mythical creatures, and
floral patterns. The level of detail and craftsmanship in these carvings is exceptional and adds
a unique aesthetic. Wood carvings in Lagan tole can be found in sajhya, gajhya windows of
monument buildings.
• Window Designs: Newari windows are known for their distinctive designs, which include
lattice-like wooden screens and beautifully carved frames. These windows serve both
aesthetic and functional purposes, allowing ventilation while maintaining privacy.

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• Struts and Brackets: Wooden struts and brackets support the projecting eaves of
monumental buildings. These elements are intricately carved and play a vital role in both
structural support and aesthetic enhancement.
• Stone Masonry: Stone masonry is used in the construction of foundations, walls, and
structures. Stone carvings, often depicting deities and symbols, are integrated into temple
walls and doorways.
• Shikhara-style Temples: Temples often feature multi-tiered shikhara-style architecture,
characterized by steeply rising towers adorned with carvings and sculptures. These temples
have ornate facades and exhibit a fusion of Hindu and Buddhist design elements.
• Plastered Facades: Many buildings in Lagan tole have plastered facades, often decorated
with decorative reliefs or carved plaster designs. The plastering process is an art in itself,
requiring precision and skill.
• Wooden Struts (Kanji Ghar): Wooden struts, or "kanji ghar," are sloping supports
commonly seen in Newari architecture. They serve both functional and decorative purposes,
supporting upper floors and adding architectural interest.
• Materials:
• Wood: Wood, particularly from indigenous species like Sal, is a primary building material.
It is used for structural elements, carvings, doors, windows, and other decorative features.
• Brick: Traditional brick are prevalent in building of this area. Brick is used for walls and
structures, while plaster are applied for finishing.
• Stone: Local stone is used for foundations of temples, walls, and paving. Intricately carved
stone sculptures and decorations are also common in Newari architecture.
• Terracotta Tiles: Ornate terracotta tiles are often used for roofing and adding decorative
elements to monument buildings. These tiles can be seen on rooftops. They are sometimes
intricately carved or painted with geometric and floral designs.
• Metalwork: Metalwork, including brass and copper, is used for crafting decorative elements,
such as door knockers, window grilles, and religious artifacts. These metalwork pieces often
have intricate designs and motifs.
• The architectural elements and materials in Lagan tole reflect a harmonious blend of artistry,
culture, and functionality. These features not only contribute to the aesthetic beauty of the

90
 toles but also reflect the Newar people's deep-rooted connection to their heritage and their
ability to adapt to the local environment and conditions.

5.3.9 Overview of infrastructure system

• Water supply
The Melamchi Water supply has been successfully implemented. To address potential water
shortages, local clubs have contributed by installing water storage tanks. Additionally, an
underground water tank has been positioned beneath the chained area, enhancing water availability
and ensuring efficient distribution within the community.

• Sewerage management
An underground pipe system efficiently transports household sewage to public sewer mains.
• Waste management
In Lagan Tole, the collection of local waste, including refuse from the informal market and
households, takes place near the parking area. A segregation process distinguishes between
biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste. The degradable waste is gathered daily by a mini
garbage truck. Non-biodegradable waste undergoes recycling and reutilization after collection.

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5.3.10 Site & surroundings

Figure 65 Major Landmarks of site

5.3.11 Space & planning

Lagan Tole features a space that encompasses a central courtyard, adorned with a chautara and a
temple. The area is complemented by mixed-use buildings, adding a dynamic urban aspect, while
a traditional dabali further enriches the cultural and functional character of the place.

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Figure 66: Circulation of Rath

5.3.11.1 Temples & Shrines

a. Karunamayay- Mother of Machhindranath:
The Karunamayay Temple holds the sacred shrine of Machchhindranath's mother and plays a
central role in the Seto Machchhindranath Jatra, where the deity is circumambulated. The Pujari
oversees daily rituals here, and people circulate the shrine clockwise. It's open daily for puja, with
the elderly often performing the Grahashanti ritual.

b. Nasal Mandir- Nasa Dewa:

Nasal Mandir holds cultural significance with rituals like "Vaguti" on Diwali and Astami,
involving buffalo sacrifice by the priest. The temple is undergoing renovation supervised by the
local ward. During "Vaguti," a Guthi operates a bhoj and utilizes the temple for electricity storage.

93
A Newar music group performs in front of the Nasal deity, followed by a ritualistic journey to
Swayambhunath lasting a month.

c. Panchabuddha Mandir
The Panchabuddha Mandir stands opposite the Kritipunya Bajradhatu Chaitya Mahabihar,
featuring a central Dhyani Buddha encircled by four peripheral Buddha statues.

d. Shrimati mandir:
The Shrimati Mandir holds a special significance as a place of worship dedicated to seeking relief
from fever. Devotees visit this temple with the belief that their prayers and rituals performed here
will help alleviate the condition of fever. It serves as a spiritual sanctuary where individuals seek
divine intervention for healing and well-being.

e. Lukeko mahadev:
At the Lukeko Mahadev shrine, the pujari (priest) prepares a special food called Malajha, intended
to nourish children with speech disabilities. This traditional practice is rooted in the belief that
Malajha not only aids in curing various ailments but also contributes to the overall strength and
well-being of these children. The shrine serves as a cultural and healing space where this unique
preparation holds significance for the community's children with special needs.

f. Kritipunya Bajradhatu Chaitya Mahabihar:

The Kritipunya Bajradhatu Chaitya Mahabihar holds a statue of Mahakaal Bhairab at its porch,
signifying Grahadasaa shanti rituals. This sacred site hosts ceremonies such as Bratabandha and
Chudakarma for the Shakya and Bajracharya communities. Additionally, the place serves as a
venue for Bhoj rituals, contributing to its spiritual and cultural significance.

g. Namobuddha Mandir
The Namobuddha Temple is frequented by those unable to visit Namobuddha itself. Here, the act
of Twareba involves lighting 108 butter lamps. This ritual symbolizes providing solace, guidance,
and peace to departed souls. It's a gesture of respect and remembrance, offering a guiding light for
their journey beyond. This practice honors their memory and pays homage to their souls in a
meaningful way.

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 Figure 69 Lukeko Mahadev Figure 68 Kritipunya Figure 67 Namobuddha
Figure 70 Shrimati mandir
Bajradhatu Mahabihar

Figure 72 Nasal mandir Figure 73 Karunamaya mandir

Figure 71 Panchabuddha mandir

Figure 75 Silkhana building before earthquake. Figure 74 Silkhana present state

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5.3.11.2 Sil khana
The "Sil-khana," or Arms Store, located in Lagan, holds historical significance. It was the site
where Bhimsen Thapa tragically took his own life. This event has lent an aura of haunting to the
building, according to accounts, as cited by Mohan Shakya.

5.3.11.3 Dabali
A "dabali" in Lagan Tole serves as a designated spot for Kumari, allowing her to observe the Seto
Machhindranath Jatra. During the festival, gunpowder is ignited twice by the 'Guruju ko Paltan'
from Hanumandhoka, near the Dabali area. This ignition occurs once after bringing the chariot to
Lagan, symbolizing the start, and again after three chariot rotations, signifying the conclusion of
the event. The alignment of the chariot's four wheels with the mandap in front of the Dabali marks
the end of the Seto Machhindranath Jatra, known as Yayaki.

Cultural practices: Chariot Dabali

Chariot
Wheels Mandap Wheels
• Gathu pyakha: (Cultural dance performed
by Mali community in every 12 years)

• Sikali Naach: (Newa people from

Khokana perform cultural dance)

• Scantum of Lord Shiva of Pashupatinath

Temple is brought there and worshipped Figure 76 Alignment of Chariot wheels
for 7 days just before starting of Ghode
Jatra

Myths/faith:

Machhindranath is believed to look happy when visiting his mother and sad while departing from
his mother during the end of jatra

After bringing the rath from hanumandhoka, the rath rests above mandap facing the east direction,
as the daughter should face the Shrine of Mother (of machhindranath) which is facing towards
west direction.

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5.3.11.4 Chautara:
The chautara in Lagan Tole underwent modifications around 5 to 6
years ago, overseen by the club members. Despite an old tree
falling, a new one was planted to replace it. Notably, a Rudrakshya
tree was also planted by a local devotee. This space holds
significance as a gathering point for spectators during the Rath Jatra,
where the rath (chariot) circumambulates it three times, passing the
shrine of Machhindranath's mother. Originally enjoyed by the
Ranas for bullfighting, today it is mostly utilized by the youth rather
than the elderly.
Figure 77 Chautara
Myths/faith:

The mother of machchhindranath is believed to be the tree in the chautara, the rath
circumambulates the tree during the jatra. If the tree falls off, a new tree of the same type is to be
planted at exact space.

5.3.11.5 Courtyard:
The courtyard serves as a vital gathering place for the local community, particularly during
festivals. It holds a central position where devotees and participants come together to celebrate
collectively. Here, various rituals and offerings take place, as devotees present flowers, fruits,
incense, and other tributes to honor the deity and seek blessings. Additionally, processions and
performances, including the captivating chariot procession, converge in the courtyard, providing
an opportunity for devotees to engage in the grand spectacle. Beyond the religious aspects, these
courtyards facilitate social and cultural interactions, fostering a strong sense of community among
the people, creating a vibrant and unifying space.

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Figure 78 Courtyard

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5.3.12 Behaviour mapping
5.3.12.1 Morning (6:30 to 8:30 am)
1. At Dabali, main courtyard and inner routes:

Dabali

Main
Inner courtyard
route

Figure 79 Dabali, courtyard & inner routes

Observations:

Main courtyard (in front of Sil Khana):

• Dynamic and bustling area with abundant

activity.
• High foot traffic and diverse range of
actions.
• Ideal spot for street vendors to operate.
• Designated taxi stand locations available.

Figure 80 Courtyard space

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 • Includes waste disposal area, temporarily closed chautara for maintenance, and provisions
for parking.
Dabali area:

• Quieter compared to the main chowk area.

• Dabali is usually vacant; however,
• Offers a spot for people to feed pigeons.
space occupied by few vendors who donot
get space in main chowk.
• The presence of parked cars serves as a pick-
up point for students heading to school.
Inner routes (Karunamaya): Figure 81 Dabali area

• Limited activities compared to the main

chowk.
• Activity level decreases upon entering the
galli.
• Sparse vendor presence.
• Individuals gathered around tea shops.
• Local residents head towards Thulo Bahal to
feed pigeons.
Figure 82 Inner routes

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 2. Traffic mapping:

The street is occupied by motorbikes, private cars, school vans and the suppliers’ vehicles.

Lagan to
jaisidewal

Lagan to
Bhotebahal
)

Lagan to
Lagan to
ganesh
Teku
mandir
(nayapac
ho marg)

Figure 83 Different routes

a. High traffic:

Lagan to Teku (Gopha marga):

• The stretch is quite commercialized; with small shops and kirana stores.
• The vehicles passing through this stretch are mainly milk suppliers, bakery suppliers,
grocery deliverers, bikes.

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 • Loading and unloading activities of vehicles mainly to and from Teku – Kalimati keeps the
street busy.

Lagan to Bhotebahal (Nisthananda marga):

• The wholesale shops stretching out to footpath at the Lagan to Bhotebahal road affects the
traffic, as the activities of sellers and customers block the vehicles passing by.
b. Less traffic:

Lagan to jaisidewal (Jamuna-Guvaju marga):

• This street witnesses less flow of vehicles as this street is less commercialized compared
to the earlier streets.
• Few bikes and vehicles are seen passing through this street.

Lagan to ganesh mandir (nayapacho marga):

• A tiny school van picks up students near the parking space.

• Mainly bikes, traders tiny van and school van pass through this street causing less traffic.
• The inner routes/galli are too narrow to hold a small number of vehicles.

102
 3. Pedestrian movement mapping:

Figure 84 Pedestrian movement mapping

During these hours, pedestrian activity surpasses vehicular movement. The chowk and streets
bustle with locals, traders, retailers, and vendors, contributing to a vibrant and lively atmosphere.

Vendors:

• Nearly 100 fruit and vegetable vendors set up their market informally in Lagan chowk.
• Few are retail item sellers.

Locals:

• Locals are seen buying vegetables and fruits from the vendors.
• More than 70% of people occupying the streets of lagan at this time interval are elders.
• Few children heading to school are seen at this hour.

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 • Locals - Dog walking
• Devotees offering prayers.

Retailers:

• Shops open their shutters at around 5:30 -7:00 am.

• Tea Shop front crowded with people (locals)
• Kirana stores are busy with customers.
• Wholesalers occupy the lagan-bhotebahal road.

Others:

• Garbagemen collecting the waste.

• Sweepers sweeping the street.
• Passerby
4. Market dominators:

In the market dominators of the site, there are various categories. In the formal sector, the dominant
businesses include retailers of vegetables and fruits accessories, pots, and flowers. Additionally,
formal cloth retailers hold a significant presence. Wholesalers also play a crucial role, supplying
goods in bulk to retailers and other businesses. Furthermore, there are formal tea and snacks shops
that cater to the needs of individuals seeking refreshments and quick bites in a comfortable
environment. On the other hand, in the informal sector, the dominant businesses revolve around
the sale of vegetables and fruits.

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Formal - Vegetables and Fruits Accessories, Pots, Flowers
Informal – Vegetables and Fruits
Formal – Cloth Retailers
Formal – Wholesalers
Formal – Tea and Snacks Shops
Figure 85 Different forms of market

105
 5. Devotees:
Different activities of devotees can be observed around the temples and monuments of Lagan tole.

Daily worship
in Bhagwati
temple

People bowing
down to
Panchabuddha
People
circumambulat
ing the
Namobuddha
Pujari
performing
puja in
Karunamaya

People
worshipping
Ganesh

Figure 86 Activities of devotees

6. Interacting spaces: Shops/pasal

From the observation we can conclude that Bahal, tea shops act as interacting spaces especially
for elders in Lagan tole.

106
 Bahal as
interacting
space for People in
elders Chiya
pasal

Gathering
People in point for
Chiya pasal locals

People in
Chiya
pasal

Figure 87 Socializing spaces.

7. Parking and taxi stand:

In front of the chained area (bollards):

• Only locals are allowed to park their vehicles here.

• Maximum no. of parking – 6-8 four wheelers (allowable)

Taxi stand:

• Maximum no. of standby taxis – 4 (allowable)

Next to Dabali

• Local four and two-wheeler are parked in the morning.

• Taxis are also seen parked during daytime.

107
Next to shrines:

• Local and public park their vehicles adjacent to Nasa Dewa and Pancha Mahabuddha
temple.

Thulo bahal:

• Bike parking space

Figure 88 Parking and taxi stand

108
 8. Morning tales:

Figure 92 Vendor sits idle

Figure 94 A house struck by Figure 93 "दिदि फलफुल एकिम waiting for customers.
earthquake and an abandoned plant.
ताजा छ l”

Figure 90 A morning in Te Figure 89 Overshadowed.

Figure 91 Recite-
"Bhagawansharan" Bahal

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5.3.12.2 Evening (5-7 pm):
1. Economic activities:

Vendors:

• Fruit and vegetable vendors set up their market informally in Lagan chowk at 6 PM.

• Informal market ends at 8 pm.

Retailers:

• Shops close their shutters at around 8:00 PM

Selling
space for
vendors Shops
extending
to the
courtyard.

Chained area
serves as Play
area for kids.

Thulo bahal used as play

area by neighboring
residences.
Figure 95 Different economic activities
2. Public activities:

Others:

• Locals are seen buying vegetables and fruits from the vendors.

110
 • Streets were occupied mostly by passersby and the vehicles.

• Few Devotees offering prayers.

Children play areas:

• Children are found playing among themselves in the chained areas.

• Thulo bahal also hosts variety of activities like table tennis, bycycling and badminton.

3. Social activities:

• Locals are seen buying vegetables and fruits from the vendors.

• Gathering of people at tea shop

Gathering Figure 96 Play area for kids.

of people in
front of
club
building

Gathering
of people
at tea shop

111
 4. Religious activities:
Few people are seen worshipping their idols on their way home or as an evening ritual.

Figure 98 Religious activities

112
5.3.12.3 Lagan tole traffic and informal market without bollards:
• Market form and traffic flow changes its shape after installation of the bollards.
• Chained area acts as a roundabout for the people as well as the vehicles

Without bollards:

With bollards – Current:

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5.3.12.4 Building zoning
The site showcases a diverse range of architectural styles, with traditional buildings reflecting the
past and modern buildings incorporating innovative design elements such as brick façades or
plaster finishes. This mix of architectural styles adds visual interest and variety to the site’s-built
environment.

Figure 99 Zoning of buildings

8 - Traditional Building

19 - Brick façade Modern Building

9 - Plaster Finish Modern Building

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5.3.12.5 Vehicular & Pedestrian chart:

PEDESTRIAN FLOW/MIN

1.2
6

22 13

Jamuna Guvaju Marga

Nisthananda Marga

Gopha Marga

Nayapacho Marga

115
 VEHICULAR FLOW/MIN

9 1
8
7
6
5
6 8
4 1
3 1
2 3
2
1 1
0
Jamuna Nisthananda Gopha Nayapacho
Guvaju Marga Marga Marga
Marga
4 WHEELERS 1 6 1 1
2- WHEELERS 2 1 8 3
2- WHEELERS 4 WHEELERS

5.3.13 Factors leading to Urban space multifunctionality/vibrancy:

5.3.13.1 Users’ groups:
• Local residents – elders, children
• Vendors
• Taxi drivers
• Tourists and visitors
• Cultural and religious practitioners

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 • Community organizations

Figure 100 space user of Lagan tole

5.3.13.2 Abundant cultural activities: Dance, music, jatras

• Lagan Tole acts as a focal point for various cultural and religious activities during the
festival.
• Traditional Newar music, dance performances, jatras and religious ceremonies take place
in the vicinity of the chariot.
• The festival creates a bustling atmosphere with a festive spirit, drawing both locals and
tourists to Lagan Tole.
5.3.13.3 Shared spaces:
• Shared spaces such as courtyards, chautara, temple, etc.
• These spaces serve as gathering points for social interactions and informal meetings.
• People come together in these areas to socialize, share news, discuss community matters,
or simply enjoy each other's company.

