Conor​ ​Duffy

International​ ​School​ ​Bangkok

Text​ ​Type​ ​Conventions​ ​and​ ​Styles​ ​Document 

List​ ​of​ ​Text​ ​Types:

1.​ ​Blog

2.​ ​Diary​ ​(journal)

3.​ ​Review​ ​(of​ ​a​ ​film,​ ​CD,​ ​book,​ ​play,​ ​TV​ ​show,​ ​concert,​ ​video​ ​game,​ ​restaurant​ ​or​ ​cafe)

4.​ ​Set​ ​of​ ​instructions​ ​/​ ​guidelines

5.​ ​Brochure,​ ​pamphlet,​ ​leaflet,​ ​flyer,​ ​advertisement

6.​ ​Interview

7.​ ​News​ ​report

8.​ ​Official​ ​report

9.​ ​Opinion​ ​Article​ ​or​ ​Lead​ ​Newspaper​ ​Editorial​ ​(from​ ​Senior​ ​Editor)

10.​ ​Article​ ​(feature)

11.​ ​Personal​ ​letter​ ​or​ ​personal​ ​e-mail

12.​ ​Letter​ ​to​ ​the​ ​editor

13.​ ​Letter​ ​giving​ ​an​ ​opinion

14.​ ​Letter​ ​giving​ ​advice

15.​ ​Letter​ ​of​ ​complaint

16.​ ​Letter​ ​of​ ​application​ ​(for​ ​a​ ​job​ ​or​ ​course)

17.​ ​Letters​ ​of​ ​apology,​ ​request,​ ​or​ ​asking​ ​for​ ​advice

18.​ ​Info-graphics

19.​ ​Op-Ed

20.​ ​Speeches

21.​ ​Tabloid

22.​ ​Autobiography

23.​ ​Memoir

24.​ ​Biography

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 Conor​ ​Duffy
International​ ​School​ ​Bangkok
25.​ ​Pastiche

26.​ ​Satire

27.​ ​Screenplays

28.​ ​Song​ ​lyrics

29.​ ​Poetry

30.​ ​Radio​ ​broadcasts

31.​ ​Text​ ​messages

32.​ ​Websites

33.​ ​Forums/chat​ ​rooms

34.​ ​Public​ ​Service​ ​Announcements

35.​ ​Post​ ​Cards

36.​ ​Cartoons

37.​ ​Charts​ ​and​ ​Graphs

38.​ ​Appeals

39.​ ​Commentary

40.​ ​Essay

41.​ ​Travel​ ​Writing

42.​ ​Parody

43.​ ​Short​ ​stories

44.​ ​Novel

45.​ ​Facebook​ ​posting

46.​ ​Obituary

47.​ ​Eulogy

Text​ ​type Purpose Features

1.​ ​Blog ● Personal​ ​blog​ ​is​ ​an​ ​ongoing​ ​commentary​ ​or ● Written​ ​in​ ​1​ ​ ​person​ ​(avoid​ ​“CU”​ ​or​ ​“GR8”
st​

diary​ ​(though​ ​unlike​ ​a​ ​diary​ ​it​ ​may​ ​contain or​ ​texting/SMS​ ​language)
explanatory​ ​words​ ​or​ ​phrases) ● Subject​ ​line
● Name​ ​of​ ​person​ ​writing​ ​blog

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International​ ​School​ ​Bangkok
● Often​ ​more​ ​than​ ​just​ ​a​ ​way​ ​to​ ​communicate;​ ​it ● Date​ ​and​ ​time​ ​(most​ ​recent​ ​post​ ​appears
becomes​ ​a​ ​way​ ​to​ ​reflect​ ​on​ ​life first)
● Includes​ ​observations,​ ​descriptions​ ​of​ ​events,​ ​or ● At​ ​least​​ ​two​ ​entries
other​ ​material ● Comments​ ​from​ ​readers;​ ​links;​ ​photos
● Shows​ ​feelings

2.​ ​Diary ● To​ ​reflect,​ ​to​ ​introspect,​ ​to​ ​explore​ ​personal ● Contains​ ​your​ ​voice​ ​(i.e.​ ​it​ ​sounds​ ​like​ ​you)
(journal) emotions,​ ​thoughts,​ ​fears,​ ​concerns​ ​ ​etc.​ ​ ​To ● Written​ ​in​ ​1st​​ ​ ​person
objectify​​ ​those​ ​thoughts,​ ​feelings​ ​and​ ​concerns ● Date
by​ ​writing​ ​them​ ​down. ● Often​ ​runs​ ​over​ ​a​ ​series​ ​of​ ​dates​ ​with​ ​the
● About​ ​you​ ​–​ ​not​ ​meant​ ​to​ ​be​ ​read​ ​by​ ​anyone goal​ ​of​ ​exploring​ ​the​ ​story​ ​of​ ​your​ ​life.
but​ ​the​ ​writer ● Grammar​ ​(begin​ ​sentences​ ​with​ ​phrases
● Very​ ​personal,​ ​intimate,​ ​and​ ​introspective like:​ ​I​ ​wonder,​ ​I​ ​guess,​ ​I​ ​suppose,​ ​I​ ​think,​ ​I
● Can​ ​be​ ​a​ ​straightforward​ ​account​ ​of​ ​the​ ​events reckon,​ ​I​ ​imagine,​ ​I​ ​hope,​ ​I​ ​doubt​;​ ​consider
of​ ​the​ ​day​ ​AND/OR​​ ​a​ ​way​ ​to​ ​examine​ ​your​ ​life using​ ​verbs​ ​in​ ​the​ ​conditional​ ​tense:​ ​I
● Shows​ ​thoughts,​ ​feelings,​ ​reflections,​ ​and​ ​ideas wonder​ ​what​ ​will​ ​happen​ ​if​ ​I​ ​go.​​ ​[future],​ ​I
about​ ​the​ ​world​ ​around​ ​you,​ ​specific​ ​events, wonder​ ​what​ ​would​ ​happen​ ​if​ ​I​ ​went.
etc. [theoretical​ ​situation​ ​in​ ​the​ ​present],​ ​I
wonder​ ​what​ ​would​ ​have​ ​happened​ ​if​ ​I​ ​had
gone.​​ ​[theoretical​ ​situation​ ​in​ ​the​ ​past])

Link​ ​to​ ​Diary​ ​Exemplars:

http://www.wikihow.com/Write-a-Diary

3.​ ​Review ● Communicate​ ​a​ ​clear​ ​opinion​ ​about​ ​the​ ​subject ● Date,​ ​reviewer
(of​ ​a​ ​film,​ ​CD, matter ● Title,​ s​ ubtitle​ ​(that​ ​reflects​ ​opinion​ ​or
book,​ ​play,​ ​TV ● Opinion​ ​should​ ​be​ ​based​ ​on​ ​evidence:​ ​facts​ ​and perspective)
show, details ● Hook/lead
concert,​ ​video
● Should​ ​be​ ​authoritative​ ​–​ ​you​ ​must​ ​sound ● Paragraphs,​ ​columns
game,
knowledgeable ● Intro​ ​should​ ​justify​ ​why​ ​it’s​ ​being​ ​reviewed
restaurant​ ​or
cafe) ● Summarize​ ​key​ ​information (recently​ ​released;​ ​writer,​ ​musician​ ​dies)
● Some​ ​summary​ ​of​ ​plot​ ​(don’t​ ​retell!​ ​no
spoilers!)
● Critique​ ​of​ ​characters/themes​ ​(Convincing?
Original?​ ​Relevant​ ​today?)
● Opinion​ ​and​ ​evaluation​ ​with​ ​a
recommendation​ ​(e.g.​ ​4​ ​out​ ​of​ ​5​ ​stars)
● Use​ ​of​ ​terminology​ ​from​ ​genre​ ​(e.g.​ ​refrain,
chorus)
● Link​ ​to​ ​Review​ ​Exemplars​ ​and​ ​How​ ​to

4.​ ​Set​ ​of ● Usually​ ​gives​ ​step-by-step​ ​guidance​ ​about​ ​how ● Use​ ​headings​ ​to​ ​capture​ ​reader’s​ ​attention
instructions​ ​/ to​ ​do,​ ​approach,​ ​or​ ​fix​ ​something ● Use​ b​ ullet​ ​points​ ​or​ ​numbers
guidelines ● Usually​ ​chronologically​ ​ordered​ ​(begins​ ​at​ ​start ● Limit​ a​ mount​ ​of​ ​information​ ​in​ ​each​ ​step:
of​ ​process,​ ​finishes​ ​up​ ​at​ ​the​ ​end) Be​ ​precise​ ​(specific)​ ​and​ ​concise​ ​(brief)
● Write​ ​clearly

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 Conor​ ​Duffy
International​ ​School​ ​Bangkok
● Sometimes​ ​written​ ​to​ ​give​ ​advice​ ​–​ ​these​ ​are ● Start​ ​with​ ​a​ ​short​ ​paragraph​ ​that​ ​gives
less​ ​systematically​ ​ordered​ ​and​ ​more​ ​personal context​ ​/​ ​background​ ​to​ ​the​ ​guidelines
in​ ​style ● Create​ ​a​ ​title​ ​that​ ​explains​ ​what​ ​the
● Explains​ ​each​ ​step​ ​of​ ​the​ ​process/operation instructions​ ​are​ ​"How​ ​to..."
● Very​ ​factual ● Begin​ ​each​ ​sentence​ ​with​ ​an​ ​action​ ​verb
(e.g.​ ​pick​ ​up,​ ​take,​ ​hold,​ ​etc.)
● Address​ ​the​ ​reader​ ​using​ ​"you"​ ​or​ ​"your"
● Limit​ ​each​ ​step​ ​to​ ​one​ ​main​ ​idea
● Use​ ​short,​ ​clear​ ​sentences​ ​with​ ​words​ ​that
are​ ​common
● Reinforce​ ​steps​ ​with​ ​a​ ​picture,​ ​illustration​ ​or
diagram
● Include​ ​any​ ​cautions,​ ​warnings,​ ​or​ ​dangers
● Leave​ ​out​ ​redundant​ ​or​ ​confusing
information
● Put​ ​steps​ ​in​ ​the​ ​most​ ​logical​ ​sequence
Conclude​ ​with​ ​a​ ​brief​ ​summary​ ​such​ ​as,​ ​“By
following​ ​these​ ​guidelines”

