● Character Functions

Functions Description Example Output

|| or Concatenates Select ‘CompU’ || ‘Learn’, ‘COMPU’ ||

CONCAT two strings Concat (‘CompU’,’Learn’) ‘CONCAT(‘CO
together from dual
-----------
-----------------------------
-----

CompU Learn

CompULearn

INITCAP Changes the Select initcap(‘compulearn’) INITCAP(‘C

first letter of a from dual
word or series of ------------------------
words into Compulearn
uppercase

INSTR Finds the Select instr(‘compulearn’,’l’) INSTR

location of a “Instr” from dual;
character iin a ---------------
string otherwise 6
return 0

LENGTH Return the Select length (‘compulearn’) Length

length of a “length” from dual;
string ---------------

10

LOWER Converts every Select LOWER

letter in a string lower( ’COMPULeARN’)
to lower case “lower” from dual; ---------------

Compulearn

UPPER Converts every Select upper (‘compULearn’) UPPER

letter in a string “UPPER” from dual;
to upper case ----------------------

COMPULEARN

LPAD Makes a string a Select Lpad

certain length by lpad(‘compulearn’,20,’xxxx’)
adding a certain “Lpad” from dual; ---------------------------
 Functions Description Example Output

|| or Concatenates Select ‘CompU’ || ‘Learn’, ‘COMPU’ ||

CONCAT two strings Concat (‘CompU’,’Learn’) ‘CONCAT(‘CO
together from dual
-----------
-----------------------------
-----

CompU Learn

CompULearn

INITCAP Changes the Select initcap(‘compulearn’) INITCAP(‘C

first letter of a from dual
word or series of ------------------------
words into Compulearn
uppercase

INSTR Finds the Select instr(‘compulearn’,’l’) INSTR

location of a “Instr” from dual;
character iin a ---------------
string otherwise 6
return 0

set of characters ---------

to the left
xxxxxxxxxxcompulearn

RPAD Makes a string a Select Rpad

certain length by Rpad(‘compulearn’,20,’xxxx’
adding a certain ) ----------------------------
set of characters -------
to the right “Rpad” from dual;
compulearnxxxxxxxxxx

RTRIM Trims all the Select RTRIM

occurrences of rtrim(‘compulearn’,’learn’)
any one of a set from dual; -----------------------------
of characters off -----
the right side of ----------
a string
Co-Lmpu

LTRIM Trims all the Select LTRIM

occurrences of Ltrim(‘compulearn’,’compu’)
any one of a set from dual; -----------------------------
of characters off
 Functions Description Example Output

|| or Concatenates Select ‘CompU’ || ‘Learn’, ‘COMPU’ ||

CONCAT two strings Concat (‘CompU’,’Learn’) ‘CONCAT(‘CO
together from dual
-----------
-----------------------------
-----

CompU Learn

CompULearn

INITCAP Changes the Select initcap(‘compulearn’) INITCAP(‘C

first letter of a from dual
word or series of ------------------------
words into Compulearn
uppercase

INSTR Finds the Select instr(‘compulearn’,’l’) INSTR

location of a “Instr” from dual;
character iin a ---------------
string otherwise 6
return 0

the left side of a -

string
-----------------

learn

SOUNDEX Finds words that Select ename, ENAME SOUN

sound like soundex(ename) from emp
examples where sounde(ename) like ------------
SOUNDEX(‘FRED’); -----------------

------

FORD F630

SUBSTR Clips out a piece Select SUBST

of a string substr(‘Compulearn’,6,5)
from dual; -----------------------------
----

---------

Learn

CHR Returns the Select CCC

 Functions Description Example Output

|| or Concatenates Select ‘CompU’ || ‘Learn’, ‘COMPU’ ||

CONCAT two strings Concat (‘CompU’,’Learn’) ‘CONCAT(‘CO
together from dual
-----------
-----------------------------
-----

CompU Learn

CompULearn

INITCAP Changes the Select initcap(‘compulearn’) INITCAP(‘C

first letter of a from dual
word or series of ------------------------
words into Compulearn
uppercase

INSTR Finds the Select instr(‘compulearn’,’l’) INSTR

location of a “Instr” from dual;
character iin a ---------------
string otherwise 6
return 0

character of the CHR(65),CHR(97),CHR(66)

specified ASCII from dual;
value - - ------------------------

A a B

ASCII Returns the Select ASCII(‘A’), ASCII(‘A’)

ASCII value of ASCII(‘B’), ASCII(‘a’) from
the specified dual ASCII(‘B’)
character ASCII(‘a’)

-------------
--------------------------

65 66

97

TRANSLATE Replaces the Select TRAN

character by Translate(‘Hary’,’y’,’i’) from
character dual ------

Hari
 Functions Description Example Output

|| or Concatenates Select ‘CompU’ || ‘Learn’, ‘COMPU’ ||

CONCAT two strings Concat (‘CompU’,’Learn’) ‘CONCAT(‘CO
together from dual
-----------
-----------------------------
-----

CompU Learn

CompULearn

INITCAP Changes the Select initcap(‘compulearn’) INITCAP(‘C

first letter of a from dual
word or series of ------------------------
words into Compulearn
uppercase

INSTR Finds the Select instr(‘compulearn’,’l’) INSTR

location of a “Instr” from dual;
character iin a ---------------
string otherwise 6
return 0