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5.3.13.4 Intergenerational connectivity:
• As Newar society they value intergenerational connectivity, with deep respect for elders
and their wisdom.

• A conducive environment for different generations to interact.

• Older community members often pass on traditional knowledge, cultural practices, and
stories to the younger generation, fostering a sense of continuity and strengthening social
bonds.

5.3.13.5 Informal market:

The informal market at Lagan Tole is primarily operated by local
residents and tenants of the area. Goods are typically sourced from
nearby regions like Balkhu, Thimi, or Kalimati. The community club
notifies vendors in advance to clear the space for various occasions. It's
the vendors' responsibility to maintain cleanliness in the areas they use.
“We run as soon as we hear the police coming from a distance. If we
don’t, they will throw all our goods or take them away,” says Anjay
Kumar Basnet.
Figure 101 Anjay Kumar
The market operates daily during specific time frames: from 5 to 7:30 Basnet selling fresh
vegetables.
am in the morning and 6 to 8 pm in the evening, offering convenient
shopping options to the local populace.

5.3.13.6 Strong community bond:

• The local community organizes processions, cultural programs, and religious rituals to
honor Seto Machchhendranath, they have have close-knit relationships and support
networks.
• Lagan Tole club members actively participate in communal activities, such as religious
ceremonies, feasts, and community work that promotes a sense of unity and fosters
interactions among individuals.
• Jyaula Vwe

118
 Maharjan community from Teuda (above ason) come to enjoy feast and they also pull the
chariot.
Other different jatras such as Gai Jatra, Indra Jatra, Buddha Jayanti etc takes place.
5.3.13.7 Walkability: Traditional urban planning
Lagan Tole is characterized by its narrow streets, interconnected alleys, and open communal
spaces that foster walkability and resident interaction. The compact layout encourages walking
over motorized transport. Here, residential buildings harmoniously coexist with small shops,
temples, courtyards, and gathering spaces. The area's vibrant social fabric is further woven by
religious festivals, processions, and community events that involve walking through these narrow
streets, enhancing the sense of community and fostering connections among residents.

6 ANALYSIS (JAISI DEVAL)

A diverse collection of structures catch the eye in the charming ancient

neighborhood of Jaisihdewal, Nepal, with the magnificent Jaisidewal Temple
acting as the main attraction. The temple is an exquisite example of both
creative brilliance and spiritual importance, with its complex features and
distinctive tiered domes. Stunning wood carvings of religious and naturalistic
themes may be seen on nearby buildings, and the unique stacking of the roofs
gives the area a distinctive skyline. Quiet courtyards amidst busy streets
promote neighborhood engagement. Reflecting a strong link to Nepal's past,
this colourful architectural setting encourages meditation on the past while
embracing the present.
Figure 102 Jaisidewal Temple (focal Point)

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6.1 Examination of Deterioration and Decay
Nestled within the historic district of Jaisidewal, another storied building
silently narrates the passage of time. Its origins tracing back to the 18th
century, this venerable structure has borne witness to the ebbs and flows of
history, displaying the effects of both decay and restoration as it stood
resilient against the test of time. Once a bustling center of communal
activity, its purpose has transitioned through the years, shifting from its past
role as a police station to a space where the community gathered, shared
stories, and celebrated life. Today, this building has embarked on a new
chapter, serving as a vibrant local vendor shop. While its role has evolved,
Figure 103 Old Police Station
its enduring presence continues to enrich the cultural tapestry of Jaisidewal,
a living testament to the ever-changing dynamics of society.

Deterioration and decay observation

1. Weathering: Gradual erosion of ornamental elements on the outer

surface, such as colors, plasters, cornices, pilasters, and struts, occurs
over time. The natural aging of materials like mud, wood, and brick
can play a role in their decline.

Figure 104 Weathering of brick &

2. Leakage leading to structural damage: plaster

Water leaks lead to decay and rot in wooden parts, while inadequate maintenance causes
structural problems like leaning walls, sagging roofs, and uneven floors, all of which compromise
the building's stability.

Figure 107 Decay in the facade face Figure 106 E.Q Figure 105 Decayed Wooden beam and column
damage in structure

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 3. Biological Growth:
Biological growth (moss, algae and plant) seen on the surfaces and windows of some abandoned
buildings causes damage to the building materials, moisture and further damage in the structural
part.

Figure 109 Plants on the walls Figure 108 Overgrown plants

4. Pollution:
Particles carried through the air, including dust and chemicals from sources like
vehicles and industries, gather on the exterior of buildings. As time passes, these
particles interact with the building materials, resulting in the fading and
deterioration of the façade. Moreover, the buildup of dust on windows and walls
worsens both the visual and structural issues. Figure 110 Dust infested
window panel

5. Lack of Maintenance:
With building left stranded with the lack of the regular maintenance, the
building structure, façade and interior all are damaged with the collection of
dust, leakage and moss growth on interior and exterior part of the building.
Some house are stranded due to damage caused by the earthquake.
Figure 111 Damaged by E.Q

6. Human Activities:
Reuse of the original building in the form of new building form
with addition of floors for human activities had led to damage in
the original structural part of the building.
Figure 112 addition of upper floor for
residential purpose

In the Jaisidewal area, the dance between decay and preservation unfolds, embodying the complexities of
time's passage and the challenges of maintaining historical treasures. The stories etched into the walls and
the whispers carried by the wind serve as a poignant reminder that every chip, crack, and weathered
surface contributes to the tapestry of a living, evolving heritage

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 ✓ Except for some of the buildings, most of the buildings and monuments exert minor or repairable
damages within the building structure.
✓ Intervention can be carried out through proper care while maintaining the original value and
assessment with new architectural dimension and meaning.

6.2 Identification of Threats and Risks

• Urban Encroachment: Modern development pressures could alter the historical landscape and
character.
• Environmental Pollution: Airborne pollutants, chemicals, and weathering accelerate material
decay.
• Inadequate Maintenance: Limited resources hinder timely repairs and preservation efforts.
• Structural Instability: Deterioration compromises the stability of buildings, posing risks of
collapse and endangering public safety.
• Tourism Impact: Improper handling and foot traffic from tourism contribute to wear and tear.
• Cultural Disconnect: Shifting values may lead to a lack of understanding and support for
conservation.
• Disasters Vulnerability: Seismic activity poses a risk to structural integrity and preservation.
• Commercialization and Gentrification: Changing dynamics may prioritize modernization over
heritage.
• Regulatory Gaps: Inconsistent or inadequate regulations might fail to protect cultural heritage.

6.3 Structural and Material Analysis

a. Structural Parts of the buildings
•

Figure 114 Joist and Plank detail on floor

Figure 113 Floor section (source: Nhess.com)

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 Figure 115 Staircase section

Figure 116 Bricks type used in the wall

• Foundation: Stone foundation, depth 24 inches - 36 inches, width 30 inches - 48 inches.

• Timber Framing: Column dimensions 8 inches x 8 inches - 12 inches x 12 inches, beam
dimensions 6 inches x 10 inches - 8 inches x 12 inches.
• Joinery: Mortise and tenon joints for stability, dimensions vary based on load.
• Brick Masonry: Infill walls, thickness 12 inches - 20 inches, brick dimensions 8 inches x 4
inches x 2 inches.
• Roof Structure: Multi-tiered roofs, struts 6 inches x 6 inches, beams 4 inches x 8 inches - 6
inches x 10 inches.

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• Lattice Windows (Jhya): Window size around 40 inches x 40 inches, intricate wooden
carvings.
• Staircase: Narrow and steep, tread width 8 inches - 12 inches, riser height 4 inches - 6
inches.
b. MATERIAL ANALYSIS –

• Timber:
Carved for columns, beams, struts (structural support and aesthetic detailing).

• Brick:
Sun-dried or kiln-fired for walls, foundation (thermal mass, stability).

• Stone:
Quarried for sturdy foundations, adorned with ornate carvings (structural stability, artistic
embellishment).

• Clay Tiles:
Shape multi-tiered roofs, insulate, display craftsmanship (roofing, insulation, aesthetics).

• Mud and Plaster:

Clay, mud, straw for textured walls, temperature regulation (wall finishing, insulation).

• Metal:
Iron, copper for hinges, fasteners, roofing (structural support, ornamentation).

• Rice Husks and Straw:

Insulating filler, eco-friendly roofing material (insulation, roofing).

• Decorative Elements:
Intricate wooden panels, lattice windows, struts (aesthetic enhancement).

• Terracotta and Ceramics:

Ornamental tiles, pottery for cultural significance (decorative elements).

• Fabrics and Textiles:

Colorful decoration, window coverings (interior design, privacy).

• Lime and Natural Dyes:

Applied to wood, plaster for colors, preservation (coloring, protection).

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6.4 BEHAVIOUR MAPPING
6.4.1 TRAFFIC FLOW

Figure 117 Behavious Mapping- Traffic Flow

Significant traffic congestion is noticeable along the road leading from the Basantapur Area, with the
focal point of convergence being the Jaisidewal intersection, where four routes intersect.

6.4.2 INFRASTRUCTURES NEARBY

Within a 500-meter radius, the vicinity boasts a range of essential infrastructure:

Education:

• Shree Kumar Secondary School

• Mr. National Lower Secondary School

• Shree Nawayug Secondary School

Healthcare Facilities:

• Sarathu Methadone Treatment Center

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 • Care Point Pharma

Governance/Non-Governmental Organizations:

• Kathmandu Metropolitan City Ward No. 21 Office

• Jaisideval Youth Club

Figure 118 Behaviour Mapping - Site surrounding

6.4.3 COMMERCIALY VIBRANT AREA

The commercial vibrancy of the site varies with the morning and evening time because of the difference
in communal activities.

Figure 119 Behavior Mapping: Commercial Vibrancy

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6.4.4 SOCIALLY VIBRANT SPACES

Figure 120 Behaviour Mapping- Socially Vibrant Spaces

Similarly, the various spaces that are deemed as the socially

vibrant are mapped out along with the street vendors in the
morning time.

Also, the study the study of the possible socially vibrant

spaces is drawn out to further aid the proposal of our
project.

These includes the various series of courtyards that are

significant to the social lifestyle of the local community and
can perhaps be accentuated in its vibrancy.
Figure 121 Behaviour Mapping- Possible Socially
Vibrant Spaces

Figure 122 Spaces Used by Street Vendors

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6.4.5 CULTURALLY VIBRANT SPACES

The culturally significant spaces are majorly bounded

within the Jaisideval temple area and the chowk in
general where the major cultural activities resonate the
day-to-day lifestyle of the local people living there.

Also, the significance of the Dabali space to the cultural

life can well comprehended with the following figure.

Figure 123 Figure 5 Behaviour Mapping- Culturally Vibrant

6.4.6 VISUAL ANALYSIS Spaces
Visually the most prominent feature for the most pleasant
views is along to the Jaisedewal temple because of its shear scale and architectural aesthetic.

However due to its large scale and the narrow pathways, the corner view poses the unpleasant nature
of visual sensation.

Figure 124 Behaviour Mapping- Visual Analysis

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7 ANALYIS (JAISIDEVAL TO LAGAN STREET)
7.1 EXAMINATION OF DETERIORATION AND DECAY
7.1.1 CAUSES
In the heart of the culturally rich city of Kathmandu, where history and modernity intertwine,
the bustling urban streets tell a tale of gradual deterioration and decay. These age-old
thoroughfares, once vibrant with the footsteps of generations, now bear the burden of time and
various factors that have eroded their charm.
1. Urbanization and Overcrowding:
Kathmandu's traditional streets, once designed for a slower pace of life, now face the onslaught
of rapid urbanization. The influx of people, vehicles, and infrastructure has led to
overcrowding, putting excessive stress on the existing infrastructure. The heavy traffic,
combined with the weight of modern structures, has caused the roads to crack, crumble, and
lose their structural integrity.
2. Poor Drainage and Waterlogging:
Kathmandu's traditional urban streets were designed with intricate stone paving and open
channels for drainage. However, increased construction and haphazard urban planning have
led to the obstruction of these channels. The result is poor drainage during monsoons, leading
to waterlogging and erosion of the street surfaces. The constant presence of water accelerates
the decay of materials, causing cracks and weakening the pavement.
3. Air Pollution and Environmental Factors:
The city's historical streets are now exposed to higher levels of air pollution from vehicular
emissions and industrial activities. The pollutants in the air react with the building materials,
causing chemical reactions that deteriorate surfaces. Additionally, exposure to ultraviolet (UV)
radiation from the sun fades the vibrant hues of traditional buildings and materials.
4. Lack of Proper Maintenance:
5. The maintenance of traditional urban sites has been inconsistent due to factors such as
limited resources, administrative challenges, and evolving urban priorities. As a result,
minor issues such as cracks, loose stones, and chipping paint have been left unattended.
Without timely maintenance, these seemingly insignificant problems gradually escalate,
leading to more extensive decay.

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 Figure 125 No proper maintenance of courtyards

6. Cultural and Heritage Changes:

The transition from traditional practices to modern lifestyles has introduced new challenges.
For instance, the use of modern construction materials in repairs may not be compatible with
the original structures, leading to accelerated decay. The shift in architectural preferences and
the neglect of traditional building techniques can result in unsightly alterations that detract
from the overall aesthetic value of the streets.
7. Natural Disaster Vulnerability:
Kathmandu, nestled in a seismic zone, is vulnerable to earthquakes. The city's historical
structures and streets, while designed to withstand such events, can suffer extensive damage if
not properly reinforced or restored. Earthquakes can lead to the collapse of walls, arches, and
other architectural elements, contributing to the decay of the urban fabric.
8. Lack of Community Awareness:
The connection between the community and its historical streets has diminished over time. As
modern amenities take precedence, the cultural significance and value of these streets are often
overlooked. This disconnect can result in reduced collective efforts to conserve and protect
these sites, further exacerbating their deterioration.

In conclusion, the traditional urban streets of Kathmandu, once thriving hubs of cultural
exchange, now face multifaceted challenges that contribute to their deterioration and decay.
From urbanization pressures to environmental factors, inadequate maintenance, and changing
cultural dynamics, these streets are at risk of losing their historical and aesthetic value.
Addressing these challenges requires a holistic approach that combines urban planning,
preservation efforts, community engagement, and sustainable practices to breathe new life into
these historic arteries and ensure their legacy for future generations.

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7.1.2 EXTENTS
The extent of decay in urban streets can vary widely based on a combination of factors. Here
are a few common extents of decay:
1. Localized Decay:
This refers to deterioration that affects only specific areas of the urban street. It might include
isolated cracks, crumbling plaster, or patches of erosion. Localized decay can result from
factors like water infiltration, chemical reactions, or physical wear and tear.
2. Segmental Decay:
In this case, larger sections or segments of the urban site or street show signs of deterioration.
This could involve significant areas of cracked pavement, crumbling walls, or sections of
structures that have weakened due to environmental factors or neglect.
3. Widespread Decay:
Widespread decay indicates that a substantial portion of the site or street is affected. This could
be due to long-term exposure to multiple decay factors, lack of maintenance, or inadequate
infrastructure. The deterioration might include extensive cracking, erosion, and structural
instability.
4. Structural Decay:
When the decay affects the structural integrity of buildings, walls, or pavements, it can lead to
compromised stability and safety. Structural decay often requires urgent attention to prevent
collapse or further damage.

5. Aesthetic Decay: Even if not affecting the structural stability, aesthetic decay involves
changes in the appearance and visual quality of the urban site or street. Fading colors,
chipped paint, graffiti, and unsightly alterations can contribute to a loss of cultural and
historical value.

Figure 126 Theft and Vandalism

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7.1.3 TYPE OF DECAY
Different types of decay can manifest based on the materials used, environmental conditions,
and external factors. Here are some common types of decay:

1. Corrosion:
Particularly relevant to metal elements, corrosion occurs
when metals react with oxygen, moisture, and pollutants
in the air. This can lead to rusting and weakening of metal
components such as railings, grilles, and structural
supports.

Figure 127 Corrosion

2. Erosion:
Erosion involves the gradual wearing away of surfaces due to wind, water, or abrasive
particles. It can impact stone, plaster, and even concrete surfaces, causing them to lose their
original texture and shape.

3. Cracking:
Cracks can appear in materials like concrete, stone, and wood
due to factors like freeze-thaw cycles, settling of the ground, or
seismic activity. Cracks can lead to water infiltration and
further deterioration.

Figure 128 Decay in facades

4. Biological Growth:
Biological decay includes the growth of organisms such as
algae, moss, lichen, and fungi on surfaces. These growths can lead to discoloration, staining,
and even structural damage as roots penetrate and weaken materials.

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 Figure 129 Deterioration and Decay in Buildings

5. Chemical Decay:
Chemical reactions, often due to pollutants in the air, can lead to the degradation of surfaces.
For example, sulfur dioxide in the air can combine with moisture to form acid rain, which can
corrode stone and metal surfaces.

6. Wear and Abrasion:

Foot traffic, vehicular movement, and even natural forces like wind and water can cause
abrasion and wear on surfaces. Over time, this can result in smooth, worn-down textures and
loss of original features.

7. Settlement and Subsidence:

Uneven settling of the ground can lead to subsidence, causing structures to shift and crack.
This type of decay affects the stability of buildings and pavements.

8. UV Radiation:
UV radiation from the sun can lead to the fading and degradation of materials like paints,
fabrics, and wood. It breaks down molecular bonds and affects the visual quality of surfaces.

Understanding these extents and types of decay is crucial for implementing effective
conservation and restoration strategies. By identifying the specific decay factors affecting a

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 traditional urban street in a city like Kathmandu, preservation efforts can be targeted to mitigate
the decay's impact and ensure the longevity of these historical and cultural treasures.

7.1.4 MODERN EXTENTION

In the context of a traditional urban street like those found in Kathmandu, the introduction of
modern extensions can have a significant influence on the overall examination of deterioration
and decay. These often involve new constructions or alterations that deviate from the historical
architectural styles and materials, can compound existing decay issues and introduce new
challenges.
1. Architectural Dissonance:
The integration of modern extensions alongside traditional
structures can lead to architectural dissonance. Different design
languages, materials, and construction methods can clash,
causing visual disruption and undermining the cohesive
historical character of the street.