Advice​ ​on​ ​how​ ​to​ ​write​ ​a​ ​Set​ ​of​ ​Instructions

How​ ​to​ ​write​ ​instructions​ ​incorporating
pictures
5.​ ​Brochure, ● Provides​ ​descriptive​ ​information​ ​to​ ​inform,​ ​sell, ● Take​ ​readers​ ​straight​ ​to​ ​important
pamphlet, promote,​ ​or​ ​raise​ ​awareness​ ​about​ ​a​ ​certain information
leaflet,​ ​flyer, issue ● Address​ ​audience​ ​clearly​ ​and​ ​directly
advertisemen ● Eye-catching​ ​title
t
● Headings,​ ​sub-headings,​ ​bullet-points,​ ​and
numbers​ ​to​ ​highlight​ ​key​ ​information
● Short​ ​sections​ ​or​ ​paragraphs
● Simple​ ​and​ ​straightforward​ ​language
● Contact​ ​information
● Some​ ​factual​ ​information​ ​(statistics,​ ​etc.)
● Creative​ ​use​ ​of​ ​language​ ​(alliteration,​ ​puns,
series​ ​of​ ​adjs.)
● High​ ​proportion​ ​of​ ​adjectives​ ​and​ ​adverbs
● Some​ ​language​ ​rules​ ​may​ ​be​ ​broken
● Use​ ​of​ ​rhetorical​ ​devices
● A​ ​testimonial(s)

Link​ ​to​ ​How​ ​To​ ​Write​ ​a​ ​Brochure

6.​ ​Interview ● To​ ​gain​ ​first​ ​hand​ ​information​ ​about​ ​an​ ​issue,​ ​a ● Title​ ​(with​ ​a​ ​hook)
person,​ ​a​ ​subject. ● Date,​ ​interviewer’s​ ​name
● Questions​ ​should​ ​lead​ ​to​ ​an​ ​understanding​ ​of​ ​1) ● Introductory​ ​paragraph​ ​explaining​ ​who​ ​the
the​ ​topic​ ​and​ ​2)​ ​the​ ​personality​ ​of​ ​the interviewee​ ​is,​ ​her​ ​connection​ ​to​ ​the​ ​issue
interviewee (i.e.​ ​job,​ ​position),​ ​and​ ​where​ ​and​ ​why​ ​the
● A​ ​dialogue​ ​in​ ​question-and-answer​ ​style interview​ ​is​ ​taking​ ​place

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 Conor​ ​Duffy
International​ ​School​ ​Bangkok
● To​ ​be​ ​published​ ​(don’t​ ​write​ ​a​ ​transcript​ ​of​ ​the ● First​ ​question​ ​should​ ​establish​ ​rapport
conversation) (​“Thanks​ ​for​ ​talking​ ​to​ ​our​ ​magazine.”​)
● Ask​ ​“open”​ ​questions​ ​(Begin​ ​with:​ ​what,
how,​ ​why,​ ​who,​ ​where​);​ ​avoid​ ​yes/no
● If​ ​discussing​ ​personal​ ​issues,​ ​start​ ​with​ ​less
sensitive​ ​topics​ ​(background,​ ​facts)​ ​and
move​ ​on​ ​to​ ​specifics
● Last​ ​question​ ​could​ ​be​ ​about​ ​future​ ​plans
(​“So​ ​what​ ​do​ ​you​ ​see​ ​as​ ​the​ ​next​ ​stage?”​)
● Final​ ​paragraph​ ​should​ ​conclude​ ​interview
and​ ​ ​thank​ ​and​ ​wish​ ​the​ ​interviewee​ ​well
● Use​ ​cohesive​ ​devices​ ​(transitions)​ ​and,
perhaps,​ ​humor
7.​ ​News ● Presents​ ​newsworthy​ ​information​ ​about​ ​events ● Formal​ ​register
report that​ ​have​ ​just​ ​happened ● Begin​ ​with​ ​a​ ​headline;​ ​use​ ​subheadings
● Factual ● Write​ d ​ ate​ ​and​ ​byline
● Provide​ ​the​ ​5​ ​W’s​ ​(who,​ ​what,​ ​why,​ ​when,
where)​ ​in​ ​the​ ​lead​ ​paragraph
● Provide​ ​further​ ​facts​ ​and​ ​details​ ​ ​including
statements​ ​and​ ​direct​ ​quotes​ ​in​ ​the
explanatory​ ​paragraphs;​ ​explain​ ​how​ ​the
events​ ​occurred
● Report​ ​similar​ ​incidents​ ​and​ ​least​ ​important
information​ ​in​ ​the​ ​final​ ​paragraphs
● Use​ ​short​ ​paragraphs
● Rhetorical​ ​devices​ ​(indirect​ ​speech,​ ​passive
voice,​ ​objective,​ ​concise)
● INVERTED​ ​PYRAMID:​ ​structural​ ​device​ ​for
news​ ​articles​ ​where​ ​in​ ​the​ ​most​ ​important
information​ ​and​ ​facts​ ​are​ ​put​ ​near​ ​the​ ​top
of​ ​the​ ​article,​ ​including​ ​an​ ​engaging​ ​LEAD…
the​ ​assumption​ ​being​ ​that​ ​most​ ​people​ ​so
not​ ​read​ ​all​ ​news​ ​articles​ ​to​ ​completion….
They​ ​want​ ​the​ ​main​ ​points​ ​of​ ​the​ ​news
quickly.
● LEAD:​ ​opening​ ​sentence​ ​which​ ​answers​ ​as
much​ ​of​ ​the​ ​who,​ ​what,​ ​where,​ ​when​ ​and
why​ ​as​ ​grammatically​ ​possible.

Advice​ ​on​ ​how​ ​to​ ​write​ ​a​ ​News​ ​Article

8.​ ​Official ● Presents​ ​information​ ​in​ ​a​ ​coherent,​ ​formal ● Formal​ ​register
report manner​ ​(e.g.​ ​police​ ​report,​ ​witness​ ​statement, ● Begin​ ​with​ ​background​ ​information​ ​about
or​ ​social​ ​worker’s​ ​report) the​ ​issue​ ​or​ ​conflict
● Often​ ​argues​ ​for​ ​a​ ​certain​ ​position​ ​or​ ​solution ● Explain​ ​what​ ​happened
to​ ​a​ ​specific​ ​issue​ ​or​ ​problem ● Summarize​ ​findings​ ​and​ ​recommendations
● Conclude​ ​with​ ​a​ ​short​ ​summary​ ​of​ ​the​ ​ideas

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International​ ​School​ ​Bangkok
presented
● Present​ ​facts,​ ​statistics,​ ​and​ ​details
● Use​ ​objective,​ ​descriptive​ ​language
● It​ ​may​ ​or​ ​may​ ​not​ ​be​ ​addressed​ ​to​ ​anyone,
as​ ​long​ ​as​ ​this​ ​is​ ​not​ ​confused​ ​with​ ​the
formal​ ​letter​ ​style
● Organize​ ​with​ ​subheadings​ ​and​ ​bullet​ ​points
(but​ ​do​ ​not​ ​inappropriately​ ​replace
continuous​ ​prose)

Link​ ​to​ ​an​ ​example​ ​of​ ​a​ ​Police​ ​Report:

