(WT2) - Structure Book 6.5+

Global Manpower International English Writing Task 2
STRUCTURE OF AN ESSAY
There may be various types of essay to your knowledge. However, the logic structure across
categories is the same. In this part, we will discuss the basic structure of an essay.
Obviously, there are three main parts in every form of idea expression: opening, body and
conclusion, the main components of which are shown below.
OPENING
The opening of an essay is to introduce your opinion and purpose that you want to put through.
Please note that the opening is of utmost importance since it provides the examiner with first
impression about your knowledge and ability. There are four fundamental components in each
opening.
1- Hook: to capture attention and introduce the background information (importance, field of
origin and reason for such importance) of the topic issue. To impress examiners, there are certain
ways and forms that you can put your hook in:
+Facts and figures: using facts and figures in reality to emphasize the alarming rate of the
issue, usually used for modern topics concerning environment, smoking, healthcare, science,
technology, economics... Those pieces of information may be collected from your reading IELTS
+Quotes / sayings: to call for initial reader’s recognition and agreement, creating a smooth
entrance to your opinion, used for classical topics as culture, policy-making, education, society...
Those quotes and sayings are suggested in part 4 of this book and from your accumulation through
various articles.
+Statement of importance: in case you cannot draw out any facts and figures or quotes for
your current topic, there is one way out. Because the purpose of the hook is to announce the
importance of the topic issue, you just need to say it is important! Below are some structures for
your reference on saying so:
Education has always been the top priority in....
Education has always been the bone of contention.....
Contemporary attention has recently been placed on education....
However, to ensure the effective role of the hook, the below grammar requirements are
recommended for you use:
7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

globalmanpower.vn | facebook.com/globalmanpower 1
+the hook should use cause-effect and / or concession structure to show both the importance
and the reason for such importance. Besides, you can also use relative clause as a means to explain
your opinion.
+ in the clause of effect, you should use emphasis structure with present perfect to show the
recency of the issue
For Example: Controversial as the effects of tourism posed on culture may be, those two fields
seem to be irreplaceable to each other since together, they function as different society’s
individualities.
Please note that statement of importance is just the last resort and it is smart to gradually assemble
cultural and factual expressions (facts and figures, quotes) to maintain a diversity of tones.
2- Topic issue: to introduce exactly the specific prospect that the topic is discussing. For this
part, it is important to state the opinion AS IT IS STATED in another sentence structure and other
synonyms. REMEMBER not to make any personal modification to the topic issue. They usually
start with phrases like “It is generally accepted / believed / considered that”, “People say that..”, “It
is a common belief that”
3- Thesis statement (or simply, your opinion): to provide your direct answer to the topic
question, whether you agree or not, what you think about the relationship between the two points of
views or your opinion / evaluation of the causes and effects of the topic phenomenon. This is the
only place in the essay that you are recommended to use phrases like: in my opinion, personally,
from my perspective...
4- Transitional sentence (optional): to present the overview of body content and serve as an
announcement for the forthcoming body.
SAMPLE
Topic: Increasing travels between countries enable people to learn different cultures or to
increase tension between people from different countries?
- Hook: Globalisation is a catch-all term referring to any activity involving more than one
country, for Example travelling, of which the dramatic increase in transnational travel in recent
years has sparked controversy over the potential impacts of this trend on individual country.
Grammar points used: relative clause, present perfect
Academic vocabulary: globalisation, spark controversy, potential impact, transnational travel
- Topic issue: Some people are concerned that the upsurge in new arrivals will prompt local
hostility against visitors, instead of promoting their understanding on mutual cultural background.