2. Compatibility of Materials:
Modern extensions might use materials that differ from those
originally used in the traditional construction. These disparities
in material properties, such as thermal expansion rates and
moisture susceptibility, can create stress points and exacerbate
decay, especially if not properly accounted for in the design.
3. Differential Deterioration: Figure 130 Inappropriate blending of
The decay rate of modern materials used in extensions may structure & usage
differ from that of traditional materials. This differential deterioration can lead to uneven wear
and aesthetic incongruity, which could further compromise the overall appearance of the street.
4. Increased Load and Stress:
Modern extensions can add additional load and stress to the existing infrastructure. This could
accelerate decay in the original structures and pavement, as they may not have been designed
to accommodate the increased weight and use.
5. Moisture Intrusion:
If modern extensions are not seamlessly integrated with the existing structures, they can create
gaps and points of vulnerability for moisture intrusion. Water infiltration can weaken
structures, lead to cracking, and promote the growth of biological organisms.

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 6. Neglected Maintenance:
In some cases, modern extensions might receive more attention and maintenance than the
historic structures, as they are perceived as new investments. Neglected maintenance of the
original components can contribute to their decay while preserving the modern extensions.
7. Loss of Context:
Modern extensions that lack sensitivity to the historical context can diminish the cultural and
historical value of the street. They can disrupt the visual narrative and erode the sense of place
that defines traditional urban spaces.
8. Planning and Zoning:
Improperly regulated modern extensions can result in haphazard urban planning and zoning,
leading to an inconsistent streetscape. This can affect the overall visual quality and exacerbate
decay through uncoordinated development.
9. Gentrification:
Local people of the place are moving out from the place where as workers from different place
and caste are living in the area. This may lead to loss of proper way of use and introduce new
elements as per their needs, this disrupts city's heritage with uneven development and cultural
transformation on its traditional urban fabric. Also streets fail to continue reflecting their
unique history and character.

Addressing the impact of modern extensions on the examination of deterioration and decay
requires a balanced approach. It involves considering the historical significance of the street,
promoting compatible design practices, and integrating modern elements in a way that respects
the existing fabric. Proper planning, adherence to conservation principles, and community
engagement can help strike a harmonious balance between preserving the past and embracing
the future while minimizing the exacerbation of decay in these cherished urban spaces.

7.2 IDENTIFICATION OF THREATS AND RISKS

7.2.1 Local community opposition
1. Local Community Opposition:
Community opposition, rooted in concerns over changes to the area's cultural identity,
could pose a significant threat. The alteration of familiar surroundings, potential
displacement of long-standing residents, and fears of losing value of their property might
trigger resistance to the project. Addressing these concerns through transparent
communication, community engagement, and showcasing the benefits of revitalization
becomes crucial to overcoming this challenge.

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 2. Lack of Government Approval:
Securing government approval is pivotal to any urban revitalization endeavor. Delays or
challenges in obtaining necessary permits, clearances, and support from regulatory bodies
could hinder the project's progress. Building a strong case for the project's alignment with
urban planning objectives, historical preservation, and sustainable development is essential
to navigate this potential obstacle.

3. Lack of Capital:
Insufficient funding could impede the revitalization process, preventing the
implementation of essential repairs and improvements. The lack of capital might hinder the
ability to address decay effectively, resulting in a patchwork approach that falls short of
the project's potential impact.

4. Cultural Heritage Preservation:

Preserving the cultural heritage of streets while implementing modern revitalization efforts
poses a delicate challenge. Balancing the need for upgrades and repairs with maintaining
the authenticity of historical structures, designs, and traditions requires careful planning.
Striking this balance ensures that the revitalization project respects the city's heritage and
resonates with its historical significance.

5. Socioeconomic Disparities:
Revitalization projects have the potential to exacerbate existing socioeconomic disparities
in the community. As the area undergoes transformation, property values might rise,
leading to increased costs of living. Long-standing residents could face displacement due
to higher rents or property prices, contributing to social inequality.

In navigating these identified threats and risks, the revitalization project must emphasize
proactive community involvement, strategic advocacy for government support, and
innovative financing solutions. Mitigating these challenges is integral to breathing new life
into Kathmandu's streets while preserving their historical essence being both respectful of
the past and responsive to the needs of the present and future.

7.3 STRUCTURAL AND MATERIAL ANALYSIS

7.3.1 Material board Analysis
The materials used are of similar kind in old buildings with newari styles like mud/lime
plasters, paints, carved/decorated wooden openings & struts, CGI roof whereas modern
buildings are made up of concrete, bricks, cement plaster, aluminum/metal openings and
shutters,

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 Figure 131 Materials in building facades

Figure 132 Existing Openings

Though contrasting materials are seen throughout the street between the buildings, with the
change of time and contemporary need it is plausible with the use of modern materials. So,
there can be implications and strategies for material integrations. The juxtaposition of
traditional Newari materials with modern construction elements highlights a central
challenge in this revitalization project. Harmonizing these materials and rethinking the
elements with traditional feeling to create a cohesive streetscape that respects history while
embracing contemporary needs.

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 • Historical Continuity:
The traditional use of mud/lime plasters and carved wood reflects a deep connection to
Newari heritage. Integrating these materials into the project can sustain historical
continuity, leveraging their aesthetic charm and eco-friendly attributes to maintain the
visual essence of the streets.

• Challenges of Compatibility:
The transition from mud/lime plasters to cement plaster and from carved wood to metal
openings introduces compatibility challenges. Preservation strategies should focus on
replicating traditional textures and patterns while utilizing modern materials that mimic
the appearance of the originals.

• Craftsmanship Revival:
The ornate craftsmanship seen in carved wood elements is an art form in itself.
Engaging skilled artisans to restore and replicate these features can infuse authenticity
into modern constructions, ensuring that the essence of Newari architecture is
preserved.

• Material Replication:
Experimenting with contemporary materials that mimic the appearance and
characteristics of traditional ones can bridge the gap between old and new. Innovations
in concrete finishes, for instance, can recreate the textures of mud/lime plaster, allowing
for visual congruence.

• Education and Awareness:

Educating architects, builders, and the community about the cultural significance of
traditional materials fosters a collective appreciation for their value. This awareness
can influence decisions in favor of preservation and responsible material choices.

• Balancing Aesthetics and Functionality:

Achieving a balance between historical aesthetics and modern functionality is pivotal.
The integration of aluminum/metal openings can be guided by design principles that
mirror the elegance of carved wood, thereby ensuring a harmonious visual blend.

7.3.2 Structure Systems

The examination of the structural systems employed in both old and new buildings reveals
distinct approaches that reflect the evolution of architectural practices and construction
technologies over time. Understanding these differences is essential for the successful

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 execution of the revitalization project while preserving the historical identity of
Kathmandu's streets.

1. Old Building Structural System:

The structural system of traditional Newari-style buildings is characterized by intricate
wooden frameworks and load-bearing walls. Carved wooden struts, columns, and beams
support the weight of the structure, showcasing the mastery of craftsmanship prevalent in
historic times. This system reflects a holistic understanding of local materials and seismic
resilience, with wooden components providing flexibility to absorb seismic shocks.

Figure 133 Old building plans

2. New Building
Structural System:
Modern buildings predominantly employ reinforced
concrete and brick masonry structural systems.
Concrete columns, beams, and slabs provide strength
and stability, while brick masonry partitions contribute
to spatial organization. These systems adhere to
contemporary safety standards and construction
practices, ensuring better resistance to seismic forces.
Figure 134 New Building Frame Structure
Being in earthquake prone zone it is equally important
for structures to be structurally safe and sound. Modern human also has their modern needs
and space requirements which can sometime be lacking in traditional buildings.

139
 Some Implications and Integration Strategies:
1. Seismic Resilience: The seismic vulnerability of Kathmandu underscores the importance
of integrating modern seismic-resistant techniques into revitalization efforts. While
wooden elements in old buildings are historically significant, reinforcing these structures
with modern retrofitting measures can enhance their earthquake resistance.
2. Structural Compatibility: When introducing modern additions to old buildings, the
structural compatibility of materials becomes crucial. Integrating concrete or steel
elements must be done sensitively to ensure that their stiffness doesn't adversely affect
the flexibility of the existing wooden framework.
3. Craftsmanship Preservation: The carved wooden components in traditional buildings
hold cultural and artistic value. When undertaking restoration or replication, enlisting
skilled craftsmen ensures that the intricate detailing and traditional joinery techniques are
preserved, enhancing the aesthetic and historical authenticity.
4. Synergy in Modern Constructions: In new buildings, embracing traditional
architectural elements like carved wood, albeit with contemporary interpretations, can
establish a visual and cultural dialogue between old and new. This synergy fosters a sense
of continuity in the urban fabric.
5. Adaptive Reuse: Older buildings can be adaptively reused to house modern functions
while retaining their historical structural systems. Creative design approaches can
repurpose these spaces without compromising the original framework's integrity.

Incorporating both old and new structural systems requires interdisciplinary collaboration
among architects, structural engineers, conservation experts, and craftsmen. Balancing
seismic safety, historical preservation, and contemporary functionality is central to the
revitalization project's success, enabling streets to stand as resilient yet culturally rich urban
spaces.

8 ANALYSIS (LAGAN TOLE)

Within the historic district of Lagan, a few exceptional buildings rise above the surrounding
contemporary architecture, capturing the essence of a bygone era. These structures command
attention with their vibrant colors that contrast the urban landscape, drawing the eye to intricate
detailing that beckons for closer observation. However, the passage of time has etched weathered
textures onto their surfaces, a silent plea for much-needed maintenance and preservation efforts.
The once-sturdy railings now bear the scars of rust, symbolic of the challenges posed by neglect
and the elements. The wooden windows, reflective of the socio-economic standing of the
inhabitants, offer a window into the past, telling stories of lives lived within their walls. These

140
remarkable buildings stand as living testaments to the influence of Western architectural waves on
traditional Newari design. Yet, their fate diverges: some stand abandoned, echoing with the
whispers of the past; others have been divided amongst generations, bearing witness to the
complexities of inheritance; and there are those teetering on the edge of vulnerability, a stark
reminder of the delicate balance between preservation and progress.

8.1 Examination of Deterioration and Decay

The decay of historical buildings as they age is a universal phenomenon and the process stem from
various natural and human factors.

The corner building situated on Lagan to Teku Road

presents a poignant picture of resilience as it stands
supported by shoring rods, a testament to its enduring spirit
despite the visible signs of decay. The peeling plasters,
weather-worn windows, and faded neo-classical hues
narrate a tale of the passage of time and neglect. Estimated
to have been erected around the mid-1900s B.S., during the
epoch when Nepal embraced the influx of Western
architectural influences, the building's age surpasses a
century, making it a repository of historical significance.
Figure 135 South corner building, towards road to The ground floor stretches outward as a fruit shop
Teku
towards the open space which is left open as a part of
Newari planning for the turning of Machchindranath Rath. The floor serves as a vibrant contrast
to the upper floors that remain deserted and uninhabitable, succumbing to their deteriorating state.

141
Types of deterioration and decay seen
1. Weathering: Wearing away of decorative features on the
external façade such as the color, plasters, cornices, pilasters,
struts. The aging of materials like mud, wood, and brick can
contribute to their deterioration.

2. Water Damage: Water infiltration through leaky roofs,

walls, and foundations. Deterioration cause the rotting of
Figure 136 Weathering of bricks
wooden elements, Structural Issues: Inadequate maintenance

has resulted in structural problems

such as leaning walls, sagging roofs,
and uneven floors due to sagging
beam elements. These issues have
compromised the stability of the
building.

Figure 137 Earthquake cracks Figure 138 Moss formation on

Wooden struts and rafters

3. Biological Growth: Moss, lichen, algae, and other types of

plant growth can take root on the surfaces of Newari buildings. This
growth can lead to the penetration of roots into cracks, causing further
damage to the building materials.

Figure 139 Decaying wooden beams

4. Pollution: Airborne pollutants, such as dust and chemicals from

vehicular emissions and industrial activities, has settled on
building surfaces. Over time, these pollutants has reacted with
building materials, leading to discoloration and degradation of the
façade.

Figure 140 Termite infestation

in window panels

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5. Lack of Maintenance:

Figure 141 Exposed bricks, peeling

Figure 142 Unmaintained Light
off plasters in facade Figure 143 Damaged beam
well

Due to lack of regular maintenance, the interior has also degraded. Since no one is living
in the upper floors, the floors are filled in a layer of dust and grime. The interior has mossy
smell and bad air quality inside.
6. Human Activities: The removal of original wall of the
building to build the adjacent new building has led to damage
to some of the interior parts of the building, such as crack
formation in the walls. These inappropriate alterations have
compromised the historical and architectural integrity.
7. Foundation Problems: Settlement of the foundation due to
changes in soil composition, earthquakes have led to cracks
and instability in the building structure.

Figure 144 Dhalin resting on

newly built column
✓ However, the building has not suffered any irreversible
damages, restoration or adaptive plan could be developed for the building to address these
issues.
✓ restoration efforts should be undertaken with sensitivity to preserving its authenticity and
unique architectural features.

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8.2 Identification of Threats and Risks
• Structural Instability: Deterioration compromises the stability of buildings, posing risks
of collapse and endangering public safety.
• Cultural Loss: Decay erodes cultural identity, erasing historical and artistic significance
from the community.
• Loss of Craftsmanship: Disrepair leads to the loss of traditional building techniques and
craftsmanship skills.
• Tourism Impact: Deterioration reduces the attractiveness of cultural tourism, impacting
local economy.
• Spiritual Heritage Loss: Religious structures' decay undermines their spiritual and
communal importance.
• Urban Aesthetics: Deteriorated buildings contribute to an unappealing urban landscape.
• Property Value Decrease: Decay negatively affects property values and investment
opportunities.
• Accelerated Decay: Neglect can lead to a cycle of faster deterioration and escalating
restoration costs.

8.3 Structural and Material Analysis

b. Structural analysis
Load-bearing Elements:

• Masonry and Wall Systems – 2’

wide Load bearing wall
• foundations (Jaga) – 3’ wide Figure 145 Floor support
foundation.

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 • Thayma (Ridge Beam) – 6 by 8 inches ridge
beam.
• Musin (Rafter) – 4*6” rafters
• Dhalin (Joist) – 3*6 inches
• Nila (beam) - 4*6 inches
• Swona (staircase) – 2’ wide staircase
• Wooden Partition (Bhikha) – 4*4 inches
• Central wall (Dhathu Aanga) – 2’ wide
Figure 146 Joist and plank detail on floor
Roofing System:

Figure 147 Floor Plan of Southern Building

CGI Sheets supported by the joists and dhalin.

b. MATERIAL ANALYSIS –

Wood:

• used for beam and roof framing.

• Deterioration: termite infestations, rot, and decay due to moisture.
Brick:

• Used for load-bearing walls.

• Deterioration: weathering, cracking, and erosion due to environmental factors.

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 Mud Mortar:

• as a binding material for brick and stone masonry.

• Deterioration: erosion from water and weathering.
Stone:

• Utilized for foundation, plinths, and decorative elements.

• Deterioration: weathering, erosion, and potential cracking.
Metal:

• decorative elements such as railings

• Deterioration: rust and corrosion
Lime:

• for plasters, paints, and coatings.

• Deterioration: Fading, chalking, and peeling due to exposure and weathering.
Timber Carvings:

• For windows, doors, and roofs.

• Deterioration: damage from weathering, moisture, and physical stress.
Stucco and Plaster:

• for wall and ceiling finishes, often adorned with intricate designs.
• Deterioration: Cracking, peeling, and erosion due to moisture and temperature
changes.

Conclusion –

The decay and deterioration they've suffered, including weathering, water damage, structural
issues, and lack of maintenance, pose significant threats to their cultural, historical, and
architectural significance.

Recommendation -

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The adaptive reuse plan should prioritize stabilizing the buildings while maintaining their
historical and architectural authenticity.

9 CONSERVATION PROPOSALS
A conservation proposal is a well-organized plan of action intended to protect and maintain a
historically significant location, such as Lagan Tole in Kathmandu, and the old structures that are
connected to it. The development of conservation proposals aims to maintain and preserve the
site's historical, architectural, and cultural significance while assuring its long-term viability. It
requires a thorough plan of action to safeguard and preserve this landmark of cultural importance.
To determine the site's historical, architectural, and cultural significance, the proposal begins with
a thorough site analysis that includes surveys and historical research. Clear conservation aims and
objectives, like maintaining architectural authenticity, encouraging community involvement, and
implementing sustainable techniques, are built on this. In the proposal, particular conservation
tactics are described, such as structural restoration, material conservation, and adaptive reuse. In
the proposal, particular conservation tactics are described, such as structural restoration, material
preservation, ideas for adaptive reuse, and environmentally friendly programs like energy
efficiency and visitor control. To guarantee the site's preservation is successful and long-lasting,
the proposal places an emphasis on continual monitoring, evaluation, and educational outreach.
The proposal serves as a thorough roadmap to direct the preservation efforts of Lagan Tole and its
historic structures while maintaining its historical worth and promoting its cultural importance. It
addresses legal requirements and suggests a long-term management strategy.

9.1 PRESERVATION STRATEGIES AND APPROACHES (JaisiDeval)

9.1.1 Need for conservation in Jaisidewal
Jaisidewal possesses great historical significance and is deeply immersed in a wealth of culture.
As time has passed and societal conventions and ways of life have grown more adaptable, the
architectural landscape of Jaisidewal has experienced noteworthy transformations. Nevertheless,
as we move forward into the contemporary era, it is apparent that numerous remarkable
architectural structures that once symbolized the region's culture and heritage have regrettably
vanished.

Jaisidewal holds a significant importance in the cultural aspect of the valley. All the jatras that start
from Kathmandu pass through Jaisidewal during its ascend or descend. The temple was also a
stopping destination during ancient days as people stopped during funeral activities.