http://www.wikihow.com/Write-a-Police-Repo
rt

9.​ ​Opinion • Written​ ​to ● Includes​ ​a​ ​Headline​ ​that​ ​is​ ​relevant​ ​to​ ​the
Article​ ​or 1)​ ​provide​ ​an​ ​opinion​ ​on​ ​a​ ​current​ ​event issue​ ​and​ ​implies​ ​the​ ​opinion​ ​of​ ​the​ ​writer.
Lead 2)​ ​provide​ ​balanced​ ​support​ ​regarding​ ​issues, ● Formal​ ​register,​ ​academic,​ ​persuasive
Newspaper but​ ​persuasive​ ​language​ ​to​ ​get​ ​readers​ ​to​ ​agree language…​ ​though​ ​register​ ​can​ ​also​ ​vary
Editorial writer’s​ ​personal​ ​opinion.
according​ ​to​ ​audience.
(from​ ​Senior 3)​ ​Ask​ ​the​ ​reader​ ​to​ ​review​ ​or​ ​adapt​ ​their
● Informative,​ ​precise​ ​and​ ​persuasive
Editor) opinion​ ​on​ ​an​ ​issue,​ ​or​ ​see​ ​things​ ​from​ ​a​ ​new
angle.​ ​ ​Possibly​ ​asks​ ​reader​ ​to​ ​take​ ​action. • Provides​ ​balanced​ ​information​ ​from​ ​both
sides
• Explains​ ​issue​ ​and​ ​opinion​ ​of​ ​writer​ ​early​ ​in
the​ ​piece.
• Anticipates​ ​counter-balance​ ​arguments​ ​and
works​ ​to​ ​refute​ ​them.
• May​ ​have​ ​a​ ​“call-to-action”​ ​which​ ​provides
information​ ​for​ ​“next​ ​steps”​ ​a​ ​reader​ ​may
take​ ​if​ ​they​ ​are​ ​moved​ ​by​ ​the​ ​opinion
article.
• Give​ ​all​ ​the​ ​information​ ​the​ ​reader​ ​needs​ ​to
make​ ​a​ ​final​ ​decision
• Conclude​ ​with​ ​a​ ​general​ ​comment,​ ​opinion,
or​ ​assessment
• May​ ​use​ ​longer​ ​sentences​ ​and​ ​more
developed​ ​paragraphs​ ​than​ ​a​ ​regular​ ​news
article.
Tips​ ​for​ ​Writing​ ​an​ ​Editorial/Opinion​ ​Article
5​ ​Steps​ ​to​ ​Good​ ​Editorials
How​ ​to​ ​Organize​ ​an​ ​Editorial
10.​ ​Article • Mainly​ ​to​ ​inform,​ ​though​ ​may​ ​also​ ​persuade • Audience​ ​(wide​ ​or​ ​narrow,​ ​e.g.​ ​all​ ​residents
(feature) and​ ​educate;​ ​they​ ​offer​ ​a​ ​personalized of​ ​a​ ​city​ ​or​ ​teenagers)​ ​determines​ ​register
perspective​ ​on​ ​a​ ​current​ ​issue. • Often​ ​offer​ ​a​ ​combination​ ​of​ ​the​ ​subjective
• Not​ ​concerned​ ​with​ ​news​ ​events​ ​–​ ​instead​ ​it (persona,​ ​individual​ ​story)​ ​with​ ​the
explores​ ​a​ ​range​ ​of​ ​issues,​ ​opinions,
objective​ ​(facts,​ ​stats,​ ​expert​ ​opinions,
experiences,​ ​and​ ​ideas
data).
• Can​ ​inform,​ ​entertain,​ ​and​ ​persuade​ ​readers,​ ​or
simply​ ​satisfy​ ​a​ ​reader’s​ ​curiosity​ ​about​ ​a • Begin​ ​with​ ​a​ ​headline​ ​(gives​ ​main​ ​idea​ ​and
subject gets​ ​attention),​ ​date,​ ​name​ ​of​ ​publication,

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International​ ​School​ ​Bangkok
• Can​ ​offer​ ​an​ ​opinion​ ​about​ ​current​ ​affairs,​ ​but and​ ​writer’s​ ​name
can​ ​also​ ​just​ ​give​ ​a​ ​personal​ ​or​ ​humorous • Intro​ ​should​ ​provide​ ​a​ ​hook​ ​and​ ​background
perspective​ ​on​ ​modern​ ​day​ ​life info
• Give​ ​a​ ​personal​ ​perspective​ ​on​ ​the​ ​subject​ ​–​ ​a • Body​ ​paragraphs​ ​use​ ​subheadings,​ ​facts,
point​ ​of​ ​view​ ​/​ ​angle​ ​that​ ​makes​ ​the​ ​article
statistics,​ ​specific​ ​names/places/dates,
interesting​ ​or​ ​unique
quotes/opinions​ ​from​ ​experts,​ ​personal
views,​ ​and​ ​visual​ ​aids​ ​(e.g.​ ​photographs,
tables,​ ​diagrams,​ ​maps)
• End​ ​with​ ​satisfying​ ​conclusion​ ​(restate​ ​main
idea,​ ​encourage​ ​a​ ​change,​ ​make​ ​a
prediction,​ ​or​ ​leave​ ​reader​ ​with​ ​something
to​ ​think​ ​about)
• Go​ ​beyond​ ​surface​ ​facts​ ​and​ ​direct​ ​quotes​ ​ ​–
add​ ​color,​ ​descriptive​ ​detail,​ ​background,
and​ ​personal​ ​comment
• Use​ ​anecdotes,​ ​imagery,​ ​description,​ ​and
rhetorical​ ​questions
• Register​ ​determines​ ​language​ ​(e.g.​ ​informal
includes​ ​contractions​ ​–​ ​can’t,​ ​won’t​,​ ​etc.​ ​–
and​ ​vocabulary​ ​like​ ​cool,​​ ​weird​,​ ​or​ c​ hill​)
• Create​ ​a​ ​familiar​ ​tone​ ​with​ ​informal,
colloquial​ ​(slang)​ ​and​ ​first​ ​person​ ​narrative

Important​ ​Steps​ ​for​ ​writing​ ​a​ ​solid​ ​Feature

Article​ ​(from​ ​the​ ​NY​ ​Times)

Example​ ​of​ ​a​ ​Feature​ ​Article

Link​ ​to​ ​How​ ​to​ ​Write​ ​a​ ​Feature​ ​Article

11.​ ​Personal ● To​ ​connect,​ ​to​ ​share​ ​persona​ ​information,​ ​to ● Informal​ ​register
letter update​ ​a​ ​friend​ ​on​ ​recent​ ​events,​ ​to​ ​apprise. ● Include​ ​address
or​ ​personal ● Refers​ ​to​ ​reason​ ​for​ ​writing​ ​(e.g.​ ​share​ ​news ● Begin​ ​with​ ​date​ a​ nd​ ​greeting​ ​(​e.g.​ ​Dear,​ ​OR
e-mail and​ ​information,​ ​apologize,​ ​give​ ​thanks, Hi,​ ​Hello,​)
congratulate,​ ​invite,​ ​give​ ​condolences) ● Explain​ ​reason​ ​for​ ​writing
● Usually​ ​consists​ ​of​ ​personal​ ​topics​ ​and ● Share​ ​good​ ​and​ ​bad​ ​news
expresses​ ​personal​ ​feelings,​ ​thoughts ● Ask​ ​about​ ​recipient
● Ask​ ​questions​ ​you​ ​want​ ​answered
● End​ ​with​ ​closing​ ​remarks​ ​(e.g.​ ​thank​ ​or​ ​wish
recipient​ ​well)​ ​wish​ ​,​ ​closing,​ ​and​ ​signature
● Contains​ ​paragraphs
● Use​ ​informal,​ ​conversational​ ​–​ ​BUT​ ​correct
–language;​ ​imagine​ ​the​ ​recipient​ ​standing​ ​in
front​ ​of​ ​you​ ​(e.g.​ ​contractions,
abbreviations,​ ​slang,​ ​smiley​ ​faces,​ ​!)
● Avoid​ ​words​ ​in​ ​text​ ​message​ ​(SMS)​ ​form,
swear​ ​words,​ ​and​ ​inappropriate​ ​language

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 Conor​ ​Duffy
International​ ​School​ ​Bangkok
● Use​ ​simple,​ ​short​ ​sentences​ ​and​ ​connectors
(e.g.​ ​then,​ ​later)

E-mail​ ​differences
● Begin​ ​with​ ​these​ ​lines:
◦ From:
◦ To:
◦ Date:
◦ Subject:
● When​ ​writing​ ​an​ ​informal​ ​e-mail,​ ​avoid
using​ ​chatty​ ​language​ ​and​ ​do​ ​not​ ​focus​ ​on
authenticity​ ​at​ ​the​ ​expense​ ​of​ ​organization
and​ ​methodical​ ​development​ ​of​ ​ideas

Some​ ​examples​ ​of​ ​Personal​ ​Letters

How​ ​to​ ​Write​ ​a​ ​Personal​ ​Letter
12.​ ​Letter​ ​to ● Written​ ​to​ ​express​ ​a​ ​point​ ​of​ ​view,​ ​to​ ​list ● Formal​ ​register
the​ ​editor arguments​ ​supporting​ ​this​ ​opinion​ ​and​ ​to​ ​reject ● Include​ ​your​ ​address
those​ ​against​ ​it ● Begin​ ​with​ ​date​ ​and​ ​greeting​ ​(​“Dear​ ​Sir:​ ​or
● Similar​ ​to​ ​opinion​ ​essays,​ ​but​ ​in​ ​letter​ ​format Dear​ ​Madam:”​)
● May​ ​end​ ​by​ ​restating​ ​opinion​ ​or​ ​offering ● State​ ​purpose;​ ​refer​ ​to​ ​article,​ ​date,​ ​writer,
suggestions​ ​for​ ​action title,​ ​and​ ​newspaper​ ​issue
● State​ ​the​ ​issue/topic​ ​and​ ​whether​ ​you
approve​ ​or​ ​disapprove
● Support​ ​your​ ​argument​ ​with​ ​examples,
clarifications,​ ​and​ ​details
● Refute​ ​any​ ​counter-arguments
● Provide​ ​suggestions​ ​or​ ​solutions​ ​to
solve/handle​ ​the​ ​problem​ ​or​ ​topic
● End​ ​with​ ​closing​ ​remarks,​ ​closing,​ ​and
signature
How​ ​to​ ​Write​ ​ ​a​ ​Letter​ ​to​ ​the​ ​Editor