REPLACE Replaces the Select Replaces(‘This and Replace

specified string That’,’Th’,’B’) “Replace”
or character by from dual ---------------
the existing Bis and Bat
string or
character if that
strings is found,
Case sensitive

● Number Function

Function Description Example Output

ABS Return Returns absolute Select abs(- ABS(-25) ABS(25)

Value value 25),abs(25),abs(0) from ABS(0)
dual; ------- ----------- --------
-----
25 25 0
 CEIL Smallest integer Select ceil(12.8) “Ceil” Ceil
larger than or from dual -------
equal to value 13

FLOOR Largest integer Select Floor(12.8) Floor

smaller than or “Floor” from dual -------
equal to value 12

SQRT Returns Sqauare Select SQRT(16), SQRT(16) SQRT(25)

root of the SQRT(25) from dual; -------- -------------
specified Number 4 5

Returns
POWERpower specified by the Select Power(3,2), POWER(3,2) POWER910,3)
Power(10,3) from dual; ---------- --------------------
9 1000

SIGN Returns_1 if the Select Sign(-10), SIGN(-10) SIGN(0)

number is Sign(0), Sign(10) from SIGN(10)
negative, 1 if the dual; --------- --------- ----------------
number is ---------
positive and 0 if -1 0 1
the number is 0

TRUNC Truncates the Select trunk(20.345,1), TRUNC(20.345,1) ,(20.345,-

numbers after the Trunc(20.345,-1), 1),(20.345)
decimal Trunc(20.345) from -------------- -------------- ----
depending on the dual; --------
specified integer 20.3 20
20

ROUND Rounds the Select round(65.824,1), ROUND (65.824,1),(65.824,-

expression to the Round(65.824,-1), 1),ROUND(65.824)
specified number Round(65.824) from -------------- ------------------ --
of decimals dual; -----------
65.8 70
66

EXP Returns e raised Select exp(4) from EXP(4)

to n power dual; ----------
54.59815

MOD Returns Modulo Select Mod(10,3) MOD(10,3)

Value From dual; -----------
1
 LN Natural Select Ln(10,2) from LN(10)
Logarithm value dual; ---------
2.3025851

LOG Base 10 Select Log(10,2) LOG(10,2)

Logarithm value From dual ------------
.30103

VSIZE Storage size of a Select Vsize(10) from VSIZE(10)

value dual; -----------
2

GREATE Greatest Value of Select GREATEST(10,30,20,50)

ST a List greatest(10,30,20,50) -----------------------
from dual; 50

Least value of a Select least LEAST(10,20,30,40)

list (10,20,30,40) from
LEAST dual; -------------------

10

● Date Function

Function Description Example Output

SYSDATE Returns System Select Sysdate from SYSDATE

Date dual; ---------------
31-JUL-99

ADD_MONTHS Adds or Subtracts Select ADD_MONTH

months to or from a Add_months(Sysda ADD_MONTH
date, Returns date as te,4), ------- -------------------
result Add_months(Sysda 30-NOV-99 31-MAR-99
te,-4) from dual;

LAST_DAY Returns the date of Select Sysdate, SYSDATE LAST_DAY(

the Last day of the Last_Day (Sysdate) ------- -------------------
month specified from dual; 31-JUL-99 31-JUL-99
NEXT_DAY Returns the date of Select SYSDATE
next specified day Sysdate,Next_day(S NEXT_DAY(
of the week after the ysdate,’Wednesday’ --------- ------------------
date ) from dual; 31-JUL-99 4-AUG-99

MONTHS_BET Return number of Select MONTHS BETWEEN

WEEN months between Months_Between(S ---------------------------
dates ysdate,’10-feb-98’) 17.701131
from dual;

ROUND Rounds the date d Select round ROUND(TO_

by the specified (to_date(’09-Oct- --------------------------
format, if format is 74’), 01-Oct-74
not specified it ‘MM’)
defaults to ‘DD’, From dual;
which rounds date
to the nearest day

TRUNC Returns the date d Select TRUNC(TO_

truncated to the unit trunc(To_Date (’09- --------------------------
specified by format, OCT-74 01-JAN-74
if format is omitted, 13:20:30’,’DD-
it defaults to ‘DD’ MON-YY
which truncates to HH24:MI:SS’),’Ye
the nearest day ar’)
FROM DUAL;

● Conversion Function

Function Description Example Output

TO-CHAR Converts the date Select Sysdate, SYSDATE TO_ CHAR(S

‘d’ to character To_char(Sysdate,’DAY --------------- ------------
format ‘f’ ’) 31-JUL-99 SATURDAY
 from dual;

TO-DATE Converts the date Select to_date(’09-Oct- TO_DATE(‘ ‘R

‘d’ to character 74’),’RM’ from dual; -------- --------------
format ‘f’ 09-OCT-74 RM

DECODE Decodes the Select sname, ENAME DECODE(JO

specified data to decode(job,’CLERK’,’ ----------- ----------------
another EXECUTIVE’) SMITH EXECUTIVE
representation From emp where ADAMS EXECUTIVE
job=’CLERK’; JAMES EXECUTIVE
MILLER EXECUTIVE

TO_NUM Conversion of Select TO_NUMBER(‘100’)

BER character to a to_number(‘100’) from ---------------------------
number dual; 100