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Important sites nearby:

• Nhuh: Ghah:
• Krishna Mandir
• Haku Mahadev
• Ganesh Mandir
• Falcha
• Di Pyakha Dabali
• Jhalpwa Dya
• Balkumari Mandir

9.1.2 Proposals on Physical Aspect

9.1.2.1 Proposal on Road & Streets
• A Minimum of 12’ width of road will be maintained throughout the site
• Permeable Asphalt wherever it is used
• Development of signages
• Pavements used as signages
• The road between Lagan tole and jaisidewal will be pedestrianised
• Drop off and pickup points for taxis and so on
• No parking for two wheeler as well as four wheelers in the temple premises
• The heirarchy of the roads within the site should be well defined
• Provision of solar lamps and automatic street lights

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9.1.2.2 Proposal on Transportarion
Pedestrianization: The proposed plan entails the complete pedestrianization of the road
connecting Jaisidewal and Lagan Tole. Vehicular access will be strictly limited to authorized
service vehicles only, ensuring the safety and convenience of pedestrians.

Figure 148 Pedestrianization of Jaisidewal-Lagan Tol

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One-Way Traffic Flow: To optimize traffic movement, a one-way traffic flow will be
introduced. Vehicles traveling from Basantapur to Bishnumati will be directed via Paropakar
Marg, while those moving from Bishnumati to Basantapur will be rerouted via Jaisidewal
Mandir.

Figure 149 One Way Proposition

Parking Regulation: The plan includes the strict prohibition of haphazard parking on streets and
open spaces within the designated area. This regulation aims to alleviate congestion and enhance
the visual appeal of the vicinity.
Designated Pick-Up and Drop-Off Zones: For the convenience of taxi users and school buses,
specifically designated zones for pick-up and drop-off will be established. These zones will be
strategically located to ensure minimal disruption to pedestrian flow.

9.1.2.3 Proposal on Water Supply

It is important to provide safe, reliable and affordable water supply to every household. The wells
should be repaired and the water spouts should be renovated. Public awareness programs should
be raised for the maintenance and conservation of water sources like wells, water spouts, etc.
9.1.2.4 Proposal on Waste Management
Efforts must be directed toward the efficient management of waste collection sites to ensure
cleanliness and a hygienic environment. To achieve this, the installation of dustbins along
roadsides and in public areas is essential. It is also crucial to provide separate bins for
biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste. Concurrently, conducting awareness campaigns and
programs centered around the principles of Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle (3R's) and waste
segregation is imperative.

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Regular cleanliness initiatives should be organized, involving local community participation. The
biodegradable waste collected can be repurposed into compost fertilizers, which have the potential
to enhance agricultural productivity.
9.1.2.5 Proposal on Drainage
Well planned drainage networks will be proposed. The open drainage system that runs on the roads
will be covered. Also the sewerage system will be constructed underneath the road surface for
aesthetics and safety. Different awareness campaign and trainings should be carried out to make
people attentive about the importance of drainage system in maintaining a healthy area. Likewise,
regular maintenance of the drainage network should be carried out.
9.1.2.6 Proposal on Electricity
The electrical lines and the network cables will be grounded immediately. The distribution box
next to Jaisidewal Mandir will be moved to a different location because it obstructs the view of
the mandir.
9.1.2.7 Proposal on Monuments
1. Jaisidewal Temple
The temple was renovated after the 2015 earthquake but several cracks can be observed in the
structural members of the temples. The timbers used during the reconstruction were not seasoned
properly and thus the timbers have been decayed.

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 2. Haku Mahadev
Haku Mahadev temple has lost the idol of the Mahadev. Recovery of the statue from the loss and
painting and protecting the shrine should be done

3. Seto Mahadev
Some past photos and the interrogation of the locals suggested that there was another temple alongside
Haku Mahadev that was called Seto Mahadev. So reconstruction of the old temple needs to be done. In
order to reconstruct the temple, the materials and technology used in Haku Mahadev shall be used.

Figure 150 Volume of Haku Mahadev and seto Mahadev

i. Balkumari Mandir
The Balkumari Mandir has to be preserved in the right manner with prohibition of vehicles around
it. Also the structure needs to be protected by proper fencing and covering around it.

ii. Bal Hanuman

The statue of Bal Hanuman will be preserved to its original status. The stone will be coated with
a layer of preservative to protect it from weathering.
iii. Dii Pyakha Dabu
The Dabali is unused throughout the year except for the day of Indra Jatra. So to enhance the use
of the dabali, informal and temporary seating space can be accommodated. This not only
increases the use value but also increases the vibrancy of the place.

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 Figure 151Dii Pyakha Dabu

iv. Nhu Ghah:

Nhu Ghah is now in reconstruction stages. The older nhu ghah: was being reconstructed to its
existing status by the government. But, addition of certain elements like green spaces in the
shrine should be done.
v. Ganesh Temple
The Ganesh Mandir is being renovated from scratch at present. The reconstruction is supposed to
restore the initial Temple when it was built. The temple that was demolished for reconstruction
was made of RCC structures which is not the actual Ganesh temple. So reconstruction in the lost
style should be carried out. Questionnaire, referrals to old paintings and photographs should be
dine in order to find out the actual design of Ganesh Mandir

Figure 152 Ganesh Mandir

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vi. Krishna Mandir
Krishna Mandir is being reconstructed as of today but several notable changes can be seen. The
first is the roof of the temple which was two tiered Jhingati roof initially but now a single tier
roof bronze roof is being constructed which does not stay true to conservation.

Figure 153 Krishna Mandir Premises

vii. Falcha
The falcha is now constructed in all concrete structure so the restoration of falcha needs to be
done. To restore the falcha several old images and paintings have suggested that it was built
initially in a different way than other falchas with doors and sitting platform.

Figure 154Falcha

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viii. Nasaman Dabu
Nasaman Dabu is damaged and the metal clamps have no longer been able to hold the stones. So
renovation with traditional technologies will be done. Stones will be held by the clamps as they
were early on.

Figure 155 Nasaman Dabu

9.1.3 PROPOSAL ON SOCIO CULTURAL ASPECTS

9.1.3.1 Proposal on Guthi System
The following are the proposals for the preservation of Guthi system in Jaisidewal:
• Financial Support from Local Government: The local administration should allocate
funds to facilitate the execution of festivals and cultural events within Jaisidewal.
• Engaging the Younger Generation: Encouragement should be extended to involve the
younger populace in the Guthi system, fostering their active participation to ensure the
continuous observance of various festivals in Jaisidewal.
• Land Preservation and Utilization: The governing body should collaborate with the
Guthi Sansthan to pinpoint Guthi-owned lands and thwart any encroachment. These lands
can be leveraged to generate income, such as through leasing.
• Diversification of Guthi Functions: Recognizing that the Guthi is most active during
festivals and relatively inactive on other days, the establishment of a social cooperative
based on the local community can be explored. Such a cooperative could invest in diverse
sectors, augmenting the Guthi's revenue stream. This adaptable approach would allow the
Guthi to sustain itself and not solely rely on local donations and government support for
festival celebrations and cultural pursuits.

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9.1.3.2 Proposal on Jatras
• All the interventions we carry out should be in accordance with the jatras that go through
this route.
• The pavements of the Jatra route must be maintained with brick surfaces along the core
area of the settlement. The damaged and torn out brick surfaces of the route must be
replaced with proper drain for storm water along the sides of the route.
• The dabali is an important space during indra jatra so that needs to be protected for that
event that takes place each year. So we approach the design as retractable spaces during
such events.
• The provision of incentives for the participants must be allocated and provide them with
health insurance to encourage them to continue the Naach in future and learn with great
devotion.
• The publication of important intangible cultural heritages of Jaisidewal can be done to
make the locals as well as tourist aware about the various jatras, naach, baaja and
traditional songs/ hymns. The publication can be done either in bulletins, newspapers,
articles and even videograpchic documentary and made them available in public library,
tourist information centre and the monument zones of Kathmandu valley.
• Retain the sense of place by conserving the built environment and open spaces where
these jatras and traditional dances are celebrated and performed, by the effective
implementation of the proposed building bye-laws.

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9.2 PRESERVATION STRATEGIES AND APPROACHES (Jaisideval to Lagan Tol)
In the pursuit of revitalizing this street while preserving their historical and cultural
significance, a comprehensive conservation strategy is vital. The following preservation
strategies and approaches present a holistic framework that balances the needs of the
community, cultural heritage, and modern urban functionality.
1. Pedestrianization:
Pedestrianization emerges as a foundational strategy to restore the streets' historical charm
and create a safe, engaging environment for both locals and visitors. By limiting vehicular
traffic and enhancing walkability, the streets become vibrant public spaces conducive to
social interactions and commerce. Meticulously designed pedestrian zones, adorned with
seating areas, greenery, and public art, breathe new life into Kathmandu's urban fabric while
reducing pollution and congestion.
We have proposed to make the service vehicle entry during morning time only. The bus
stops and taxi stand points are available in adjacent nodes i.e. in Lagan & Jaisidewal.

Figure 156 Pedestrianization

2. Repair & Maintenance:

Central to the conservation proposal is a commitment to regular repair and maintenance
practices. Investing in the restoration of historic facades, carved woodwork, and roofing
ensures that the architectural integrity is upheld. A proactive maintenance regime, including
periodic inspections and swift repairs, addresses issues before they escalate, safeguarding
against further decay and promoting longevity.

3. Awareness:
Raising community awareness about the value of preserving the streets' cultural heritage is
a cornerstone of the conservation proposal. Public engagement initiatives, educational
workshops, and cultural events not only foster a sense of ownership but also instill a
collective responsibility for the upkeep of these spaces. By cultivating a shared sense of
pride, residents and stakeholders become stewards of their own history.

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 4. Visual Pollution:
Mitigating visual pollution is imperative to restoring the streets' aesthetic appeal. Strict
regulations on signage, advertisements, and outdoor displays ensure that the architectural
grandeur of historic buildings remains unhindered. Thoughtful urban design interventions,
such as unified color schemes and façade treatments, harmonize the visual landscape,
restoring a sense of coherence and beauty to the streetscape.

5. Drainage/Infrastructures:
Addressing drainage and infrastructure challenges is integral to preventing decay caused by
water accumulation. Implementing efficient drainage systems that manage stormwater
runoff and prevent waterlogging safeguards against erosion and structural damage.
Moreover, modernizing utility infrastructures while maintaining their unobtrusive
integration ensures a seamless blend of functionality and heritage preservation.

Figure 157 Permeable Stone Pavements

6. Pavement:
The conservation proposal extends to the choice of pavement materials, striking a balance
between historical aesthetics and contemporary durability. By employing traditional
techniques in pavement design, such as the use of soft and permeable materials, the streets
maintain their historical ambiance while promoting proper drainage and minimizing
environmental impact.

By adopting these preservation strategies and approaches, the revitalization project not only
rejuvenates Kathmandu's streets but also safeguards their cultural essence. This
comprehensive framework ensures that the past and present coexist harmoniously, creating

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 urban spaces that are not only functional but also enriching and reflective of the city's vibrant
history.

9.2.1 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESTORATION AND REHABILITATION

To revitalize Kathmandu's streets and ensure their enduring significance, a set of targeted
recommendations for restoration and rehabilitation forms the core of the conservation
proposal. These recommendations not only preserve the city's historical legacy but also
catalyze sustainable development and community well-being.

1. Revival of Traditional Art & Craft:

Breathing life into traditional art and craft is essential for rejuvenating the streets' cultural
fabric. By facilitating workshops, apprenticeships, and exhibitions, artisans can restore
time-honored techniques, intricate woodcarvings, and decorative elements. This not only
honors the city's heritage but also generates economic opportunities and keeps these crafts
alive for generations to come.

Figure 159 Pottery Figure 158 Wood Carving

2. Light Industries:
Integrating light industries into revitalization efforts injects economic vitality into the
streets. Craft studios, cultural boutiques, and artisanal workshops complement the historic
ambiance while providing income sources for local communities. This synergy between
heritage and modernity nurtures a sustainable ecosystem of creativity and commerce.

3. Safety:
Prioritizing safety measures ensures that the streets are secure for residents and visitors
alike. Modernizing fire safety systems, implementing pedestrian-friendly crossings, and
adhering to seismic resilience guidelines safeguard against potential hazards. A safe
environment fosters a sense of well-being and encourages people to actively engage with
the revitalized spaces.

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4. Public Amenities:
Enhancing public amenities transforms
the streets into inviting communal
spaces. Installing seating areas, shade
structures, and green spaces not only
promote relaxation but also encourage
community gatherings. Accessible
amenities such as public restrooms and
drinking water facilities contribute to Figure 160 Public Amenities
the streets' inclusivity and visitor
comfort.

5. Retrofitting/Consolidation:
Retrofitting and consolidation efforts modernize existing structures while preserving their
historical essence. Implementing seismic retrofitting techniques ensures the structures'
resilience against earthquakes, safeguarding both heritage and lives. Consolidation of
dilapidated buildings revitalizes their structural integrity, extending their functional
lifespan.

6. Reconstruction:
In cases where deterioration has compromised structural stability, strategic reconstruction
becomes necessary. Modern materials and construction methods can be used to recreate
historically significant structures, adhering to authentic architectural styles.
Reconstruction brings vitality back to the streetscape and serves as a testament to
Kathmandu's enduring legacy.

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 7. Restoration of Culturally Important Buildings:
Preserving culturally significant buildings is integral to conserving the city's identity. By
meticulously restoring facades, ornate woodwork, and decorative elements, these
buildings become living testaments to history. Their restoration fosters a sense of pride
and showcases the intrinsic value of cultural heritage.

By embracing these recommendations for restoration and rehabilitation, the revitalization

project redefines Kathmandu's streets as dynamic and inclusive spaces. This thoughtful
balance between heritage preservation and modern progress not only sustains the city's
past but also cultivates a vibrant future where history and innovation thrive side by side.

9.2.2 GUIDELINES FOR SUSTAINABLE CONSERVATION

Fostering a sustainable approach to conservation ensures that the revitalization of
Kathmandu's streets transcends the present, enriching the lives of future generations. These
guidelines prioritize the integration of eco-friendly practices, community engagement, and
the preservation of local heritage.

1. Use of Sustainable Materials:

The utilization of sustainable materials minimizes the environmental impact of construction
and maintenance. Opting for eco-friendly alternatives, such as reclaimed wood, recycled
stone, and low-impact paints, reduces resource consumption while upholding the
authenticity of traditional architecture.

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 2. Greenery:
Integrating greenery into the urban fabric enhances the streets'
ecological balance and aesthetic appeal. Planting native trees,
shrubs, and ornamental plants not only purifies the air but
also contributes to biodiversity. Green spaces offer respite
for residents and visitors, fostering a sense of well-being.
Greeneries in elevations & in flowering pots as well.

3. Soft Pavement:
Prioritizing soft pavement materials like
permeable pavers and gravel pathways
facilitates rainwater absorption and
minimizes surface runoff. This
approach alleviates waterlogging and
contributes to groundwater recharge.
Soft pavement techniques also
harmonize with the historical context,
enhancing the streets' visual
continuity.

4. Local Employment:
Engaging the local community in conservation efforts fosters a sense of ownership and
economic empowerment. Employing local artisans, craftsmen, and laborers in restoration
projects nurtures skill development and preserves traditional craftsmanship, ensuring the
streets' preservation becomes a shared endeavor.
5. Eco-Tourism:
Promoting eco-tourism initiatives encourages responsible travel that respects the
environment and culture. Guided heritage walks, interpretive signage, and immersive
cultural experiences showcase the streets' historical significance, generating awareness and
revenue that can be reinvested in their upkeep.
6. Promotion of Local Art & Craft:
Elevating local art and craft as integral components of the revitalization strategy revitalizes
cultural traditions. Providing platforms for artisans to showcase their creations, such as street
markets and cultural festivals, not only supports livelihoods but also reinforces the streets'
authentic character.

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 Figure 161 Local crafts

9.3 PRESERVATION STRATEGIES AND APPROACHES (Lagan Tol)

The preservation of cultural heritage sites plays a crucial role in maintaining historical,
architectural, and cultural significance for future generations. Cultural heritage locations are
priceless archives of history, architecture, and culture that link us to our past and help to define
who we are. Lagan Tole, a small village in the center of Kathmandu, Nepal, is a tribute to the area's
rich cultural history. This research intends to shed light on a number of careful preservation tactics
and methods that can be used to preserve Lagan Tole's unique character and its historic structures.
We can guarantee the long-term preservation of this beloved site for future generations by fusing
historical research, structural assessment, material conservation, sustainable design, community
engagement, and public awareness. This endeavor not only contributes to the cultural tapestry of
the area but also underscores the importance of responsible stewardship and sustainable practices
in the realm of heritage conservation. This report outlines various preservation strategies and
approaches that can be employed for the conservation of Lagan Tole and its historic buildings in
Kathmandu, Nepal.

Historical Research and Documentation:

Historical research forms the foundation of preservation efforts. In-depth studies should be
conducted to comprehend the evolution and importance of Lagan Tole. The documentation of
architectural styles, construction methods, and materials used in the old buildings is vital for an
accurate preservation process. Creating an archive of historical photographs, maps, and documents
will provide a comprehensive record of the site's history.

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Structural Assessment and Restoration:
Collaborating with structural engineers and conservation experts is essential to assess the condition
of the buildings. A comprehensive restoration plan should be formulated to address structural
issues, stabilize foundations, and repair damages. Prioritizing the use of traditional construction
methods and materials will ensure the historical accuracy of the restoration.

Materials Conservation:
The conservation of materials involves repairing and replacing damaged components while
adhering to historically accurate materials and techniques. Ensuring compatibility with original
construction methods is imperative to preserve the authentic character of the buildings.

Adaptive Reuse with Sensitivity:

Exploring adaptive reuse options offers a sustainable approach to the preservation of historic
buildings. Consider transforming the buildings into cultural centers, workshops, or small
businesses. The adaptive reuse plans must respect the historical significance and architectural
integrity of the structures.

Sustainable Design and Green Initiatives:

Incorporating sustainable practices is vital for both preservation and environmental consciousness.
Integrate energy-efficient lighting, rainwater harvesting, and passive cooling techniques. Modern
amenities can be introduced while minimizing the environmental impact and upholding historical
value.