13.​ ​Letter ● Written​ ​to​ ​give​ ​an​ ​opinion​ ​,​ ​to​ ​advise… ● Semi-formal​ ​to​ ​formal​ ​register
giving​ ​an (approve/disapprove,​ ​agree/disagree)​ ​on​ ​a ● Include​ ​your​ a​ ddress
opinion topic/issue ● Begin​ ​with​ ​date​ ​and​ ​greeting​ ​(​“Dear​ ​Sir:​ ​or
● Respectful​ ​tone Dear​ ​Madam:”​)
● State​ ​purpose;​ ​refer​ ​to​ ​article,​ ​date,​ ​writer,
title,​ ​and​ ​newspaper​ ​issue
● State​ ​opinion
● Support​ ​your​ ​argument​ ​with​ ​justifications,
examples,​ ​and​ ​details
● Refute​ ​any​ ​counter-arguments
● End​ ​with​ ​closing​ ​remarks,​ ​closing,​ ​and
signature

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 Conor​ ​Duffy
International​ ​School​ ​Bangkok
14.​ ​Letter ● Written​ ​to​ ​give​ ​advice​ ​upon​ ​someone’s​ ​request ● Formal,​ ​semi-formal​ ​or​ ​informal​ ​register
giving​ ​advice ● Should​ ​give​ ​solutions ● State​ ​purpose;​ ​refer​ ​to​ ​the​ ​original​ ​request
● May​ ​include​ o ​ pinions​ ​and​ ​reference​ ​to​ ​personal made​ (​ in​ ​e-mail,​ ​letter,​ ​etc.)
experience ● Give​ ​advice​ ​–​ ​be​ ​precise​ ​and​ ​concise
● Provide​ ​clarifications,​ ​justifications,
examples,​ ​and​ ​details
● End​ ​with​ ​closing​ ​remarks,​ ​closing,​ ​and
signature
● Grammar​ ​(useful​ ​phrases:​ ​If​ ​I​ ​were​ ​you,​ ​I
would…,​ ​You​ ​ought​ ​to…,​ ​You​ ​should…,​ ​Why
don’t​ ​you…,​ ​What​ ​about…,​ ​Make​ ​sure
you…,​ ​Have​ ​you​ ​considered…​)

15.​ ​Letter​ ​of ● Written​ ​to​ ​express​ ​displeasure​ ​about​ ​a​ ​product ● Formal​ ​register
complaint or​ ​service;​ ​often​ ​asks​ ​for​ ​a​ ​refund​ ​or ● Include​ y​ our​ ​address​ ​and​ ​contact​ ​info
replacement ● Begin​ ​with​ ​date​ ​and​ ​greeting;​ ​use​ ​the​ ​name
● Should​ ​explain​ ​what​ ​you​ ​want​ ​the​ ​organization of​ ​the​ ​recipient​ ​to​ ​enable​ ​better​ ​interaction
to​ ​do ● Explain​ ​complaint
● Respectful,​ ​friendly​ ​tone ● Justify​ ​complaint​ ​and​ ​give​ ​examples
● Explain​ ​what​ ​you​ ​want​ ​the​ ​organization​ ​to
do​ ​–​ ​provide​ ​solutions,​ ​recommendations​ ​or
suggestions
● Keep​ ​a​ ​respectful​ ​tone​ ​–​ ​do​ ​not​ ​sound
patronizing​ ​and​ ​avoid​ ​offensive​ ​language
● Be​ ​concise​ ​and​ ​precise
● End​ ​with​ ​closing​ ​remarks,​ ​closing,​ ​and
signature
How​ ​to​ ​Write​ ​a​ ​Letter​ ​of​ ​Complaint​ ​to​ ​a
Business
Example​ ​of​ ​a​ ​Letter​ ​of​ ​Complaint

16.​ ​Letter​ ​of ● Written​ ​to​ ​express​ ​interest​ ​in​ ​attending​ ​an ● Formal​ ​register
application institution​ ​or​ ​receiving​ ​a​ ​job ● Include​ y​ our​ ​address,​ ​contact​ ​info,​ ​and
(for​ ​a​ ​job​ ​or ● Highlights​ ​your​ ​qualifications​ ​(abilities, when​ ​you​ ​can​ ​be​ ​reached
course) strengths,​ ​and​ ​experience) ● Begin​ ​with​ ​date​ ​and​ ​greeting
● State​ ​reason​ ​for​ ​writing​ ​(e.g.​ ​mention
course​ ​you​ ​are​ ​applying​ ​for​ ​and​ ​where​ ​you
learned​ ​about​ ​it)
● Explain​ ​your​ ​interest​ ​and​ ​qualifications​ ​(​e.g.
Why​ ​have​ ​you​ ​chosen​ ​this​ ​course/university
or​ ​job?​ ​What​ ​benefit​ ​can​ ​the​ ​university​ ​gain
from​ ​your​ ​enrolment​ ​or​ ​the​ ​company​ ​from
your​ ​hiring?​)
● End​ ​with​ ​closing​ ​remarks​ ​(​e.g.​ ​how​ ​you​ ​will
apply​ ​the​ ​knowledge​ ​you​ ​gain​ ​from​ ​the
course​),​ ​closing,​ ​and​ ​signature

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 Conor​ ​Duffy
International​ ​School​ ​Bangkok
How​ ​to​ ​write​ ​a​ ​Letter​ ​of​ ​Application​ ​for​ ​a​ ​job
17.​ ​Letters​ ​of ● To​ ​apologize,​ ​to​ ​request​ ​something. ● Written​ ​in​ ​1st​​ ​ ​person
apology, ● Letters​ ​of​ ​apology​ ​are​ ​typically​ ​written​ ​to ● Include​ ​your​ ​address​ ​and​ ​contact​ ​info
request,​ ​or somebody​ ​that​ ​the​ ​writer​ ​feels​ ​they​ ​have​ ​hurt. ● Addresses​ ​the​ ​person​ ​appropriately
asking​ ​for Is​ ​generally​ ​heart-felt​ ​and​ ​meaningful. (Semi-formal​ ​to​ ​formal​ ​register)
advice
● Request​ ​letters​ ​is​ ​are​ ​written​ ​when​ ​you​ ​need ● Offers​ ​apology​ ​or​ ​asks​ ​for​ ​request/advice
certain​ ​information,​ ​permission,​ ​favor,​ ​service in​ ​the​ ​beginning​ ​of​ ​the​ ​letter
or​ ​any​ ​other​ ​matter​ ​which​ ​requires​ ​a​ ​polite​ ​and ● Gives​ ​an​ ​explanation
humble​ ​request. ● End​ ​with​ ​closing​ ​remarks,​ ​closing,​ ​and
signature

18. ● To​ ​inform,​ ​quickly​ ​and​ ​efficiently​ ​through ● Focused​ ​on​ ​a​ ​valuable​ ​topic
Info-graphics visual​ ​information​ ​which​ ​attracts​ ​the​ ​eye​ ​and ● Easy​ ​to​ ​read​ ​and​ ​understand​ ​(Charts,
is​ ​easy​ ​to​ ​comprehend. Graphs,​ ​Visuals,​ ​Numbers,​ ​Statistics)
● A​ ​way​ ​of​ ​explaining​ ​complex​ ​scenario’s​ ​or ● Highlights​ ​tons​ ​of​ ​reliable​ ​and​ ​interesting
large​ ​amounts​ ​of​ ​data​ ​in​ ​a​ ​visually​ ​stimulating data​ ​(data​ ​density)
format ● Creatively​ ​visualizes​ ​data​ ​and​ ​information
● Can​ ​provide​ ​a​ ​unique​ ​perspective​ ​that​ ​can​ ​be (i.e.​ ​font​ ​size,​ ​sub-headings,​ ​images,​ ​icons
difficult​ ​to​ ​project​ ​using​ ​words​ ​alone. are​ ​all​ ​used​ ​to​ ​great​ ​effect).
● Grab​ ​viewer’s​ ​attention
● Presents​ ​information​ ​simply

Examples​ ​of​ ​Infographics:

http://arts2090bettinaroy.wordpress.com/201
2/04/26/information-graphics/

19.​ ​Op-Ed ● To​ ​offer​ ​an​ ​educated​ ​opinion​ ​which​ ​represents ● Short​ ​sentences​ ​(8​ ​words​ ​or​ ​less!)
the​ ​official​ ​stance​ ​of​ ​a​ ​publication. ● Simple​ ​sentence​ ​construction​ ​(subject
● A​ ​newspaper​ ​article​ ​that​ ​expresses​ ​the verb​ ​object)
opinions​ ​of​ ​a​ ​named​ ​writer​ ​who​ ​is​ ​usually ● Active​ ​voice​ ​rather​ ​than​ ​passive​ ​voice​ ​in
unaffiliated​ ​with​ ​the​ ​newspaper’s​ ​editorial verbs​ ​(see​ ​reverse​ ​for​ ​examples)
board. ● Short​ ​words​ ​from​ ​common​ ​vocabulary
● It​ ​appeals​ ​to​ ​a​ ​mass-media​ ​audience. ● Almost​ ​no​ ​use​ ​of​ ​numbers​ ​or​ ​math
● Grabber​ ​title
● It​ ​appears​ ​on​ ​the​ ​page​ ​opposite​ ​the​ ​editorial
● Important​ ​point​ ​first,​ ​not​ ​last!
page​ ​of​ ​a​ ​newspaper.
● Use​ ​of​ ​quotations​ ​by​ ​people:​ ​Subjective
rather​ ​than​ ​Objective
● Use​ ​of​ ​people's​ ​first​ ​and​ ​last​ ​names​ ​for
"human​ ​interest"
● Affiliation​ ​language​ ​(Business,
University,​ ​Titles,​ ​Location)​ ​for
persuasion