Community Engagement and Capacity Building:

Active involvement of the local community is crucial for the success of preservation efforts.
Organize workshops, skill-sharing sessions, and educational programs to engage residents.
Fostering a sense of ownership and pride among the community members will contribute to the
site's long-term sustainability.

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Heritage Interpretation and Public Outreach:
Effective heritage interpretation and public outreach programs can raise awareness and
appreciation for the site. Develop interpretive signage, guided tours, and multimedia presentations
to educate visitors about the historical and cultural significance of Lagan Tole. Promote
responsible tourism to ensure the site's protection.

Legal and Regulatory Compliance:

We should ensure that all preservation efforts align with local heritage protection laws and
regulations and also seek for necessary permits and approvals for restoration and adaptive reuse
activities.

9.3.1 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESTORATION AND REHABILITATION

Lagan Tole, an area of profound historical and architectural significance, should undergo
meticulous restoration and purposeful rehabilitation to safeguard its heritage for generations to
come. Below are pivotal recommendations aimed at ensuring the seamless restoration and
revitalization of Lagan Tole and its ancient historical structures:

Heritage Documentation and Assessment:

A comprehensive survey and meticulous documentation of all structures within Lagan Tole should
be undertaken, creating an exhaustive inventory encompassing architectural intricacies, materials
used, and historical contexts. Esteemed heritage experts and adept architects should be engaged to
conduct rigorous assessments pertaining to the structural integrity and condition of each edifice.
Subsequent restoration priorities should be established based on historical importance and
immediate necessity.

Stakeholder Collaboration:
A collaborative framework should be forged, enlisting local authorities, heritage preservation
organizations, community stakeholders, and pertinent governmental bodies. Proactive community
participation and ownership should be fostered by orchestrating recurrent consultations and

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immersive workshops, fostering a nurturing environment for invaluable insights and
recommendations.

Preservation Planning and Guidelines:

A meticulous preservation blueprint should be elaborated, outlining intricate restoration
methodologies, preferred materials, and meticulous architectural directives, ensuring unwavering
authenticity in the restoration endeavors. A set of adaptive reuse guidelines should be envisaged,
meticulously calibrated to strike a harmonious balance between the preservation of heritage and
the integration of contemporary functionality, thereby endorsing symbiotic applications for
historical structures.

Conservation and Restoration Techniques:

Traditional building techniques and authentic materials should be harnessed to accentuate the
genuine nature of the restoration pursuits. Modern interventions, judiciously applied, should exude
an unobtrusive and reversible character. Precedence should be assigned to the restoration of
structural stability, roofing systems, and façades, given their pivotal roles in preserving the visual
allure and historical resonance of Lagan Tole.

Community Empowerment:
Dynamic heritage awareness campaigns and educational initiatives should be initiated to cultivate
a heightened cognizance regarding the historical eminence of Lagan Tole, among both local
inhabitants and visiting enthusiasts. Community engagement should be galvanized by
orchestrating skill-enhancing training sessions in traditional craftsmanship and age-old building
techniques, nurturing an environment of deep-rooted pride and custodianship.

Incentives and Funding:

Exploration should be undertaken for innovative incentives, encompassing potential tax
exemptions, grants, or subsidies, meticulously tailored for property proprietors undertaking
restoration and preservation ventures. This could serve as a catalyst for private sector investment
in the domain of heritage conservation. Robust collaborations should be forged with both national

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and international heritage preservation entities, facilitating financial backing and expert insights
to bolster the restoration cause.

Infrastructure and Accessibility:

Pedestrian-friendly infrastructural enhancements, comprising well-maintained sidewalks,
judicious lighting solutions, and informative signage, should be conceptualized and executed,
collectively elevating the overall visitor experience whilst conscientiously preserving the historical
tapestry. Endeavors should be made to ensure universal accessibility, thereby ensuring that the
area is inclusively designed, catering to the needs of all individuals.

Monitoring and Maintenance:

A methodical regime for consistent monitoring and dutiful maintenance should be instituted,
dedicated to addressing the persistent conservation requisites and forestalling further decay of
structures and communal spaces. An intrinsic sense of responsibility within property proprietors
should be cultivated, inculcating the notion of routine maintenance as an indispensable facet of
safeguarding historical edifices.

Public Spaces and Place making:

Enhancements for public spaces, exemplified by inviting seating enclaves, verdant expanses, and
culturally immersive installations, should be conceptualized and actualized, purposefully curated
to invigorate community congregations and celebrate local heritage.

Sustainable Practices:
Sustainable technologies and practices, such as energy-efficient illumination and innovative
rainwater harvesting mechanisms, should be seamlessly integrated, inherently minimizing the
ecological footprint associated with restoration endeavors.

Guidelines for Sustainable Conservation

Sustainable conservation of cultural heritage should be approached with meticulous planning and
conscientious practices that safeguard our historical treasures while minimizing adverse
environmental effects. This holistic approach seeks to create a balanced equilibrium between

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heritage preservation and ecological stewardship. At its core, sustainable conservation recognizes
that cultural heritage sites, whether ancient structures, artifacts, or archaeological sites, are
intrinsically connected to their surrounding environment. They often exist within complex
ecosystems that include not only the physical landscape but also the socio-cultural fabric of local
communities. As such, any conservation effort must consider not only the physical aspects of the
heritage but also its social, economic, and ecological contexts. To achieve this, the following
comprehensive guidelines should be considered:

Thorough Assessment and Documentation:

A comprehensive assessment should be undertaken, evaluating architectural, historical, and
environmental aspects of the heritage site. Detailed photography, written records, and advanced
digital documentation techniques should be employed to capture the site's condition.
Material Analysis and Eco-Friendly Selection:
Rigorous analysis of original construction materials should guide conservation decisions.
Prioritization of eco-friendly, locally sourced materials should be a cornerstone of restoration and
upkeep efforts, reducing the overall carbon footprint.

Holistic Conservation Planning:

Development of an all-encompassing conservation plan should seamlessly merge sustainability
principles with overarching preservation objectives. Techniques emphasizing minimal
intervention and reversibility should be favored to ensure the site's authentic essence is preserved.

Energy Efficiency Implementation:

Integration of energy-efficient lighting systems, which should limit heat and UV radiation, is
paramount in safeguarding delicate materials. Adoption of renewable energy sources, like solar
panels, should be considered to power lighting and climate control.

Thoughtful Climate Control:

Installation of climate control systems maintaining stable temperature and humidity levels is
crucial for preventing artifact and structure deterioration. Incorporation of passive cooling and
ventilation mechanisms can substantially curtail energy consumption.

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Effective Water Management:
Implementation of rainwater harvesting systems, which should cater to irrigation and non-potable
water requirements, is advisable. Installation of proficient drainage systems should be imperative
to thwart water infiltration and site erosion.

Waste Reduction Strategies:

Diligent adherence to responsible construction and maintenance practices should be pivotal in
minimizing waste generation. The emphasis should be on recycling and repurposing materials
whenever feasible, thus reducing the burden on landfills.

Harmonious Biodiversity Integration:

Integration of native plant species and landscaping techniques should contribute to heightened
biodiversity and support indigenous ecosystems. Creation of verdant spaces and gardens can
establish a harmonious nexus between the heritage site and its surrounding environment.

Engaging Local Communities:

Engagement of local communities in the conservation journey via educational programs,
interactive workshops, and volunteer initiatives should be instrumental. Fostering awareness
regarding the significance of sustainable conservation practices and their positive repercussions
should be a primary goal.

Comprehensive Long-Term Maintenance:

Formulation of a meticulous maintenance plan, encompassing routine inspections, meticulous
cleaning, and preventive measures, should be essential. Provision of sustainable conservation
technique training to personnel should be indispensable for the enduring well-being of the site.

Exploring Adaptive Reuse Opportunities:

Investigation into adaptive reuse options, congruent with sustainable conservation principles, such
as repurposing historic structures into energy-efficient cultural hubs or eco-conscious lodgings,
should be highly recommended.

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Continuous Monitoring and Evaluation:
Continuous monitoring of the dual impact—on the heritage site and the environment—of
conservation endeavors is crucial. Regular evaluation of the efficacy of sustainable practices and
prompt adjustments should be paramount for ongoing success.

10 DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS (Jaisideval)

The conservation development proposal for the Jaisidewal area envisions a holistic transformation
that preserves its rich heritage while fostering modern growth. This proposal is a blueprint to create
a vibrant and sustainable urban environment that showcases the area's historical significance while
meeting the needs of the present and future generations.
Heritage Conservation and Restoration:
• Identify key heritage structures and landmarks in the Jaisidewal area.
• Implement meticulous restoration projects to ensure the preservation of historical
buildings and sites.
• Utilize advanced technologies such as architectural documentation and digital mapping to
accurately restore architectural details.
Adaptive Reuse and Mixed-Use Development:
• Promote adaptive reuse of heritage buildings, converting them into functional spaces like
cultural centres, boutique hotels, and artisan workshops.
• Encourage mixed-use development that balances commercial, residential, and public
spaces to create a dynamic urban fabric.
Public Spaces and Placemaking:
• Design well-planned public spaces, squares, and green areas that encourage community
interaction and cultural activities.
• Integrate local art installations, sculptures, and historical markers to enrich the visual
landscape.
Infrastructure and Connectivity:
• Upgrade infrastructure to support modern amenities while retaining the area's historical
charm.
• Develop pedestrian-friendly pathways, cycling lanes, and efficient public transportation
systems to enhance connectivity.

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Cultural and Educational Initiatives:
• Establish cultural hubs, galleries, and museums to showcase the area's history, art, and
traditions.
• Collaborate with local educational institutions to create programs that educate residents
and visitors about the historical significance of Jaisidewal.
Sustainable Practices:
• Incorporate sustainable building practices and renewable energy sources into new
developments to minimize environmental impact.
• Encourage rainwater harvesting, waste management, and green building standards.
Tourism and Economic Growth:
• Develop a comprehensive tourism strategy that highlights Jaisidewal's heritage and
cultural offerings.
• Support local entrepreneurs by facilitating the establishment of traditional craft shops,
markets, and culinary experiences.

10.1 Integration of Modern Needs with Heritage Conservation: Balancing Progress and
Preservation
Amid today's rapidly changing world, the harmonious integration of modern necessities with the
imperative of heritage conservation presents a multifaceted challenge. This intricate task
necessitates a meticulous amalgamation of foresight, cooperation, and an unwavering reverence
for the past. As urban landscapes continue to metamorphose, the preservation of cultural heritage,
coupled with the fulfilment of the ever-evolving needs of society, emerges as an indispensable
undertaking. Beyond safeguarding historical legacies, this symbiotic integration serves to enrich
the present and lay the groundwork for a sustainable and culturally enriched future.
Preserving Identity and Authenticity: Heritage sites stand as poignant repositories of narratives,
architectural marvels, and customs that encapsulate the very essence of a community's identity and
chronicle. The reconciliation of these cherished legacies with contemporary advancements
demands a steadfast dedication to authenticity. Instead of erasing history through wholesale
demolition, the concept of adaptive reuse surfaces as a poignant alternative. By reimagining the
roles of heritage structures, it becomes plausible to infuse them with modern functionalities while
upholding the intangible spirit of bygone eras.
Thoughtful Urban Planning: The blueprint for modern urban planning must be inked with a
judicious blend of historical architecture and futuristic infrastructure. This calls for the meticulous
orchestration of transportation networks, communal spaces, and utilities, all seamlessly
interwoven with the existing tapestry. The enactment of sagacious zoning regulations and building
codes assumes paramount significance, as these become the conduits through which the scales of
modern necessity and heritage preservation are harmonized. By insisting on new constructions that
pay homage to the scale, style, and ambience of their surroundings, the urban landscape becomes
a testament to the equilibrium between historical roots and contemporary aspirations.
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Engaging the Community: The fruition of this integration venture hinges upon a collective
endeavour involving local communities, domain experts, and invested stakeholders. The act of
community engagement engenders a profound sense of proprietorship and pride, nurturing a
culture of responsible custodianship for the heritage sites. By eliciting and incorporating local
input within the decision-making sphere, the resulting modern developments resonate with the
community's ethos while elevating their quality of life.
Sustainable Tourism and Economic Growth: Heritage sites, meticulously conserved, emerge
not just as enclaves of historical significance but as veritable magnets for tourism. This, in turn,
furnishes a substantive impetus to local economies. In the realm of smart integration, the potential
of heritage-driven tourism can be harnessed sustainably. By devising astute tourism strategies that
facilitate economic expansion while assiduously safeguarding the sanctity of the sites, a cyclical
synergy between heritage preservation and modern development is established. The monetary
proceeds thus generated can be channelled back into conservation initiatives, nurturing a self-
perpetuating cycle of mutual benefit.

10.2 CONSERVATION PROPOSAL

The core idea revolves around urban renewal, which encompasses the revitalization of urban
regions. This progression is steered by comprehensive strategies with the goal of improving and
metamorphosing urban landscapes for the sake of enhancement.

The site has been thoughtfully divided into three distinctive zones, each catering to different
aspects of the visitor experience. The "Welcome Zone" provides an inviting introduction, setting
the tone for what's to come, the "Market Zone" where one can explore an array of offerings, from
grocery and hardware shops to an assortment of traditional delights. The captivating "Traditional
Zone," adorned with the aromatic allure of Newari traditional food shops, immersing visitors in an
authentic sensory experience.

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 Figure 162 Conceptual Diagram for division of zones

10.3 Tourism data

In 2022, Nepal welcomed about 1.2 million tourists from all around the world. Among them,
roughly 200,000 chose to explore the famous Kathmandu Durbar Square. That's an average of
about 550 tourists every single day.
If we could encourage half of all the tourists coming to the Kathmandu area, that would add up to
approximately 225 people daily. And if half of those individuals decide to extend their stay a little,
that would mean around 112 people.
And if we manage to attract this many tourists, we should have enough amenities like places to eat
and other things that make them feel comfortable during their time here. It involves setting up
everything nicely to warmly welcome them and make sure they have an amazing experience while
they're in this zone.
The provided diagram outlines the suggested route designed for the movement of tourists.

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 Figure 163 The proposed circulation route map for tourists

The different approaches that have been adopted for the formulation of the development plan are:

• Façade treatment
• Enhancing Street Lighting
• Food culture
• Pavements
• Vibrancy- day & night
• Green addition

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Façade treatment:

This involves the utilization of colours and other

principles like balance and scale. The treatment of
facades should be executed in a manner that ensures
uniformity and authenticity across all buildings. It is
essential to ensure that the elements of traditional
Newari settlements are seamlessly blended with a
contemporary touch, maintaining a consistent yet
modern feel.

Figure 165 Street Elevation Proposed

Enhancing Street Lighting:

Strengthening street lighting can be achieved by using floodlights

positioned on the walls of buildings. However, it's important to
remove any excessive lighting in narrow street alleys to ensure a
smooth flow of pedestrians without disruption. Vibrant lighting
accentuates architecture, fostering atmosphere and safety. It lures
visitors, showcasing details and creating a captivating environment.

Figure 166 Lighting in street ideas

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Visual Perspective:
The visual axis contributes to an element of exploration, particularly
when approaching from the Kastamandap side. Additionally, the street
connecting Kastamandap and Jaisidewal assumes significance as it
should exude vibrancy to draw people. This vitality aids in crafting an
aesthetically pleasing encounter that captivates the senses.

Food Culture :

Food culture shapes places, making them lively

and economically vibrant. It draws people with
unique flavors, supports local businesses, and
builds a strong community identity, creating a
special sense of belonging.

Green addition

Figure 168 CASE:

Integrating green elements contributes significantly to place-making, Pimbahal ,the
fostering Pulchowk
creation of
tranquil and dynamic spaces. By introducing lush greenery and natural features, such as parks,
gardens, or preserved green zones, a sense of serenity is instilled, inviting people to immerse

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themselves in nature. This infusion of green not only elevates the visual appeal but also draws
visitors, encouraging a greater connection to the environment and a shared sense of well-being.

10.4 Adaptive Reuse

Adaptive reuse architecture breathes new life into historic structures by
converting them into something useful for the surrounding area, like low-
income housing, student housing, community centres, or mixed-use creative
venues. Commercial real estate developers most commonly handle adaptive
reuse projects because they have the financial means and construction
expertise required to renovate these structures successfully.
(Cutieru, 2021)
Why Adaptive Reuse In Jaisideval Chowk, Seto Machindranath Jatra Figure 169 Cycle of Adaptive
Reuse
Route
Nestled in the heart of Kathmandu, where history whispers through ancient alleys, a captivating
transformation is underway. The tale of Jaisideval Chowk unfolds, a story of revival that spans
from the Seto Machindranath Jatra Route to the soul of Kathmandu itself. This narrative delves
into the art of adaptive reuse as it breathes new life into a site rich in cultural significance,
rejuvenating a neglected space into a vibrant tapestry of heritage, community, and possibility.
• Echoes of Seto Machindranath Jatra Jaisideval Chowk stand as a witness to centuries-
old traditions, including the revered Seto Machindranath Jatra. The adaptive reuse opens
with a glimpse into this vibrant cultural celebration, where urban renewal becomes a
homage to history. Through meticulous preservation and thoughtful redesign, the Jatra
route becomes a pilgrimage of both spirituality and cultural resonance.
• Reimagining Infrastructure Crumbling roads and inadequate utilities are seen as a
canvas for innovation. And also the infrastructure is needed for the contemporary
lifestyle of the communities and also to develop the concept of urban renewal through
welcome zone, commercial zone and traditional zone. Adding different infrastructure for
the development of urban renewal at the same time Seto Machindranath path should be
conserved.
• Awakening Vibrant Streets Adaptive reuse weaves vibrancy into every corner, turning
forgotten alleyways into bustling marketplaces and quiet squares into cultural hubs. Street
art and interactive installations invite pedestrians, restoring a sense of community and
inviting exploration. And information signage and illustration for the Jatra route and for
welcoming the tourists and making vibrant street
• From Potential to Prosperity, The economic pulse of Jaishideval was fading, yet
adaptive renewal casts a ray of hope. Derelict buildings now café, restaurants, market

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 plazas, and local businesses, breathing life into forgotten spaces. Making the Built
environment to its full potential capacity for the contemporary need of the communities.
• Inclusive Mixed-Use The thread of inclusivity runs through every stitch of adaptive
renewal. A reimagined cityscape erases divides, intertwining Traditional, commercial,
and cultural spaces, Once-isolated areas now flow seamlessly, fostering connections
among communities and lifestyles and contemporary needs of the society.
• Infusion of Greenery and Vitality In response to a lack of green spaces, adaptive
renewal unveils a transformational embrace of nature. Rooftop greenery, green spaces in
the courtyard, and revitalized squares flourish, replenishing the city's lungs. The harmony
of nature and architecture catalyzes a sense of well-being among communities and
visitors alike.
• Synchronizing Drainage and Preservation Adaptive renewal goes beneath the surface,
addressing long-standing drainage issues that once plagued and Integrated drainage
solutions safeguard against flooding, preserving both historic structures and modern
visions.
• The Inclusive Resurgence At the heart of adaptive renewal lies inclusivity and
transforms into a space that respects its past while embracing the present and future. The
synergy between historic preservation, innovation, and community engagement ensures
that the contemporary need of the society is prior and vibrance, livable space is the most
need urban renewal.

10.5 ADAPTIVE REUSE FOR DIFFERENT ZONE OF THE SITE

The fundamental idea behind urban renewal involves dividing the area into three distinct zones.
Each of these zones aims to design captivating and contemporary environments that foster
liveliness, natural surroundings, and openness, all while prioritizing diverse and inclusive
communal spaces. Additionally, these designs take into account the historical significance of the
Seto Machindranath Jatra route, ensuring that its echoes are integrated harmoniously and resulting
in a harmonious blend of functionality, aesthetics, and community-driven vibrancy.
10.5.1 Entrance Zone
In this zone the creation of a dynamic and culturally immersive street, linking Kasthmandap to
Jaishideval Temple and Lagan Chowk, to cater to tourists and enthusiasts. This vibrant street will
serve as a hub for cultural engagement, spotlighting events like Seto Machendranath and Indra
Jatra. Notably, the architecture will feature innovative transparent and semi-open rooftop
structures, offering both protection and an unobstructed view of the surroundings and cultural
activities.

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Figure 171 Existing street facade of entrance zone Figure 170 Proposed Street fcaade of entrance zone

The plan involves adaptive reuse of existing structures in a thoughtful manner. The police station
will be creatively adapted into a restaurant, respecting its historical significance while
accommodating tourists' needs. Adjacent spaces will undergo a similar transformation, becoming
inclusive open areas adorned with greenery, perfect for outdoor relaxation and seating. Similarly,
mixed-use buildings by Dabali will be adaptive reuse into restaurants and public open spaces,
enhancing the overall atmosphere.
The residence mix-use buildings will
undergo adaptive reuse to better serve
the community. Ground floors are
designed into three types of restaurants
and cafes, meeting the dining needs of
both locals and tourists. Incorporating
ATM services addresses
contemporary requirements. Resulting
in a holistic and lively street that
merges innovation with heritage,
effectively revitalizing the area while Figure 172 Overall street elevation of entrance zone
celebrating local traditions and
community needs.
10.5.2 Market Zone
The envisioned concept for this zone revolves around crafting a bustling market street that caters
to both local businesses and tourists, harnessing its vibrancy. Situated at the confluence of three
connecting roads, this locale possesses promising spaces apt for market activities. Moreover, its
strategic location offers visual connectivity to the revered Jaishideval Temple.

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 Figure 173 Proposed building facade
Figure 174 Existing Rana-style
building

Figure 175 Proposed street facade

Figure 176 Mix-use Residence Existing Building

Initiating with the distinctive Rana Style building, it exudes contemporary architectural elements.
The adaptive reuse of this building involves creating a rooftop café adorned with greenery and a
ground-floor commercial shop. Adjacent to it, the residence building transformed into an
assortment of offerings shop including ice cream, masala, and bubble tea outlets. Despite its latent
potential, this building currently lacks the quality spaces necessary for a contemporary commercial
plaza. The redevelopment of the courtyard is to cater to local demands while ensuring access for
tourists to witness temple-related activities within the courtyard.
Several mixed-use buildings in a state of disrepair and neglect necessitate a transition into quality
spaces. The intervention greatly contributes to the growth of a vibrant market plaza, subsequently
enhancing the economic aspect of the community. Among these, a building situated linearly to
Dabali holds significant promise, particularly its road-facing section. This building's adaptive
reuse involves evolving into a market plaza where ground-floor shops coexist with upper-floor
clubs and multifunctional spaces.

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Figure 177 Southern Street facade of market zone

The adjoining building next to Dabali presents challenges due to its deteriorated condition.
However, its adaptive repurposing lends itself well to commercial shops specializing in medicines,
hardware, kitchen utensils, and related items. This approach not only breathes new life into the
building but also caters to the contemporary needs of the community.

Figure 178 Western Street facade of market zone

In essence, this zone with a vibrant market ethos that resonates with both local essence and tourist
allure. By strategically reimagining existing buildings, optimizing spatial usage, and enhancing
accessibility, the envisioned marketplace aims to become a focal point for commerce, culture, and
community engagement.

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Figure 179 Overall Street facade of market zone

10.5.3 Traditional Zone

This zone holds a special designation as a
traditional area due to its rich cultural and
historical significance, highlighted by the
presence of residences that carry profound
historical values. Additionally, the area gains
importance due to its role as a route for the
traditional jatra processions. This cultural
event has a notable impact on the architectural
landscape of the residences in the vicinity. Figure 180 Existing right side street of traditional zone

Embracing the Newari culture,

the ground floors are dedicated
to commercial spaces. These
establishments, including
captivating cafes, restaurants,
and shops, aim to engage
travellers for extended stays.
The vibrancy of the zone is
accentuated through a variety
of colours incorporated into the Figure 181 Proposed right side street of traditional zone
facade design, complemented
by artistic murals. In response to the impact of Jatra processions on the buildings, innovative
measures have been taken. Certain building roofs have been replaced with canopies to shield them
from potential harm, while others feature foldable roofs. These adaptive roofing solutions not only
protect the buildings but also allow them to seamlessly adjust to the needs of the vibrant jatra
events.

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 The architectural style has transitioned
towards a contemporary approach while
retaining the essence of Newari culture, a
vital aspect to safeguard. This adaptation is
aimed at staying in step with the evolving
times, acknowledging that as time
progresses, people's preferences and
requirements transform. This includes
modifications in building heights and the Figure 182 Existing left street facade of traditional zone
incorporation of additional lighting.
To maintain a pleasing and
refreshing environment, green
plants have been introduced not
only alongside roads but also
integrated into the building
facades. This strategic addition
not only contributes to a
cooling effect but also adds an
aesthetic touch, blending
nature with the modernized
architectural landscape. Figure 183 Proposed left street facade of traditional zone

10.6 Alternative and Additional Proposed Strategies

• In the welcome zone and commercial area, rooftop semi-open café and restaurant spaces
are introduced to infuse vibrancy while offering visual connectivity to the surroundings.
• To cater to contemporary society's preferences, the addition of bright colours and
greenery to the wall façades is embraced, enhancing the aesthetic appeal and reflecting
current design sensibilities.
• Within the traditional zone, the ground floors transform, utilizing transparent materials
like glass and vibrant colors. This addition creates an immersive and engaging street
environment, captivating both visitors and tourists.
• Addressing local demand and fostering economic growth, an informal market is
established in the commercial area. This not only serves the community's needs but also
contributes to the overall economic development of the site.
• Courtyards receive a livable upgrade through the introduction of greenery and the
reduction of parking spaces. These additions enhance the quality of the outdoor spaces,
encouraging community interaction.
• The elements like brick jails, wooden louvers, and colored bricks are reimagined in the
façade design, bringing vibrancy and transparency to the building. This revitalization
pays homage to the heritage while embracing contemporary aesthetics.

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• Inclusive spaces for street vendors, particularly for vegetable and fruit stalls during
specific times, contribute to the livelihood of local traders and add a dynamic touch to the
area.
• Prioritizing the needs of tourists, more green spaces and informative signage are
integrated into the site, enhancing the overall experience and offering insights into the
cultural significance.
• Uplifting the economic aspect of the site, food stalls, and local business-supporting shops
are thoughtfully incorporated, catering to the needs of both visitors and locals.
• Modern amenities such as night lighting, ATM services, drainage facilities, and water
provisions are provided to cater to the convenience and well-being of the local
community.
• The hardware shop within the mix-used residence building is replaced with a local food
stall in the commercial plaza, diversifying the offerings and enhancing the communal
atmosphere.
• The substitution of concrete walls with brick jail design showcases a modern
interpretation of Newari architecture, combining heritage elements with contemporary
expression.
• The transition from a hip roof design to a semi-open roof design serves two purposes: it
embodies contemporary design sensibilities and enhances the visual connection to
Jaishideval Temple.
• Dabali's alternate utilization involves transforming it into public seating spaces during
regular days, while during jatra time, it transforms into a performance platform,
showcasing its adaptive nature to suit varying needs.

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10.7 ENTRANCE ZONE

Figure 185 Pathway from kasthmandap to Jaisidewal

Figure 184 Zone of entrance

The Entrance Zone initiative in Jaisidewal marks a strategically curated space, ingeniously
bridging the gap between tradition and contemporary allure. Spanning an impressive 450-meter
stretch from the iconic Kasthamandap, this architectural marvel redefines the entrance experience.
The repurposing of historic structures into welcoming cafeterias, including the captivating Roof
Top Café, exemplifies a harmonious fusion of cultural heritage and modern functionality.
Moreover, the communal Dabali Space, a vibrant hub for social interactions, seamlessly integrates
the revered Seto Machindranath, adding an air of spiritual significance to the narrative. The
Entrance Zone's transformative power shines even brighter during significant events like Indra
Jatra and Gai Jatra, wherein it assumes the role of a bustling focal point, drawing both locals and
tourists into its vibrant embrace. This harmonious coexistence of conservation and commerce
exemplifies a visionary approach, breathing life into the area, fostering cultural connections, and
paving the way for a thriving socio-economic ecosystem that resonates with the essence of
Jaisidewal.

At its heart, the Entrance Zone encapsulates the spirit of innovation by artfully intertwining
tradition with the demands of the modern world. Beyond being a portal to Jaisidewal's rich

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heritage, this space stands as a testament to the power of thoughtful urban planning. It serves as a
dynamic nucleus, where architectural preservation blends seamlessly with contemporary
commercial dynamics, fostering a vibrant economic tapestry. This unique convergence of
conservation and commerce creates a self-sustaining ecosystem, where cultural celebrations, social
gatherings, and economic vitality intertwine. As the Entrance Zone welcomes visitors into the
heart of Jaisidewal, it does more than just create a physical passage – it weaves a narrative of
cultural celebration, human connection, and enduring growth that encapsulates the very essence of
this storied region.
BUILDING AND THEIR DESCRIPTION

Figure 186 Value assessment of the building

Figure 187 Building plan

Different buildings with their respective value assessment indicated that few buildings are either
socio-culturally significant or are historical monumental buildings. With the current use of the
buildings, our main concept and proposal of the entrance zone to the tourist and local people cannot
meet so there is need of intervention with proper cause for the buildings. Building interventions in
Jaisidewal blend heritage preservation with modernization. Historical structures are restored,
repurposed into functional spaces, and reinforced for seismic safety. This harmonious approach
integrates contemporary elements, creates public areas, and enhances tourism. The interventions
infuse economic vitality, sustain cultural identity, and contribute to a vibrant, environmentally
conscious urban landscape.

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 1. Existing plan and land use pattern

Key Plan

Figure 189 Existing Plan Figure 188 N-W Elevation

Figure 190 Damanges dur to E.Q Figure 191 Existing condition of building

The land use dynamics of the old police station and Dabali space have undergone a transformation
shaped by time, functional adaptations, and historical events. The old police station, once inhabited
until the 2015 earthquake struck, suffered structural damage leading to its abandonment. Today,
its ground floor has been repurposed as a local vendor shop, while the upper levels languish in
neglect, marked by visible decay. This shift from a functional police station to a partially
commercial space accentuates the imperative for structural restoration and creative revitalization,
a necessary endeavor to reinstate its historical significance.

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Equally notable is the Dabali space, a stage that springs to life during the vibrant Indra Jatra
festival, graced by Kumari's presence. Yet, for the remainder of the year, its potential lies dormant.
This episodic activation highlights the prospect of transforming the Dabali space into a year-round
haven, embracing activities that engage the local populace and visitors alike. By metamorphosing
into a dynamic nucleus hosting cultural galas, markets, and social rendezvous, the Dabali space
could breathe enduring vitality into the surroundings, fostering a perpetual sense of community
engagement and cultural festivity. Both instances beckon for thoughtful interventions,
harmoniously reshaping the land use pattern to infuse Jaisidewal with a sustained aura of vibrancy
and holistic endurance.

Proposal

Figure 195 Conceptual use of dabali Figure 192 Conceptual Use of old police station

summer

winter

Figure 193 Conceptual use of dabali and building

Figure 194 Courtyard spaces to be used

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Figure 201 Visual axis from the dabali ani proposed cafe zone to the monument Figure 200 Vibrancy in café interior to be maintained

Figure 199 Proposed elevation Figure 198 Proposed 3d

Figure 197 proposed elevation Figure 196 Proposed 3d

The proposed ideology seeks to rejuvenate the old police station through a comprehensive spatial
overhaul, envisioning a dynamic café zone. Central to this transformation is the reimagining of
the building's layout, with the removal of the fourth floor and the creation of an inviting ground
floor marked by transparency. This transparency fosters a sense of openness, inviting pedestrians
to engage with the space seamlessly. Meanwhile, the rooftop would be masterfully transformed

189
into a captivating café, providing an elevated vantage point for enhanced visuals and unique
observations of neighboring jatras and the Dabali performances. The rooftop, with its strategic
visual axis, emerges as a prime vantage point to witness and immerse in the festive spirit.

The Dabali space, pivotal during Indrajatra, would retain its cultural significance, yet its potential
would extend beyond the festival season. In this dynamic proposal, the Dabali area evolves into a
versatile gathering space, welcoming nearby restaurants and the public alike. This adaptive reuse
enriches the cultural fabric, offering seating areas that invite social interaction and leisure. By

integrating these transformations, the old police station becomes a vibrant nexus where history and
modernity harmonize. This visionary endeavor celebrates tradition, enhances community
engagement, and augments the allure of Jaisidewal, weaving a tapestry of cultural vibrancy and
contemporary vitality.

A visionary proposal introduces collapsible street signs and lights that are ingeniously affixed to
Jaisidewal's walls. This ingenious design ensures unobstructed views during Seto Machindranath
and other revered jatras, preserving the festive ambiance without compromising tradition.
Seamlessly integrating contemporary infrastructure with cultural heritage, the concept epitomizes
the area's dynamic spirit. By momentarily retracting these elements, the proposal cultivates an

190
immersive and uninterrupted experience during celebrations, harmoniously blending functionality
and aesthetics. This innovative synergy between modern adaptability and time-honored practices
captures the essence of Jaisidewal's identity. The proposal demonstrates a holistic approach,
embracing the community's essence while elevating the celebratory atmosphere.

Since this area serves as the entrance zone, our primary objective has been to enhance its
attractiveness for visitors. To achieve this, a concerted effort has been made to cultivate a positive
ambiance, with a notable focus on promoting a vibrant food culture. Notably, we've prioritized
maintaining transparency on the ground floor, creating an inviting space that beckons passersby to
venture inside. This approach is complemented by the strategic incorporation of cafés and
restaurants within the majority of the buildings, allowing individuals to savor their meals while
enjoying unobstructed views of the temple.

Figure 202 Food culture establishment

In this endeavor, we've taken care to integrate features that facilitate optimal sightlines. Balconies
have been thoughtfully incorporated, ensuring that visitors are provided with clear and
uninterrupted views of the temple. By thoughtfully managing visual axes, we've managed to craft
an environment that aligns with our objective of creating a memorable and immersive experience
for those arriving in this area. The amalgamation of transparent ground floors, culinary

191
establishments, and strategically positioned viewpoints collectively contributes to the
establishment of a welcoming and engaging atmosphere, drawing more and more visitors to this
gateway space.

11 DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS (Jaisideval to Lagan Street)

11.1 INTEGRATION OF MODERN NEEDS WITH HERITAGE CONSERVATION
11.1.1 MODERN NEEDS
In the heart of our hearts, we harbor the idyllic vision of a traditional town, where brick paved
streets wind through quaint houses with charming facades and dream of a life immersed in our
cultural heritage, where the footprints of generations long gone lingers through every street and
corner. This traditional setting embodies our sense of belonging to what we have always known
and loved as ours and a deep longing to go back to our roots, a nostalgia teleporting us to "simpler
times".

Yet this vision falls short when we find ourselves facing the unrelenting realities of our modern
needs. Our desire to live in proximity to our cultural heritage clashes mercilessly with the rapidly
evolving needs of our contemporary living as these cozy, familiar streets struggle to accommodate
the demands of today's technology, infrastructures and lifestyle. While battling issues such as
traffic congestion, inadequate amenities and limited accessibility and inclusivity. We struggle to
find a breath of fresh air as we traverse our old street on a hot sunny day, unable to find a single
tree to take a shade under. We dread having to be trapped in economic stagnan

192
cy of the streets that have now become dead as craftsmen and artisans and move away and the
mundane grocery stores house after house takes over.

It is in light of these challenges that there arises a need for thoughtful and purposeful urban renewal
where there is a harmonious merge of tradition and modernity. The case for an urban renewal
project, then becomes compelling since it endeavors to connect the dots between the allure of the
past and the necessities of the present.

11.1.2 URBAN RENEWAL

Imagine this: a street in touch with its tradition, while simultaneously undergoing a transformation
that preserves its historical essence while integrating innovations of the contemporary world.
While the architecture retains its charming visual character, achieved through use of authentic
building materials, detailing, scale and proportion, as well as spatial and planning vocabulary,
along with deliberate preservation of cultural heritage ensuring that the street remains a living
testament to our roots. Yet at the same time, the challenges of the modern needs are addressed

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through simple but ingenious steps like utility lines that are made underground instead of overhead
wires, to minimize visual clutter and enhance safety, purposefully designed parking solutions,
smart traffic management and public spaces revamped to accommodate both communal gatherings
and modern leisure activities, addressing the greatest challenge of all, maintaining a vibrant
streetscape.