● Who,​ ​what,​ ​when,​ ​where,​ ​why,​ ​how

writetodone.com/how-to-write-a-strong-opini
on-piecie-for-your-blog

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International​ ​School​ ​Bangkok
20.​ ​Speeches ● To​ ​inform,​ ​to​ ​persuade,​ ​to​ ​move​ ​emotionally, ● Should​ ​make​ ​use​ ​of​ ​rhetorical​ ​devices​ ​in
to​ ​inspire,​ ​to​ ​commemorate,​ ​to​ ​sanctify​ ​with order​ ​to​ ​accomplish​ ​its​ ​purpose
eloquence. ● Have​ ​one​ ​or​ ​two​ ​highly​ ​memorable​ ​lines.
● The​ ​purpose​ ​often​ ​is​ ​to​ ​persuade​ ​and​ ​a​ ​call​ ​to (Can​ ​be​ ​accomplished​ ​through​ ​the​ ​use​ ​of
action,​ ​but​ ​other​ ​purposes​ ​may​ ​include​ ​to anaphora)
inform,​ ​to​ ​eulogize,​ ​to​ ​comfort,​ ​etc. ● Makes​ ​mention​ ​of​ ​one​ ​or​ ​more​ ​of​ ​the
● Allows​ ​you​ ​to​ ​focus​ ​on​ ​one​ ​topic​ ​throughout following​ ​historical​ ​people​ ​or​ ​events,​ ​facts,
proverbs,​ ​religious​ ​references,​ ​allusions​ ​in
the​ ​speech.
general.
● It​ ​will​ ​be​ ​understandable,​ ​yet
thought-provoking,​ ​to​ ​the​ ​intended​ ​audience ● The​ ​speech​ ​should​ ​sound​ ​trustworthy​ ​to
the​ ​intended​ ​audience​.
● Often​ ​relies​ ​on​ ​ETHOS,​ ​PATHOS​​ ​and/or
LOGOS​​ ​for​ ​its​ ​persuasive​ ​effect.

Link​ ​to​ ​“I​ ​Have​ ​ ​a​ ​Dream”​ ​by​ ​Martin​ ​Luther

King:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=smEqnn
klfYs
21.​ ​Tabloid ● To​ ​entertain,​ ​to​ ​sensationalize,​ ​to​ ​provide ● ​ ews  featuring  sex  escapades,  murder and 
N
gossipy​ ​information​ ​on​ ​an​ ​event​ ​which​ ​appeals gore,​ ​sports,​ ​and​ ​scandals​ ​of​ ​all​ ​sorts. 
to​ ​pop​ ​culture,​ ​to​ ​scandalize,​ ​to​ ​infer​ ​(often ● Attention​ ​grabbing/shocking​ ​headlines  
without​ ​hard​ ​evidence) ● Key​ ​source​ ​of​ ​information​ ​is​ ​often​ ​gossip. 
● It​ ​allows​ ​you​ ​to​ ​present​ ​the​ ​news​ ​in​ ​condensed ● Vivid  use  of  adjectives  to  shock/entertain 
form. the​ ​audience 
● You​ ​can​ ​make​ ​use​ ​of​ ​illustrations​ ​and ● Lack​ ​of​ ​fact-checking. 
sensational​ ​exaggerated​ ​material. ● Interesting,  shocking  and  appealing 
● It​ ​grabs​ ​the​ ​readers​ ​attention​ ​with​ ​shocking Headlines.  
headlines​ ​and​ ​vivid​ ​images. ● Generally​ ​a​ ​simple​ ​sentence​ ​structure 
● Columns​ ​are​ ​narrow​ ​and​ ​easy​ ​to​ ​read.  
● Personal  anecdotes  or  quotes  from  people 
often​ ​included 
● ​Answers  the  six  basic  questions:  Who? 
What?​ ​When?​ ​Where?​ ​How?​ ​Why? 
● ​Basic​ ​point​ ​is​ ​to​ ​attract​ ​reader’s​ ​attention.  
● Often based ​on  rumors.  rather  than verified 
facts 
● ​Barely​ ​credible​ ​sources 
● ​Often  exaggerate  on  stories  making  them 
seem​ ​more​ ​dramatic 
● Yellow  journalism  is  a  type  of  ​journalism 
where  sensationalism  triumphs  over 
factual​ ​reporting.​  
● Many​ ​pictures.  
● Contains  stories  not  usually  found  in 
reputable​ ​newspapers​ ​or​ ​magazines. 
● Damages​ ​peoples’​ ​reputations​ ​by​ ​lies.  
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International​ ​School​ ​Bangkok
● Biased   
Link​ ​to​ ​“How​ ​To​ ​Write​ ​a​ ​Tabloid​ ​Article”
22. ● to​ ​leave​ ​a​ ​message​ ​to​ ​future​ ​generations Focus​ ​on​ ​FOUR​ ​major​ ​things:  
Autobio-grap ● to​ ​pass​ ​on​ ​your​ ​heritage ● Who​ ​you​ ​are​ ​in​ ​life​ ​(how​ ​would​ ​you 
hy ● to​ ​put​ ​closure​ ​to​ ​a​ ​period​ ​or​ ​episode describe​ ​your​ ​personality),  
● ​ ​to​ ​process​ ​experiences ● What​ ​life​ ​means​ ​to​ ​you,  
● to​ ​preserve​ ​family​ ​history ● What​ ​major​ ​life​ ​events​ ​or​ ​critical​ ​issues 
● to​ ​share​ ​what​ ​and​ ​who​ ​you​ ​are have​ ​had​ ​an​ ​impact​ ​on​ ​your​ ​life. 
● What​ ​your​ ​outlook​ ​on​ ​the​ ​future​ ​is. 

Examples​ ​of​ ​Autobiographies:​ ​The​ ​Diary​ ​of 

Anne​ ​Frank​ ​(Ann​ ​Frank);​ ​Bossypants​ ​(Tina 
Fey) 

23.​ ​Memoir ● To​ ​reflect,​ ​to​ ​review,​ ​to​ ​come​ ​to​ ​a​ ​better ● Should​ ​have​ ​a​ ​problem,​ ​conflict​ ​and​ ​a 
understanding​ ​of​ ​one’s​ ​life;​ ​usually​ ​written resolution. 
from​ ​a​ ​more​ ​mature​ ​perspective​ ​as​ ​one ● Should​ ​include​ ​validated​ ​facts. 
recounts​ ​their​ ​life​ ​experiences,​ ​the​ ​choices ● Colorful​ ​metaphors,​ ​similes,​ ​descriptions, 
they’ve​ ​made​ ​and​ ​how​ ​that​ ​has​ ​shaped​ ​the dialogue​ ​and​ ​feelings. 
person​ ​they’ve​ ​become.
● Takes​ ​a​ ​snapshot​ ​of​ ​a​ ​moment​ ​in​ ​someone’s  
Examples​ ​of​ ​Memoirs:​ ​Night​ ​(Elie​ ​Weisel); 
life.
Open​ ​(Andre​ ​Agassi);​ ​The​ ​Glass​ ​Castle 
● Written​ ​in​ ​more​ ​colorful​ ​language​ ​than​ ​an
(Jennifer​ ​Walls) 
autobiography.
● Allows​ ​you​ ​to​ ​include​ ​the​ ​most​ ​relevant
information’s.

24.​ ​Biography ● It​ ​allows​ ​the​ ​writer​ ​to​ ​turn​ ​her​ ​fierce​ ​critical​ ​eye ● The​ ​standards​ ​of​ ​craft​ ​in​ ​personal​ ​writing 
on​ ​him/herself. should​ ​not​ ​be​ ​lower​ ​than​ ​in​ ​fiction.​ ​There​ ​is 
● It​ ​is​ ​always​ ​satisfying​ ​to​ ​read​ ​a​ ​writer​ ​who no​ ​reason​ ​why​ ​something​ ​true​ ​should​ ​be 
sharply​ ​and​ ​deftly​ ​attacks​ ​the​ ​hypocrisies​ ​and sloppily​ ​or​ ​boringly​ ​written.​ ​Many​ ​writers 
delusions​ ​of​ ​the​ ​world​ ​around​ ​him,​ ​but​ ​we​ ​trust seem​ ​to​ ​feel​ ​that​ ​they​ ​are​ ​“expressing 
that​ ​writer​ ​more​ ​completely​ ​when​ ​he​ ​also themselves”​ ​if​ ​they​ ​just​ ​get​ ​their​ ​feelings 
attacks​ ​himself,​ ​when​ ​he​ ​does​ ​not​ ​hold​ ​himself down​ ​on​ ​the​ ​page,​ ​but​ ​expressing​ ​yourself 
to​ ​a​ ​different​ ​standard,​ ​or​ ​protect​ ​himself​ ​from is​ ​not​ ​enough. 
scrutiny. ● A​ ​memoir​ ​should​ ​have​ ​a​ ​beginning,​ ​a 
middle,​ ​and​ ​an​ ​end.​ ​There​ ​should​ ​be​ ​a 
● Personal​ ​writing​ ​should​ ​seem​ ​honest.​ ​The problem,​ ​a​ ​conflict,​ ​and​ ​a​ ​resolution. 
reader​ ​likes​ ​personal​ ​writing​ ​to​ ​feel  
“honest.” (This​ ​does​ ​not​ ​mean​ ​that​ ​the ●  
memoir​ ​is​ ​“honest”—who​ ​knows​ ​how​ ​the
writer​ ​really​ ​felt​ ​about​ ​something​ ​that
happened​ ​20​ ​years​ ​ago,​ ​or​ ​yesterday.​ ​It
just​ ​needs​ ​to​feel ​honest.) 

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● Personal​ ​writing​ ​should​ ​entertain​ ​the
reader. 