The streetscape is also enriched with income generating activities that brings the economic
resilience of the region to the forefront. Through eco-tourism and economic promotion of
traditional arts and crafts, the urban renewal grants economic incentives to the locals and a rich
and immersive journey to the visitors. The traditional and local crafts and income generating
activities that have been pushed beyond the visual access of the streetscapes are to be brought back
to light such that these themselves can contribute to the creation of self-sustaining town.

Moving forward, the street is also expected to transform through healthy adoption of sustainable
practices through softscapes that recharge the ground water table, roofs modified to accommodate
solar panels, rain water harvesting systems within the buildings. Besides these minor interventions,
the buildings themselves can be modified to have maximum solar gain and to minimize carbon
footprints, efficient waste management systems, etc. Seamlessly interwoven into the traditional
urban fabric, these modern interventions ensure that a settlement remains resilient and relevant in
the face of unprecedented climatic and ecological challenges.

A harmony between nostalgia and necessity, the urban renewal project of the street can act as a
testament to a harmony that can be attained between nostalgia and necessity demonstrating how a
traditional streetscape can evolve to cater to modern needs without sacrificing cultural heritage
and that progress need not come at the expense of our culture. Rather it can be a celebration of
present, past and the future yet unseen.

11.2 ADAPTIVE REUSE CONCEPTS

Architecturally and historically significant buildings within the site, i.e. buildings demonstrated in
the table below are proposed to be restored and adaptive reuse concept are to be implemented for
these buildings. Except for building L31 which is currently being used as a residence by the

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original owner of the house, the rest are to be used as an Airbnb for Tourists visiting Kathmandu
and wishing to stay in a traditional setting (Building L3 & L8) and as an instrument learning center
(Building R11). Building L27 is being restored through conjectural restoration based on the
information provided by the locals to restore the original use as a Phalcha.

Table 1 Buildings revitalized through Adaptive Reuse

1. BUILDING L3
A historically and architecturally significant mixed-use building, this building has now been
subjected to rental accommodation of multiple families beyond its carrying capacity and
fallen into a state of disrepair. The ground floor being utilized as a hotel and has further sent
it to a state of visual deterioration. An additional floor has been added on top of the previously
three storied structure.

For adaptive reuse, the building is being restored to its original state of three stories, along
with modification of ground floor to open it up and repurpose the layout for housing a function
of Airbnb that allows tourists to stay in the authentic traditional house and experience a true
Nepali life during their stay in Kathmandu.

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 EXISTING PROPOSED

Figure 203 Existing Elevation Figure 204 Proposed Elevation

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2. BUILDING L8
A historically and architecturally significant residential building, this building has now been
abandoned due to its deterioration and structural instability. An additional floor has been
added on top of the previously three storied structure which is in stark contrast with the rest
of the old structure.

For adaptive reuse, the building is being restored to its original state of three stories, along
with partition walls in order to repurpose the layout for housing a function of Airbnb that
allows tourists to stay in the authentic traditional house and experience a true Nepali life
during their stay in Kathmandu, similar to building L3.

EXISTING PROPOSED

Figure 205 Existing Elevation Figure 206 Proposed Elevation

Figure 208 Ground Floor Plan

Figure 207 Ground Floor Plan

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 Figure 209 First Floor Plan Figure 210 First Floor Plan

Figure 212 Second Floor Plan

Figure 211 Second Floor Plan

3. BUILDING R11
A three building complex, this is a residential building which was once a single building,
now subjected to partition between brothers, and an additional floor on the top. It is
currently being used as a residence in the middle of three divided units and for rental
purpose in the rest two. The top floor has provisions for learning traditional instruments
and the courtyard in front of the building is significant in that it is used to rest the Chariot
of Indra during Indra Jatra. The surrounding meat shop have created blood spilling and
visual pollution to the sacred courtyard.

The facade is proposed to be made continuous as was originally designed and the additional
concrete floor is proposed to be removed. For the rehabilitation of this building, the
building, along with the courtyard has been proposed to be repurposed as a traditional
music learning center, while allowing the original user to also use the central part as a
residence. The surrounding meat shops are also to be replaced by traditional instrument
shops.

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 EXISTING PROPOSED

Figure 213 Existing Elevation Figure 214 Proposed Elevation

4. BULDING L31
A part of a historically, culturally and architecturally rich courtyard containing Krishna
Temple, this Falchha has fallen into into deterioration beyond utility. The original form and
design of the Falcha has also been found to have been modified. The Falcha that used to be a
part of the public landscape has also now been closed off beyond private walls.

The proposal is to open up the Falchha to the public again, have it be restored conjecturally
based on the information from the local people and to reuse it as a part of gathering, socializing
and especially for singing hymns and celebrating festivities in the Krishna Temple.

EXISTING PROPOSED

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11.3 PROPOSED ADDITIONS AND ALTERATIONS
11.3.1 NARRATIVE: AN ARCHITECTURE THAT MOVES GODS
Searching through the archives of our living heritage, there lies a profound essence transcending
the tangible and the material- an intangible heritage that is beyond objectification. A legacy that
cannot be confined within the constraints of materiality, this heritage insists of perpetually flowing,
moving forward as it gets carried on from grandfathers to grandsons and into generations unseen.
One such legacy is a narrative unlike any other, a tale of a deity endeavoring to traverse the city in
a chariot, immaterializing the chasms created through caste, profession and geographic location,
with a motive of blessing every human indiscriminately.

Figure 215 Right Side Street Elevation

The path that this deity takes on his odyssey that transcends all forms of human-invented divisions,
is in itself a living, breathing tradition, a thread binding us to our culture. There can be no greater

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misfortune then, that this very path, a living tradition, that was once graced by the footfalls of a
divine entity, streets where the Gods wandered, has now fallen victim to the uncontrolled current
of modernization, its identity engulfed in this process. The vibrancy of these streets rekindled only
during fleeting celebrations, even that being beset with unprecedented complications year after
year. To dwell in the past is unfeasible, and the currents of progress unavoidable. A city must
evolve and adapt, in order to bend and make spaces for these narratives that feels home to us.

Figure 216 Street through which the Gods travel

HERITAGE WALK- MEANINGFUL JOURNEYS

The essence of chariot procession lies in the journey. A juxtaposition of culture, meaning and
symbolism, this particular route has been chosen for the chariot procession for not just historical
and traditional essence but also for its essence in the urban fabric, the way it connects significant
cultural monuments, and the different parts of the valley from lower Kathmandu to Mid -
Kathmandu to high Kathmandu. These routes are to be developed as a journey through various
zones and sub-zones with an element of story-telling to them. Each of these zones with their
distinct spatial vocabulary and detailing, with the hierarchy of open spaces and routes leading to
them, hold particular functions and activities, catering to certain age groups. A narrative unfolds
in these zones developed into series of meaningful stops, each with their unique spatial expression
and story. These streets are also adorned with large fenestrations and balconies, seamlessly
connecting the exterior with the interior, creating a transparency of activities. The street fronts are

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made active with cafes, charging stations, modern utilities and cultural activities. With
involvement of the senses, transparency of activities and through this element of storytelling, the
entire walk through the stretch is made an unforgettable journey.

Figure 217 Street Section with Rath, demonstrating Vibrancy at Street Levels

TRANSPARENCY OF ACTIVITIES: A GLIMPSE INTO ENRICHED LIVES

The stretch of street is home to multitude of tangible and intangible heritage. Its inner world
bustling with rich cultural activities within its nooks and crannies are quietly buried behind the
dead walls and closed gates. Once a vibrant street with activities spilling into the street, it has now
become a despairingly monotonous display of modern life.

Figure 218 Transparency of Activities

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The vision is to bring the rich everyday lives of people back into the view of the street such that it
becomes a part of the street life, visually and experientially. Likewise our streets are our stage,
with everyday play unfolding before the eyes of the beholders seated behind the balconies and
latticed windows. Through generously opened facades, balconies that look onto the streets and
courtyards, and bringing of the cultural activities into the street level.

Figure 219 Opening Ground Floors and Balconies for Transparency of Activities

REKINDLING NEWARI ESSENCE: A COMTEMPORARY REIMAGINATION

Although one cannot keep reconstructing Tikijhyas and building in load bearing brick facades,
when closely observed one can see that all of these elements of Newari architecture that have made
a familiar impression in our mind, a style we could pick out anywhere in the world, have an essence
which are recurring in the language of traditional Nepali architecture. To revitalize the street in the
contemporary context is to reimagine these Newari elements in the contemporary vocabulary.
The Newari essence lies in the following features of the traditional architecture:
1. Scale and proportion
2. Color & Texture
3. Elements of surprise
4. Harmony
5. Architectural elements- doors, windows, roof, balconies, cornices

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 Figure 220 Reinterpretation of Traditional Elements

To bring the urban greenery and water elements into the streetscape which has become a great
need of the society and to make the streets safer, and more interesting for the younger generation,
with their hobbies and eccentricities, these elements have been reinterpreted in fenestrations,
pergolas, railings, doors, balconies, screens, rhythm and proportion, etc. With the scale, proportion
and rhythm that feels familiar and grounded to our senses, but with an element of surprise which
marks the essence of our settlements, there is a juxtaposition of newer urban trends. And thus
amidst a symphonic fusion of scale, proportion, and rhythm arises a merging of the familiar with
the new, weaving an essence that is both rooted and innovative.

Figure 221 Reinterpretation of Newari Elements

PEDESTRIAN RECLAIM: REDISCOVERING HUMAN PACE

The traditional settlements have all been designed in human scale. The amalgamation of scenes,
smells, the texture, the sounds, and the taste of these streetscapes are meant to be experienced at
the pace of human life, rather than automobiles. The anatomy of our settlement can be best
comprehended through pedestrian experience, while immersing into the multisensory stimuli it

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provides. By reclaiming the street that has been taken hostage by the rapid increase in automobile
ownership, we create a life that unfolds sometimes inside and then outside, seamlessly blending
between privacy and community.

Figure 222 Proposed Pedestrian Street and Streetscape

A palimpsest of civilization, a street, a town, corners and intersections are the retelling of the
society's journey into the future. With a juxtaposition of tradition with modernity, the revival of
Street from Jaisidewal to Lagan emerges as a testament to Nepali society's adaptability to evolution
with a dedication to give continuity to the heritage and thus with a balance of past and present, we
aim to gift to the generations yet to come a future where heritage is given continuity at the face of
adversities.

Figure 223 Proposed Left Side Street Elevation

11.3.2 MODULAR ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS

Our urban renewal concept includes designing a set of modular architectural elements than can be
mixed and matched to create facades that are unique yet have elements that harmoniously blend
with each other. Designed as dynamic building blocks, windows, doors, railings, canopies and
planters go beyond their traditional functions to serve as vehicles for creative expression. Each
building looks unique and custom designed with the system enabling an array of configurations
yet overall cohesion is maintained in the look of the buildings from the street. Future changes to
individual buildings can also adopt these modules and have option for customization, a long term
measure that ensures current urban renewal is sustainable.

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 Figure 224 Modular Architectural Elements Reimagined from Traditional Elements

11.3.3 ZONING
The stretch of street from Jaisidewal to Lagantole at present feels like an endless expansion without
much character and differentiation, lack of breaking spaces, or character. For a street that marks a
point in the journey of the chariot procession, it would only make sense to create a sense of journey
and heritage walk within the street during everyday use.

Figure 225 Proposed Zoning along the Street

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For this, the street is divided along four major zones based on the existing character, activities as
well as proposed activities and spatial character of the zones.

A. ZONE OF YOUTH

Figure 226 Zone of Youth

The Zone of Youth serves as the main gateway connecting Jaisedewal to Lagan Tole, a key route
for the Jatra procession. Its name reflects its purpose – to channel the vitality of young individuals
from Jaisedewal onto the lively streets of Lagan. To fulfill this objective, the zone is a hub of
activities designed to foster youthful interaction. Music cafes, restaurants, vibrant wall arts, and
inviting seating areas create an environment where the energy of the youth thrives.

Figure 227 Major Buildings and Activity Zones

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 Figure 228 Section through Street of Zone of Youth

Significant transformations have taken place, repurposing major structures like the Wada
Karyalaya. This once conventional public office now features an open floor plan, seamlessly
merging indoor and outdoor spaces. The inner courtyard has been revitalized, providing additional
seating spaces for young people to convene. The Zone of Youth exudes an overall theme of
boundless energy, enticing the public to embrace the vibrant atmosphere of Lagan's streets.

Figure 229 Proposed Street Facade (Left, Right)

B. ZONE OF LEARNING
In the present context, the buildings here mostly are commercial based on ground floor (mostly
food) and residences on the upper floors. Building R11.2 is one of the important residential
buildings for this zone with its usage of instruments learning facilties.

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 Figure 230 Street Facade (Left, Right)

Zone of Learning serves as a place along the street to explore about the tangible and intangible
heritages of the site. The core reason for this zone to be learning is the location of a building where
already instruments playing are taught to the children and youth of the area. Experiencing and
knowledge sharing is the key soul for this leaning zone to be established. With our traditional
instruments learning center and art gallery to its opposite sharing a common external courtyard
facing the street creates a hub for learning about our past. Furthermore, the courtyard facing the
street is religiously important for its location for resting God Indra during Indra Jatra.

Figure 231 Street Section through Zone of Learning

Figure 232 Blow-up Figure

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C. ZONE OF REPOSE
This part of the street is currently dominated by Residential and mixed use buildings with
street level completely closed off from the street creating dead spaces. With small
commercial activities scattered along the various levels of the buildings, this zone had
potential for creating a larger public spaces due to empty land plots towards street. Since
this zone also lies in midway between the journeys from Jaisidewal to Lagantole, this zone
has been proposed to be developed as a zone of repose. With urban parks and street level
facades that open up to the public, this zone acts as a lungs to the street stretch.

Figure 233 Existing Activities

Figure 234 Proposed Activities

The envisioned zone of repose is a multidimensional refuge carefully planned to meet a

wide range of requirements, weaving an intriguing tapestry for urban renewal. With
the welfare center and urban park/foot court acting as the core of the zone, this refuge

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develops into a nurturing hub for both youngsters and the elderly. It offers necessary
services while promoting relationships between generations.

Figure 235 Section through the Street and Urban Park in Proposed Design

A symphony of tastes through a food court, recreation through arcades, children's play park
and cyber cafes as well as necessary utilities like a supermarket, encouraging group
socializing and a place for respite, relaxation as well as enjoyment. The previously unused
plot has been revived into an urban park that offers a place of community, conversation and,
majorly respite to the residents after the bustling activities of other zones along the street
stretch.

Figure 236 Street Facade (Left, Right)

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D. ZONE OF HERITAGE
In this zone mostly, ground floor has shutters but most of them were closed only some had
shops. As this zone being adjacent to Laga: baha here we thought of merging tangible and
intangible heritage into a vibrant tapestry that celebrates the essence of a community.

Figure 237 Existing Building Types and Activities

Figure 238 Proposed Building and Activities

Here, time-traveling becomes possible as one steps into a world where ancient craft traditions
coalesce with the rhythms of modern life. Streets once silent are now alive with the echoes of
artisans crafting intricate wood carvings, fashioning cloth with deft hands, and molding clay
into timeless pottery. It's a living canvas where heritage is a symphony of creativity and
culture.
As visitors and locals traverse this enchanting zone, a sensory journey awaits. The tantalizing
aromas of local cuisines waft through the air, inviting all to savor the culinary traditions of
generations past. Each dish is a piece of living history, carrying flavors that have woven the
fabric of community for centuries.

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 Figure 239 Section through Street, Zone of Heritage

But this conservation zone is not a mere showcase; it's an immersive experience. Travelers
step into the shoes of potters, guided by master craftsmen in molding clay into delicate
forms. They become weavers, learning the rhythmic dance of thread and loom that has spun
stories for ages. Amidst the wooden alleys, they carve their narratives, bridging past and
present in each stroke.
The "Zone of Heritage" doesn't just capture the tangible; it celebrates the intangible bonds
that bind us to our roots. Amidst these alleys, the legacy of a community thrives anew. The
conservation project weaves a tapestry where heritage is both preserved and shared. A place
where visitors don't merely observe but become part of the narrative, connecting with history
and culture in ways that leave indelible imprints on their hearts.

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 Figure 240 Street Facade Zone of Heritage

The "Zone of Heritage" is not just a zone; it's a living testament to the power of heritage
to unite and inspire. Here, past and present converge, creating a haven where stories
whispered by the wind find their voice and where the heartbeat of a city resonates
through the footsteps of those who tread its sacred lanes.

PLACE MAKING- FEEL OF SPACES

PUBLIC SPACES

Figure 241 Urban Parks and Open Spaces

11.3.4 INFRASTRUCTURE & AMENITIES

In order to meet the needs of urban infrastructures and amenities, facilities like drainage channels,
street lightings and furniture, urban greenery, way finding and signage, bike racks,, waste
receptacles, designated play areas, weather protection shades, water fountains, and plants and
landscaping are incorporated into street design so that it becomes more walkable and increases the
likelihood of successful pedestrianization.

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 Figure 242 Street Amenities/ Utilities Figure 243 Permeable Street Pavement Details

The drainage channels have been designed along the street on either sides of the street, throughout
the stretch of the street. At a distance of 6 inches from the main street fronts, and with a width of
6 inches and depth of 3-4 inches, drainage channels have been incorporated into the street. This
ensures that proper site drainage is ensured without hampering the movement of Chariot.

Figure 244 Drainage Plan

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Another important aspect of ensuring walkability and safety is street lighting. Street lights were
also provided along the stretch of the street. The street lights of capacity 5000 lumens per lamp are
placed at 24 m (H*3= 8*3) distance from each other. The height of the street lamps are 8 m and
are kept alternately at two sides of the street. Street lamps are wall mounted with nuts and bolts
and easily removable during the chariot processions.

Figure 245 Street lighting plan

11.3.5 GUIDELINES & POLICIES

The urban renewal project can only be successfully implemented and made effective if there are
guidelines and policies in practice that are to be strictly adhered to. Some of these guidelines and
policies can be as follows:

1. Prioritize pedestrian-friendly design with wide sidewalks, comfortable seating, and

adequate shading along with proper lighting, especially in the evenings, to enhance safety
and ambiance.
2. Develop design guidelines that encourage architectural styles inspired by the local culture
and history and strictly abide by the building bye-laws and light plane for a harmonious
street width to facade height ratio

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3. Require new buildings to incorporate traditional elements, scale, proportion, materials,
and façades to maintain visual coherence and offer incentives for property owners to
restore and rehabilitate historic buildings.
4. Encourage mixed-use zoning to create vibrant streets with a blend of residential,
commercial, and cultural functions with ground floor level commercial spaces with open
storefronts that engage pedestrians.
5. Allow for sidewalk cafés and outdoor seating to activate the street and create
opportunities for social interaction while defining clear guidelines for outdoor furniture
and awnings that align with the overall design aesthetic and standards.
6. Encourage the creation of public art installations and murals that reflect local culture and
history and set guidelines for the approval and maintenance of public art to ensure quality
and relevance.
7. Design urban parks as focal points for community gatherings, recreation, and cultural
events through integration of lush greenery, trees, and plants that are indigenous to the
region and promote biodiversity.
8. Ensure that pathways, seating, and facilities within urban parks are universally accessible
by providing amenities like ramps, accessible restrooms, and seating for people of all
abilities.
9. Plan regular cultural events, performances, and workshops in urban parks to engage the
community through collaborate with local artists, musicians, and cultural organizations to
curate programming.
10. Incorporate sustainable features such as rainwater harvesting, native plant landscaping,
and solar lighting.
11. Design open spaces and urban park infrastructure to withstand weather conditions and
minimize maintenance needs that can accommodate adaptable spaces that can
accommodate various activities, from yoga classes to art exhibitions.
12. Involve the community in the design and planning of urban parks to ensure their needs
and preferences are considered.
13. Install adequate lighting, security cameras, and emergency contact points to enhance
safety along with implementation of open spaces, streets and park rules and regulations to
maintain a secure and inviting environment.

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 14. Develop an implementation, monitoring and maintenance plan that includes regular
cleaning, landscaping, and repair of park infrastructure and for this establish partnerships
with local organizations for ongoing stewardship and community involvement.

12 DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS (Lagan)

12.1 Integration of modern needs with Heritage
In today's world of rapid change, balancing contemporary requirements with history preservation
presents a difficult and significant issue. While current needs cover different facets of social,
economic, and technical advancement, heritage conservation attempts to preserve and maintain
cultural, historical, and architectural treasures for future generations. It is possible to strike a
balance between these two by taking a careful and flexible approach. Here are some crucial things
to remember:
Engaging all stakeholders is essential, including local communities, professionals, governing
authorities, and developers. Their opinions can be used to determine a location's heritage value
and the community's current requirements. In this time local clubs, local communities and guthies
of Lagantole are engaged for its development. Develop comprehensive strategies that take into
account both the preservation of historical resources and contemporary demands. This entails
performing in-depth analyses of a site's historical, cultural, and architectural value as well as the
needs of the surrounding neighborhood and society at large.
Repurposing historic buildings for modern uses, such as converting an old building into a creative
office, is known as adaptive reuse. This can meet modern needs while also preserving the building's
historical significance. Integrate sustainable development principles with attempts to save cultural
assets. This may entail utilizing green infrastructure, energy-saving technologies, and renewable
energy sources while keeping in mind the past. The green façade is provided to the building to
integrate sustainability of Lagantole. Accept technical innovations that can help with both heritage
preservation and satisfying contemporary requirements. Virtual reality, 3D scanning, and other
digital methods can assist preserve physical impact while documenting and presenting heritage
sites to the public. Implement zoning restrictions that strike a balance between historic preservation
and contemporary development. Building codes and design standards can promote appropriate
new construction in historic areas.

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Education and Public Awareness: Inform the public about the significance of heritage preservation.
People are more inclined to support initiatives to incorporate new requirements when they
recognize the importance of conserving their cultural heritage.

Inclusive design: Ensure that contemporary adaptations are created with inclusivity and
accessibility for all members of the community, including those with impairments. Ramps are
provided in Chautara and dabali for easy accesibility for both old-aged and especially abled people.

Public Spaces: Construct public places that meet contemporary demands for social and recreational
space inside historic districts. This could improve the area's overall livability. The Silkhana area
is developed as museum and walking trail to engage the public people for livability. The public
spaces as chautara, dabali and and open spaces are designed in such a way that public can come
and use at any time. These spaces are utilized by different parties as vendors, informal markets in
specific time. The seating spaces are provided in different places. Develop cultural tourism
initiatives that are financially beneficial to the community while highlighting the historical
relevance of the site.

Flexible Strategies: Be aware that the harmony between heritage preservation and contemporary
requirements will change as time goes on. The key is flexibility and the capacity to modify plans
of action in response to shifting conditions.

12.2 Adaptive Reuse Concepts

Revitalization:

Enhancing the values of Lagan

The revitalization of a historical site involves a comprehensive process aimed at restoring,

preserving, and enhancing the site's cultural, historical, and architectural significance while
ensuring its sustainable use and benefit for present and future generations. Revitalization efforts
often encompass various aspects, including conservation, community engagement, tourism
management, and educational initiatives.

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Guiding principle

Utilitarianism:

Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that states the right action is the one that produces the greatest
overall happiness or well-being for the greatest number of people. Utilitarianism would advocate
for revitalization strategies that provide tangible benefits to the local community. This could
include creating spaces for community gatherings, events, and cultural activities that enhance
social interactions and contribute to community cohesion.

Place making:

The term "place making" was popularized in the 1960s by urbanist and activist Jane Jacobs in her
book "The Death and Life of Great American Cities," published in 1961. Place making begins with
involving local residents, stakeholders, and users of the site in the revitalization process. Their
input, ideas, and feedback can guide decisions, ensuring that the revitalized site reflects the
community's aspirations and needs.

Place making is important as it builds community,

• improves quality of life,

• drives economic development,

• preserves culture,

• promotes sustainability, and Figure 246 Place making guideline

Design consideration for open space

Character: Relationship with the adjacent public realm (i.e. streets, pedestrian routes, other open
spaces), activities and architecture.

Linkage: Linkages can be achieved or reinforced using the following devices:

• Passages, Bridges, Steps/ramps, Paving patterns, Planting.

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Safety: The design of a plaza should provide for safety. Regard should be given to principles of
designing for safety such as defensible space, clear sightlines, good lighting and provision of
alternate "escape “paths.

Accessibility: A plaza should provide easy and direct access particularly for the elderly, disabled
and young children. Ramp slopes should not exceed 8.3 percent and handrails should be
incorporated. Selection of surface materials should result in easy access for the elderly and
disabled.

Defensible Space: A plaza should afford good visual surveillance opportunities both from within
the space and along the edges. People need to feel secure and will usually avoid dark hidden
corners and vacant places.

Lighting and Public Features: Good night time generalized lighting is important to enhance
safety of a plaza, particularly if it Functions as a short cut or as a through route for pedestrians. A
plaza should also provide easy and direct access to public telephones and information signs.

Sunlight:

• Sun paths, sun altitudes and shadow patterns in the plaza should be examined for all seasons,
particularly the spring and autumn. Sunlight is particularly valued at lunch time in commercial
business areas.

• Sunlight can be maximized by:

• locating seating in areas of maximum sunlight;

• creating sun traps - areas surrounded by walls with an orientation toward the south (walls
should

• not block plaza/street visibility);

• Utilizing reflective light surfaces (if no direct sunlight is available).

Noise: High levels of traffic, industrial and other ambient noises detract from the enjoyment of a
plaza. Noise can be partially mitigated by detracting attention from the noise source through the
Introduction of such elements as fountains or waterfalls.

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Weather Protection: It should be designed with some overhead weather protection. Such
protection should be provided at waiting points and along major pedestrian routes. Protection can
be achieved with the following devices:

• Canopies;
• Awnings;
• Shelters;

Amenities: A variety of amenity features encourages general public usage and creates a sense of
liveliness and excitement .Art work should provide a focal point for the plaza or become an integral
component of the overall design of the plaza. Bike racks, drinking fountains and waste receptacles
are practical, essential amenities some others are:

• kiosks for information and posters;

• open air cafes;
• children's play equipment

Spatial variety: Unless there is a specific symbolic or functional desire to accommodate large
scale activities, large open spaces should be spatially defined into smaller, more easily identifiable
and relatable areas. These smaller areas facilitate orientation and territory definition. People
commonly gather at articulated edges in or around a plaza.

Design Concept:

“Actualization of place making in relation with values of buildings and monuments”

Guiding values of buildings

and monuments

Place making ideas in

harmony to adjacent
building’s function 222
223
224
Figure 247 Present South Elevation of Lagantole

Figure 248 Proposed South Elevation of Lagantole indicating adaptive reuse

Repurposing old buildings or structures for new uses while maintaining their historical,
architectural, or cultural significance is known as adaptive reuse. It is a sustainable and inventive
method. This method responsibly satisfies contemporary needs while still preserving a location's
unique character. The present shops and functions of the building are changed and adaptive reuse
has been done in following buildings:

Table 2 Adaptive Reuse of building of Lagantole

BUILDING STOREY PRESENT SHOPS ADAPTIVE REUSE

N1 5 Local grocery shop Newari Khaja ghar

N2 5 Pet Restaurant- book and internet cafe

N3 5 Khaja ghar Souvenir Shops

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N4 5 Mobile repairing shop+ Handicrafts shop

Chiya pasal

N5 6 Clothes shop Handmade rugs shops

N6 4 Parlor shop Newari Khaja Ghar

N7 5 Muktinath Bikas Bank Fast food (Panipuri, momo shop)

N8 5 Rented room OYO Hotel or lodge

N9 5 Fast food (kima noodles)

N10 5 Kirana pasal Clothes shop

N11 6 Clothes shop

N12 6 Frame pasal Clothes shop

N13 6½ Clothes shop

S1 5 Fruits shop Restaurant and book cafe

S2 6½ Clothes shop Restaurant and internet cafe

S3 6½ Clothes shop Restaurant

S4 6 Jewelry shop Clothes shop

S5 7 Clothes shop Clothes shop

S6 4 Gas shop Souvenir Shop

S7 6 Hotel Historical Ambience of Building

S8 6 Gas Shop Souvenir Shop

S9 5 Khaja ghar+ Sahakari Cafe

sanstha
S10 6 Cafe

S11 4 Clothes shop Bakery

S12 5 Clothes shop Juice Bars

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 S13 6 Clothes shop Ice-cream Lasse Parlor

S14 5 Halal Food

S15 6 Clothes shop Retail Shop

S16 6 Retail Shop

Figure 249Adaptive Reuse of Silkhana

Figure 250 Reference Concept generated for courtyard revitalization

Proposal: A better city for people and pedestrians - through the expansion of car-free areas and
interventions on the public spaces - proposes to transform a vehicular intersection into a lively
square.

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12.3 Proposed Additions and Alterations
Dabali Square: Planting plants are added to the Dabali and resting spaces are added around the
Dabali. The existing parking around it is removed and used as school children drop and pick space
used during office hour only. Exhibitions, performances, temporary volunteering works can still
be done in dabali. Targeted to the tourists from Basantapur and local children and elderly people.

Building: The materials used in the buildings and the floor pavement are changed considering the
existing building materials. The façade are open out than the present façade as the materials and
greenness are added in it. The transparency of ground floor of every building including the heritage
buildings are increased in contemporary way. The transparency is maintained by blending with
Newari architectural elements. The green façades are emphasize as the greenness in the site is very
low.

Chautara: Openness is provided in the chautara to make people feel free to enter inside removing
the existing bars which increase flow of people and sense of open space. Ramp is provided to the
north side of the chautara for easy access to elderly people, children. Balusters are added in some
areas of chautara added for the safety. The open space in front of chautara is designed in tactical
urbanization which means the use of the colors are change slightly while the activities are
drastically changed of the courtyard. The octagonal base of Karunamaya is repeated in the
courtyard which reflect the historical importance.

Silkhana: The remains of historical importance of Silkhana is preserved and the surrounding
around it is added for public use. The walking trail and shading devices are added. The temporary
quarters of army are accommodated in the proposed building in Silkhana. The building
accommodate the army quarter, youth club and museum. The height of some of the buildings are
change as they violated the bye-laws.

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13 Timeline

Phase 1: Campaigning and Data Collection

• Time Frame: Month 0 to Month 6

• Description: During this phase, public seminars, workshops, and discussions are
conducted to engage with the local community and inform them about the revitalization
project. Feedback from the community is actively sought to understand their needs,
concerns, and aspirations for the area. Simultaneously, a comprehensive inventory of the
existing buildings, structures, public spaces, and historical artifacts is created to serve as a
baseline for future development.

Rationale: Engaging the community at the outset helps build support for the project and ensures
that local needs are taken into account. Creating an inventory provides essential data for
subsequent phases and helps identify significant structures that require preservation.

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Phase 2: Silkhana Revitalization

• Time Frame: Month 3 to Month 12

• Description: This phase focuses on revitalizing the Silkhana area, which is government
property. Vendor spaces are designed and constructed to accommodate local vendors,
while a museum space is established to preserve and display historical artifacts. A sitting
area is created to enhance public comfort. Conservation work is undertaken on the Silkhana
monument, ensuring its responsible restoration. Additionally, a park area and a traditional
water spout (hiti) are developed to bring more green space to the public.

Rationale: This phase maximizes the use of government property, provides immediate public
benefits through additional green space, offers a safe space for vendors, and showcases the
project's commitment to historical preservation.

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Phase 3: Historic Building Restoration

• Time Frame: Month 6 to Month 15

• Description: During this phase, identified historic buildings are adaptively reused,
meaning they are repurposed while respecting their historical significance. A structural
assessment and retrofitting are carried out to ensure the buildings' stability and safety. The
necessary permits and approvals are obtained from local authorities and heritage
preservation organizations to ensure compliance with regulations. Interior design elements
are added to complement the new uses while retaining the historical character of the
buildings.

Rationale: This phase is crucial for preserving the area's historical identity while making it
functional for contemporary needs. It demonstrates the project's commitment to adaptive reuse and
showcases an example of successful historic building restoration.

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Phase 4: Private Residence Façade Development

• Time Frame: Month 15 to Month 36

• Description: After the completion of Phase 3, private residences undergo façade redesign.
This phase involves designing the outer appearance of these residences, selecting
appropriate materials, and making fenestration redesigns that align with the historic
character established in Phase 3.

Rationale: Delaying this phase until after Phase 3 ensures that the revitalized buildings maintain
a cohesive appearance, preserving the historical atmosphere while incorporating modern design
elements into the private residences.

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Phase 5: Dabali and Chautari Redesign

• Time Frame: Month 24 to Month 36

• Description: In this phase, the focus is on redesigning the public gathering spaces, known
as "dabalis" and "chautaris." These areas are reconfigured to enhance their functionality
and aesthetic appeal, promoting their regular use by the community. This phase also
prepares the streets for upcoming construction stages.

Rationale: Quickly rehabilitating public spaces encourages community engagement and prepares
the area for subsequent phases of construction, making it more accessible and attractive for public
activities.

Phase 6: Lagantole Redesign

• Time Frame: Month 24 to Month 42

• Description: In this phase, the preservation and conservation of monuments, temples, and
shrines in the Lagantole area are prioritized. This phase also involves demarcating road

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 areas and public spaces and introducing changes in paving materials, along with various
design elements that enhance the overall aesthetic and functionality.

Rationale: Overlapping with Phase 5, this phase optimizes the construction timeline by taking
advantage of traffic obstruction to complete construction work efficiently. The redesign of
Lagantole ensures the preservation of its historical elements.

Phase 7: Documentation

• Time Frame: Month 36 to Month 44

• Description: In this phase, a dedicated documentation team captures the entire
revitalization process. This includes recording the decision-making process, construction
activities, challenges faced, solutions implemented, and outcomes achieved.

Rationale: Proper documentation ensures that the project's achievements, challenges, and
methodologies are well-documented for reference, knowledge sharing, and future projects. It also
helps maintain a record of the revitalization journey.

Phase 8: Follow-up and Handover

• Time Frame: Month 36 to Month 48

• Description: During this phase, any minor fixes and repairs are addressed to ensure that
the revitalized structures and spaces are in optimal condition. Buildings that have been
adaptively reused are advertised to potential parties interested in further utilizing these
spaces. The completed revitalization areas are formally handed over to interested parties
or stakeholders.

Rationale: This phase marks the final stage of the revitalization project, ensuring that all aspects
of the area are fully functional and ready for public use. Handing over to interested parties ensures
the continuation of the area's vibrancy and contributes to the sustainability of the project.

Overall, this detailed plan demonstrates a thoughtful, phased approach to revitalization that
prioritizes community engagement, historical preservation, functional enhancement, and efficient

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construction sequencing. It aims to create a revitalized area that is both aesthetically pleasing and
responsive to the needs of the community.

14 Conclusion
The integration of modern needs with heritage conservation is a dynamic and ongoing process that
demands collaboration, sensitivity, and a comprehensive understanding of the value that heritage
sites hold for both the past and the future. By striking a balance between preserving histories and
accommodating contemporary requirements, societies can ensure that their cultural legacy remains
a living, relevant, and cherished part of their identity. Ultimately, the integration of modern needs
with heritage conservation requires a multidisciplinary approach that considers historical, cultural,
social, economic, and environmental factors. Adaptive reuse not only breathes new life into old
structures but also contributes to sustainable development by minimizing demolition and reducing
the environmental impact of new construction. These examples demonstrate the diverse range of
possibilities when it comes to blending modern functionality with the rich history of existing
buildings. Adaptive reuse requires careful planning, collaboration with architects and preservation
experts, and adherence to local regulations. It can revitalize underutilized structures, reduce the
environmental impact of new construction, and contribute to the preservation of cultural heritage.

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