● even​ ​if​ ​your​ ​subject​ ​is​ ​extreme​ ​or​ ​shocking,​ ​it

won’t​ ​be​ ​interesting​ ​in​ ​any​ ​but​ ​the​ ​most
prurient​ ​terms,​ ​unless​ ​it​ ​is​ ​written​ ​well,​ ​and
surprisingly.

25.​ ​Pastiche ● To​ ​create,​ ​to​ ​pay​ ​respect​ ​to​ ​an​ ​author’s​ ​style,​ ​to ● The  “style”  of  a  Pastiche  depends  largely 
mimic,​ ​to​ ​show​ ​an​ ​appreciation​ ​for​ ​the on  the  style  of  the  author  being 
techniques​ ​an​ ​accomplished​ ​author​ ​is​ ​known mimicked…  a  pastiche  of  Hemingway 
for. would  have  very  different  elements  to  a 
pastiche  of  Shakespeare,  Hunter  S. 
● A​ ​pastiche​ ​is​ ​an​ ​exercise​ ​in​ ​literary​ ​criticism:​ ​it
Thompson  or  Emily  Dickinson.  Some 
involves​ ​changing​ ​one​ ​or​ ​more​ ​elements​ ​in​ ​a
examples  of  how  one  might  approach 
work​ ​of​ ​prose​ ​or​ ​poetry​ ​in​ ​order​ ​to​ ​examine​ ​the pastiche​ ​include​ ​altering:  
effects​ ​of​ ​stylistic​ ​variations.​ ​Writers​ ​can​ ​use
● Plot:  Take  any  story  and  outline  its  plot. 
pastiches​ ​to​ ​hone​ ​their​ ​own​ ​style,​ ​and​ ​a
Change  the  plot  outline  from  a  tragedy to a 
pastiche​ ​may​ ​even​ ​lead​ ​further,​ ​to​ ​an​ ​original comedy  or vice-versa. Molière did that with 
story​ ​or​ ​essay. his  own  plays:  typically  a ​deus  ex 
● machina​ comes  on  stage  in  the  final  scene 
and  bails  everyone  out  of  trouble.  The 
action  is  comic  but  the  plot  is  tragic  up  to 
the  last,  implausible  scene.  And  that, 
Molière​ ​seems​ ​to​ ​imply,​ ​is​ ​the​ ​point. 
● Setting:  Change  the  setting  of  a  story.  If 
the  action  takes  place  in  a  big  city,  change 
it  to  a  small  town  or  jungle  or  vice-versa. 
Likewise,  if  the  action  takes  place  in  the 
present,  change  it  to  the  past  or  future.  If 
the  story seems to have no particular setting 
of  note,  give  it  one  in  a  way  that  is  more 
than​ ​decoration. 
● Character:  Transform  a  character  from 
male  to  female  or  vice-versa. How will that 
affect  dialogue  and action? Or turn a villain 
into  a  hero  by  making  the  fewest  changes 
possible.  Can  your  character  be  a  villain  or 
hero  by  actions  alone,  without  talking  or 
looking  like  one?  What’s  the  least  you  can 
do  to  avoid  inconsistency?  And,  of  course, 
how  do  these changes affect the meaning of 
the​ ​story? 
● Point  of  view:  Rewrite  a  scene  in  a  story 
from  the  point  of  view  of  another character 
(something  like the “Rashomon effect”). Or 

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 Conor​ ​Duffy
International​ ​School​ ​Bangkok
change  a  scene  by  adding  senses other than 
sight​ ​and​ ​hearing. 
● Dialogue:  Take  a  scene  in  a  novel  or  play 
and  change  the  level  or  mode  of  language: 
how  would  the  characters  speak  if  they 
were​ ​from​ ​another​ ​region​ ​or​ ​social​ ​class? 
26.​ ​Satire ● To​ ​poke​ ​fun​ ​at,​ ​to​ ​parody,​ ​to​ ​satirize,​ ​to ● the​ ​use​ ​of​ ​humor,​ ​irony,​ ​exaggeration,​ ​or
exaggerate,​ ​to​ ​ridicule,​ ​to​ ​point​ ​out​ ​the ridicule​ ​to​ ​expose​ ​and​ ​criticize​ ​people's
absurdity​ ​of​ ​a​ ​social​ ​issue. stupidity​ ​or​ ​vices,​ ​particularly​ ​in​ ​the
● This​ ​allows​ ​you​ ​to​ ​poke​ ​fun​ ​at​ ​different​ ​aspects context​ ​of​ ​contemporary​ ​politics​ ​and​ ​other
in​ ​life​ ​such​ ​as​ ​people,​ ​government,​ ​politics, topical​ ​issues.
facts,​ ​tragic​ ​events. ● Often​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​“flipside”​ ​of​ ​an​ ​social 
● To​ ​make​ ​a​ ​social​ ​commentary​ ​by​ ​pointing​ ​out issue​ ​to​ ​draw​ ​attention​ ​to​ ​the​ ​absurdity​ ​of 
the​ ​absurdity​ ​or​ ​hypocrisy​ ​of​ ​a​ ​current​ ​social the​ ​prevailing​ ​sentiment. 
issue​ ​(ex.​ ​Political​ ​Correctness,​ ​Gender​ ​Roles, ● Notable​ ​satirists​ ​include​ ​Jonathan​ ​Swift, 
Nationalism/Patriotism,​ ​Ignorance​ ​etc.) Voltaire,​ ​ ​The​ ​Simpsons,​ ​Matt​ ​Stone​ ​and 
Trey​ ​Parker,​ ​Family​ ​Guy,​ ​Sascha​ ​Baron 
Cohen,​ ​Jon​ ​Stewart,​ ​Stephen​ ​Colbert 
Satirical​ ​Techniques 
Satirical​ ​Techniques​ ​#2 
Link​ ​to​ ​The​ ​Onion 
Link​ ​to​ ​Private​ ​Eye​ ​(UK) 
Link​ ​to​ ​The​ ​Spoof 
27. ● In​ ​the​ ​most​ ​basic​ ​terms,​ ​a​ ​screenplay​ ​is​ ​a ● A​ ​screenplay​ ​can​ ​be​ ​an​ ​original​ ​piece,​ ​or 
Screenplays 90-120​ ​page​ ​document​ ​written​ ​in​ ​Courier​ ​12pt based​ ​on​ ​a​ ​true​ ​story​ ​or​ ​previously​ ​written 
font​ ​on​ ​8​ ​1/2"​ ​x​ ​11"​ ​bright​ ​white​ ​three-hole piece,​ ​like​ ​a​ ​novel,​ ​stage​ ​play​ ​or​ ​newspaper 
punched​ ​paper. In​ ​our​ ​case​ ​we​ ​would​ ​make​ ​this article.​ ​At​ ​its​ ​heart,​ ​a​ ​screenplay​ ​is​ ​a 
much​ ​shorter. blueprint​ ​for​ ​the​ ​film​ ​it​ ​will​ ​one​ ​day 
● become.​ ​Professionals​ ​on​ ​the​ ​set​ ​including 
the​ ​producer,​ ​director,​ ​set​ ​designer​ ​and 
actors​ ​all​ ​translate​ ​the​ ​screenwriter's​ ​vision 
using​ ​their​ ​individual​ ​talents.​ ​Since​ ​the 
creation​ ​of​ ​a​ ​film​ ​is​ ​ultimately​ ​a 
collaborative​ ​art,​ ​the​ ​screenwriter​ ​must​ ​be 
aware​ ​of​ ​each​ ​person's​ ​role​ ​and​ ​as​ ​such,​ ​the 
script​ ​should​ ​reflect​ ​the​ ​writer's​ ​knowledge. 
●  
28.​ ​Song​ ​lyrics ● To​ ​describe,​ ​to​ ​emote,​ ​to​ ​elicit​ ​a​ ​reaction​ ​from ● Like​ ​poetry,​ ​Song​ ​lyrics​ ​generally​ ​describe
the​ ​audience. some​ ​aspect​ ​or​ ​experience​ ​of​ ​being​ ​human.
● Often​ ​people​ ​react​ ​to​ ​music​ ​in​ ​visceral, And​ ​,​ ​as​ ​such,​ ​they​ ​can​ ​employ​ ​all​ ​of​ ​the
powerful​ ​ways…​ ​both​ ​the​ ​music​ ​and​ ​the​ ​lyrics poetic​ ​devices​ ​described​ ​below. 
can​ ​have​ ​a​ ​powerful​ ​effect​ ​on​ ​the​ ​moods, ● Often​ ​song​ ​lyrics​ ​follow​ ​a​ ​rhythm​ ​and
emotions​ ​and​ ​reactions​ ​of​ ​the​ ​listener. rhyme​ ​scheme​ ​(something​ ​that​ ​may​ ​be
absent​ ​in​ ​free​ ​verse​ ​poetry). 
● The​ ​very​ ​basic​ ​structure​ ​of​ ​song​ ​lyrics
includes​ ​verses,​ ​a​ ​bridge,​ ​and​ ​a​ ​chorus,
which​ ​are​ ​often​ ​structured​ ​thusly: 

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 Conor​ ​Duffy
International​ ​School​ ​Bangkok
● Verse​ ​#1-Chorus-Verse
#2-Chorus-Bridge-(possible​ ​instrumental
piece​ ​like​ ​a​ ​guitar​ ​solo)-outtro​ ​Chorus. 
● Genres​ ​include:​ ​Rock,​ ​Metal,​ ​Hip-hop,
Dance,​ ​Techno,​ ​Folk,​ ​Rap,​ ​Country,​ ​Classic
etc. 
●  

29.​ ​Poetry ● To​ ​describe,​ ​to​ ​emote,​ ​to​ ​offer​ ​insight​ ​into​ ​a ● Poetry​ ​relies​ ​on​ ​a​ ​range​ ​of​ ​poetic​ ​devices​ ​to 
complex​ ​idea,​ ​to​ ​explore​ ​the​ ​human​ ​condition, achieve​ ​it’s​ ​goal;​ ​these​ ​devices​ ​can​ ​be 
to​ ​use​ ​figurative​ ​language​ ​to​ ​explain​ ​a​ ​difficult broadly​ ​categorized​ ​as:  
concept. ● 1)​ ​Structural​ (​ rhyme​ ​scheme/​ ​rhythm, 
● The​ ​central​ ​message,​ ​or​ ​the​ ​human​ ​experience stanza​ ​patterns,​ ​free​ ​verse​ ​etc.) 
being​ ​explored​ ​in​ ​a​ ​poem,​ ​is​ ​often​ ​called​ ​the ● 2)​ ​Figurative​ ​Language​​ ​(metaphor, 
theme​ ​of​ ​the​ ​poem.​ ​ ​A​ ​thematic​ ​statement​​ ​is paradox,​ ​allusion,​ ​simile,​ ​symbol,​ ​imagery 
the​ ​conclusions,​ ​or​ ​insights​ ​a​ ​poem​ ​may​ ​make etc.) 
about​ ​a​ ​specific​ ​human​ ​experience. ● 3)​ ​Sound​ ​Devices​​ ​(cacophony,​ ​alliteration, 
onomatopoeia,​ ​rhyme​ ​(again!) 
● 4)​ ​Voice​​ ​(speaker,​ ​perspective,​ ​tone,​ ​irony 
etc.) 
● Poems​ ​are​ ​rarely​ ​literal​…​ ​instead​ ​they 
tend​ ​to​ ​use​ ​creative​ ​and​ ​descriptive 
language​ ​to​ ​explore,​ ​share​ ​or​ ​illuminate​ ​an 
aspect​ ​of​ ​the​ ​human​ ​experience.​ ​ ​Instead​ ​of 
saying​ ​“It​ ​was​ ​a​ ​sad​ ​day”,​ ​a​ ​poet​ ​might 
describe​ ​“Dark​ ​clouds​ ​hung​ ​over​ ​the 
greying​ ​pavements/Hushed​ ​and​ ​sloppy 
leaves​ ​caught/in​ ​paralyzed​ ​puddles.” 
● Lyric​​ ​poems​ ​describe​ ​something; 
narrative​​ ​poems​ ​tell​ ​stories. 
● A​ ​beginner’s​ ​Guide​ ​to​ ​Writing​ ​a​ ​Poem 

30.​ ​Radio ● ●  
broadcast
31.​ ​Text ● To​ ​socialize.
messages
32.​ ​Websites

33. ● To​ ​share​ ​opinions,​ ​to​ ​explore​ ​a​ ​topic,​ ​to

Forums/chat efficiently​ ​get​ ​a​ ​wide​ ​range​ ​of​ ​people​ ​together
rooms (virtually)​ ​to​ ​discuss​ ​a​ ​topic​ ​of​ ​mutual​ ​interest.

34.​ ​Public ● To​ ​inform,​ ​to​ ​warn,​ ​to​ ​draw​ ​attention​ ​to​ ​a
Service matter​ ​of​ ​public​ ​important/concern.
Announceme
nt

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International​ ​School​ ​Bangkok
35.​ ​Post​ ​Cards To​ ​share,​ ​to​ ​socialize,​ ​to​ ​offer​ ​an​ ​update​ ​on​ ​a ● Post​ ​cards​ ​generally​ ​have​ ​three​ ​aspects​ ​to
vacation​ ​and​ ​the​ ​experiences​ ​one​ ​is​ ​having. their​ ​structure:
● 1)​ ​PICTURE​ ​SIDE:​​ ​A​ ​picture​ ​of​ ​something
indicative​ ​of​ ​the​ ​place​ ​being​ ​visited​ ​by​ ​the
writer.​ ​For​ ​example,​ ​The​ ​Eiffel​ ​Tower​ ​in
Paris,​ ​or​ ​a​ ​tranquil​ ​beach​ ​in​ ​Thailand.
There​ ​may​ ​be​ ​print​ ​(on​ ​the​ ​picture​ ​side,​ ​or
with​ ​Written​ ​Side,​ ​which​ ​identifies​ ​and/or
describes​ ​the​ ​picture.)
● 2)​ ​WRITTEN​ ​SIDE:​​ ​On​ ​the​ ​reverse​ ​side,​ ​a
space​ ​for​ ​writing​ ​a​ ​brief​ ​message…​ ​Usually
this​ ​is​ ​one-half​ ​of​ ​the​ ​written​ ​side.
Depending​ ​on​ ​the​ ​hand-writing​ ​of​ ​the
writer,​ ​there​ ​is​ ​usually​ ​only​ ​room​ ​for​ ​a
brief​ ​update​ ​and​ ​some​ ​pleasantries​ ​here.
● 3)​ ​WRITTEN​ ​SIDE:​​ ​A​ ​place​ ​for​ ​writing​ ​the
address​ ​of​ ​the​ ​intended​ ​recipient.

More​ ​and​ ​more,​ ​Post​ ​Cards​ ​have​ ​become

something​ ​that​ ​is​ ​sent​ ​via​ ​email,​ ​facebook,
instagram,​ ​etc.​ ​as​ ​these​ ​platforms​ ​cut​ ​out​ ​the
delivery​ ​time​ ​required​ ​for​ ​surface​ ​mail.
How​ ​to​ ​Write​ ​a​ ​PostCard
36.​ ​Cartoons ● To​ ​entertain ● Entertainment:​ ​cartoons​ ​which​ ​entertain
● To​ ​satirize​ ​society;​ ​to​ ​draw​ ​attention​ ​to​ ​social (“Peanuts”,​ ​“Calvin​ ​and​ ​Hobbes”,​ ​“The​ ​Far
absurdity,​ ​conventions​ ​or​ ​traditions. Side”)​ ​often​ ​use​ ​a​ ​combination​ ​of​ ​panels,
● Political​ ​Cartoons:​ ​To​ ​provide​ ​a​ ​quick​ ​witty drawing,​ ​characters​ ​and​ ​word​ ​bubbles​ ​to
comment​ ​on​ ​a​ ​current​ ​political​ ​situation. convey​ ​a​ ​quick​ ​and​ ​witty​ ​account​ ​of​ ​an
event​ ​or​ ​human​ ​experience.

Satire:​ ​Political​ ​cartoons​ ​are​ ​often​ ​a​ ​single

panel.​ ​ ​They​ ​do​ ​not​ ​rely​ ​on​ ​regularly​ ​recurring
characters​ ​as​ ​a​ ​serialized​ ​cartoon​ ​might…
instead​ ​they​ ​offer​ ​an​ ​enlightened,​ ​satirical​ ​look
at​ ​current​ ​political​ ​figures​ ​and​ ​situations
through​ ​a​ ​combination​ ​of​ ​hyperbole,​ ​irony,
drawing,​ ​word​ ​bubbles,​ ​labels​ ​and​ ​puns,
among​ ​other​ ​satirical​ ​tools.
Examples​ ​of​ ​a​ ​wide​ ​range​ ​of​ ​Political
Cartoonists
How​ ​to​ ​analyze/write​ ​Political​ ​Cartoons
37.​ ​Charts​ ​and ● To​ ​inform​ ​in​ ​a​ ​graphic,​ ​easy​ ​to​ ​understand, ● Charts​ ​often​ ​include​ ​data​ ​in​ ​a​ ​visual,​ ​easy
Graphs manner. to​ ​understand​ ​way.​ ​ ​Often​ ​this​ ​information
● To​ ​provide​ ​an​ ​efficient​ ​and​ ​visual​ ​way​ ​to is​ ​comparative​ ​(ex.​ ​The​ ​number​ ​of​ ​students
compare​ ​a​ ​lot​ ​of​ ​collected​ ​data. from​ ​each​ ​different​ ​country​ ​at​ ​ISB).
● They​ ​can​ ​also​ ​be​ ​used​ ​to​ ​ascertain​ ​trends
which​ ​may​ ​anticipate​ ​future​ ​outcomes.

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International​ ​School​ ​Bangkok
● Charts​ ​include​ ​many​ ​conventions​ ​including
labels,​ ​X​ ​and​ ​Y​ ​axes,​ ​scaled​ ​numbers​ ​and​ ​a
visual​ ​aspect.

Types​ ​of​ ​charts​ ​include​ ​Pie​ ​Charts,​ ​Histograms,

Bar​ ​Chart​ ​and​ ​Line​ ​Charts.
38.​ ​Appeals

39. ● To​ ​offer​ ​an​ ​intellectual,​ ​emotional​ ​and ● Commentaries​ ​on​ ​works​ ​of​ ​literature​ ​or
Commentary personal​ ​response​ ​to​ ​a​ ​piece​ ​of​ ​literature​ ​or other​ ​text​ ​types​ ​often​ ​analyze​ ​a​ ​work​ ​of
text​ ​type, literature​ ​(poem,​ ​prose​ ​passage​ ​etc.)​ ​or​ ​a
● to​ ​appreciate​ ​the​ ​literary,​ ​rhetorical​ ​and non-literary​ ​text​ ​type​ ​(advertisement,
linguistic​ ​devices​ ​and​ ​author​ ​has​ ​used,​ ​and​ ​the editorial,​ ​brochure,​ ​diary​ ​entry).
effects​ ​they​ ​have. ● They​ ​often​ ​include​ ​an​ ​intro,​ ​which
introduce​ ​the​ ​main​ ​message​ ​of​ ​the
passage,​ ​and​ ​then​ ​several​ ​body​ ​paragraphs
that​ ​highlight​ ​the​ ​stylistic​ ​devices​ ​the
passage​ ​depends​ ​upon.​ ​ ​These​ ​could
include​ ​structure,​ ​figurative​ ​language,
rhetorical​ ​devices,​ ​sound​ ​devices,​ ​imagery
(word​ ​and​ ​visual),​ ​purpose,​ ​intended
audience,​ ​tone…​ ​the​ ​final​ ​paragraph​ ​of​ ​a
commentary​ ​often​ ​concludes​ ​by​ ​summing
up​ ​the​ ​main​ ​message​ ​and​ ​purpose​ ​of​ ​the
passage.

40.​ ​Essay

41.​ ​Travel
Writing
42.​ ​Parody

43.​ ​Short
stories
44.​ ​Novel

45.​ ​Facebook ● Mainly​ ​to​ ​socialize​​ ​(as​ ​part​ ​of​ ​the​ ​“social ● A​ ​PERSONAL​ ​PROFILE:​​ ​which​ ​contains
Post network)​ ​According​ ​to​ ​creator,​ ​Mark personal​ ​information​ ​about​ ​the​ ​profile
Zukerberg,​ ​Facebook​ ​was​ ​created​ ​"to​ ​make owner​ ​including​ ​work​ ​history,​ ​jobs,
the​ ​world​ ​more​ ​open​ ​and​ ​connected”​ ​(Feb​ ​5, relationship​ ​status,​ ​likes,​ ​photos,
2012) favourites,​ ​a​ ​record​ ​of
● To​ ​make​ ​social​ ​communication​ ​more posts/communications​ ​etc.
efficient. ● LANGUAGE:​​ ​specific​ ​grammatical​ ​rules​ ​are
● To​ ​share​ ​interests,​ ​articles,​ ​likes,​ ​photos,​ ​ideas, not​ ​always​ ​observed​ ​on​ ​Facebook​ ​posts.
events,​ ​social​ ​life​ ​etc. Instead,​ ​the​ ​emphasis​ ​is​ ​on​ ​quick,​ ​efficient
● AUDIENCE:​​ ​variable​ ​according​ ​to​ ​the​ ​settings communication.
the​ ​profile​ ​owner​ ​chooses,​ ​but​ ​ostensibly​ ​only

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 Conor​ ​Duffy
International​ ​School​ ​Bangkok
the​ ​friends​ ​you​ ​“accept”​ ​should​ ​be​ ​able​ ​to​ ​see ● Short​ ​hand​ ​terms​ ​such​ ​as​ ​LOL​ ​(“laugh​ ​out
your​ ​whole​ ​profile​ ​page.​ ​ ​There​ ​are​ ​settings loud”),​ ​TTYL​ ​(“Talk​ ​To​ ​You​ ​Later”),​ ​GTG
which​ ​allow​ ​anyone​ ​access​ ​to​ ​your​ ​profile. (“Got​ ​To​ ​Go”),​ ​BRB​ ​(“Be​ ​Right​ ​Back”),​ ​YOLO
● Increasingly,​ ​Facebook​ ​has​ ​been​ ​used​ ​to (“You​ ​Only​ ​Live​ ​Once”)​ ​are​ ​common.
advertise​​ ​and​ ​market​ ​products.​ ​ ​Companies ● Communications​ ​threads​ ​are​ ​developed​ ​as
understand​ ​the​ ​attraction​ ​many​ ​18-29​ ​year friends​ ​join​ ​in​ ​conversations.
olds​ ​have​ ​to​ ​Facebook​ ​and​ ​use​ ​it​ ​as​ ​a​ ​tool​ ​to ● Users​ ​are​ ​encouraged​ ​to​ ​“like”,​ ​“comment”
attract​ ​consumers. or​ ​“share”​ ​posts.

Link​ ​to​ ​example​ ​of​ ​Facebook​ ​Page:

https://www.facebook.com/leadingbyexample

46.​ ​Obituary ● to​ ​report​ ​the​ ​recent​ ​death​ ​of​ ​a​ ​person​, ● Usually​ ​written​ ​by​ ​a​ ​family​ ​member​ ​or
typically​ ​along​ ​with​ ​an​ ​account​ ​of​ ​the​ ​person's someone​ ​close​ ​to​ ​the​ ​family​ ​(though
life,​ ​those​ ​who​ ​survive​ ​the​ ​deceased,​ ​and funeral​ ​homes​ ​will​ ​write​ ​obituaries​ ​for​ ​a
information​ ​about​ ​the​ ​upcoming ​funeral​. fee).
● To​ ​briefly,​ ​and​ ​publically,​ ​commemorate​ ​the ● The​ ​language​ ​is​ ​very​ ​straightforward​ ​and
dead. factual.
● AUDIENCE:​​ ​the​ ​general​ ​public;​ ​usually​ ​of​ ​a ● The​ ​tone​​ ​is​ ​meant​ ​to​ ​remain​ ​factual,
local​ ​community​ ​or​ ​city. subdued​ ​and​ ​relatively​ ​unemotive​ ​(i.e.​ ​An
● An​ ​Obituary​ ​is​ ​usually​ ​published​ ​in​ ​the obituary​ ​is​ ​not​ ​written​ ​in​ ​the​ ​grandiose,
“Classified​ ​Advertisements”​ ​section​ ​of​ ​a​ ​local emotional​ ​language​ ​of​ ​a​ ​eulogy​ ​–​ ​a​ ​speech
newspaper.​ ​ ​The​ ​newspapers​ ​usually​ ​charge​ ​a given​ ​during​ ​a​ ​funeral)
fee​ ​for​ ​the​ ​publication​ ​of​ ​an​ ​obituary. ● Obituaries​ ​commonly​ ​include​ ​the
following:​ ​Full​ ​name​ ​(some​ ​people​ ​put​ ​a
maiden​ ​name​ ​in​ ​parenthesis);​ ​Date​ ​of
death;​ ​Where​ ​the​ ​person​ ​was​ ​living​ ​at
the​ ​time​ ​of​ ​death;​ ​Date​ ​of​ ​birth;
Birthplace;​ ​Key​ ​survivors​ ​(spouse,
children)​ ​and​ ​their​ ​names;​ ​Time,​ ​date,
place​ ​of ​memorial​ or​ ​burial​ ​services​ ​(if
you​ ​want​ ​the​ ​public​ ​invited)
● They​ ​may​ ​also​ ​include:​ ​Cause​ ​of​ ​death;
Biographical​ ​information,​ ​life​ ​story,​ ​or
major​ ​life​ ​events​ ​(covering​ ​as​ ​much​ ​or
as​ ​little​ ​as​ ​you'd​ ​like);​ ​Survivors​ ​who
are​ ​grandchildren,​ ​siblings,​ ​nieces​ ​and
nephews,​ ​friends,​ ​or​ ​pets;​ ​Memorial
tribute​ ​information,​ ​such​ ​as​ ​"in​ ​lieu​ ​of
flowers,​ ​donations​ ​may​ ​be​ ​made​ ​to
such-and-such ​hospice​ or
such-and-such​ ​nonprofit​ ​organization"

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 Conor​ ​Duffy
International​ ​School​ ​Bangkok
Link​ ​to​ ​an​ ​example​ ​of​ ​an​ ​obituary:
http://abcnewspapers.com/obituary-placemen
ts-example-and-instructions/

47.​ ​Eulogy An,​ ​often​ ​emotional​ ​speech,​ ​given​ ​on​ ​at​ ​the Often​ ​given​ ​by​ ​a​ ​member​ ​of​ ​the​ ​family,​ ​or
funeral​ ​or​ ​wake​ ​of​ ​someone​ ​who​ ​has​ ​passed someone​ ​very​ ​close​ ​to​ ​the​ ​deceased.
away.
Tone:​​ ​can​ ​vary​ ​according​ ​to​ ​the​ ​personality​ ​of
​ ​*​ ​to​ ​recollect;​ ​to​ ​commemorate;​ ​to​ ​remember; the​ ​speaker…​ ​but​ ​often​ ​is​ ​solemn,
to​ ​celebrate​ ​the​ ​life​ ​of​ ​someone​ ​who​ ​many commemorative.​ ​ ​Can​ ​also​ ​be​ ​humourous​ ​in​ ​an
people​ ​cared​ ​for;​ ​to​ ​highlight;​ ​to​ ​elicit​ ​love, attempt​ ​to​ ​celebrate​ ​the​ ​positive​ ​memories​ ​of
laughter,​ ​tears,​ ​appreciation,​ ​smiles​ ​from​ ​the the​ ​deceased…​ ​but,​ ​overall,​ ​a​ ​eulogy​ ​shows
audience. deep​ ​care​ ​and​ ​a​ ​sense​ ​of​ ​loss.

May​ ​use​ ​quotes,​ ​poetry​ ​from​ ​outside​ ​sources.

Often​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​memories​ ​and​ ​positive​ ​events

from​ ​the​ ​deceased’s​ ​life…​ ​and​ ​an​ ​ ​invitation​ ​as
to​ ​how​ ​the​ ​deceased​ ​should​ ​be​ ​remembered.

Link:
http://www.write-out-loud.com/free-sample-eu
logies.html

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