Grammar points used: noun clause, instead of + noun

Vocabulary used: to be concerned with, upsurge, arrival, promote, mutual cultural background
- Thesis statement: This notion should be rejected as one can see many facts in favour of this
development between countries
Grammar points used: modal verb, passive voice, cause-effect conjunction
Vocabulary used: notion, in favour of
- Transitional sentence: and below is the essay justifying my opinion.
Grammar points used: reversion, relative clause
Vocabulary used: justify
Your opening should be concise, straight-to-the-topic and reasonable to create a smooth and
comfortable entrance, capturing your reader completely for the first sight.
BODY
The purpose of the body is to clarify your idea mentioned in the opening. There are at least two
paragraphs in your body or three if you desire to get at least 7.0 for this skill. The general structure
of one paragraph in the body includes three main parts as follow:
1- Main idea: to clarify what you are going to discuss in the paragraph and / or answer directly
one question provided in the topic. Please refer to two Examples below:
Example 1: Increasing travels between countries enable people to learn different cultures or to
increase tension between people from different countries?
Imagine that you consider increasing travels between countries can help people know more
about other cultures, thus boost mutual understanding. So, in the body, it is obvious that you should
explain your idea by providing travelling benefits in close relation with social and national benefits.
As a result, your main idea for the first paragraph should be:
-> The first reason why international travels would never bring conflict is rooted in the fact that
both visitors and locals are economically motivated.
Example 2: Many old buildings protected by law are part of a nation’s history. Some people
think they should be knocked down and replaced by news ones.
How important is it to maintain old buildings?
Should history stand in the way of progress?
This topic asks you two questions and the answer to each should be the main idea of your
paragraph.

-> Old buildings play an inextricable role to the thrive of each nation’s tourism.
2- Supporting ideas: to clarify your main idea using:

- real-life Example (famous name, events, figures...) - there should be at least one in the whole
essay
- explain how things work concerning the issue mentioned in the main idea (how can that event
happen? How many objects get involved? What are the cause-effect and subordinate relationships
here?)
- state what the effects that the issue bring to our society are
For Example:
International travel opens up opportunities for business development through out the world.
Entrepreneurs are interested not only in the domestic market but also in the oversea market.
Foreigners should learn the culture of a country before winning over the local people. In turn, locals
should show their hospitality to visitors in exchange for their trust. They share a view that
acceptance of each others cultural background is a necessary condition for co-operation. It is
undeniable that sometimes, differences in social background, cultural values and religious belief
might make the discrepancy of foreigners and local inhabitants on some issues indelible; however,
the higher interaction, the higher level of communication and understanding. Arabians, for
Example, used to consider westerners as their foes. Now they have concrete relations with their
western allies in many fields. In the initial stage, their divergence seemed inherent but overtime,
with better mutual understanding, they take the same position on many issues.
- Collocations: opens up opportunities, domestic market, oversea market, in exchange for, cultural
background / value, social background, religious belief, mutual understanding, concrete relation,
take the same position on, win over
- Academic words: hospitality, discrepancy, indelible, foe, allies, divergence, inherent
- Grammar: not only...but also, modal, cleft sentence, the more.... the more, used to
Activity: identify the type of information included in the Example paragraph and highlight
the grammar points used.
3- Paragraph close: to remind and emphasize the main idea of the paragraph, usually starts
with transitions such as obviously, clearly, on the face of that, certainly, undoubtedly,
unquestionably, apparently, definitely.
For Example: Undoubtedly, international travel brings a myriad of benefits to various aspects
of each society.

Above is the structure of a paragraph in the body. Such structure can also be applied for other
paragraphs. The difference between the paragraphs is just the idea that you want to prove. In the
above example, for the second paragraphs, you may choose another benefit to mention (of course,
still national or social) or you may choose to explain the other side, the conflict-riser side. However,
it is of superb importance to maintain great consistencies throughout the essay, so analysing the
other side of the issue is just to clarify the unreasonable points included and strengthen your
arguments for the other side or at least, suggest some solutions for such issue as everything has two
sides. The byproduct of this is a diversification of aspects, making your essay interesting.
For example:
Undeniably, it is likely that in some resorts, foreign visitors repel the local community with
their scant regard for the local environment and conventions when they first arrive. However, it
should be noted that most offence is accidental, rather than international. Instead, visitors disobey
rules and conventions simply because they have no knowledge of them. This situation is expected to
be improved with the passing of time when visitors from different countries increase their
knowledge of a local culture.
Activity: identify the type of information included in the Example paragraph and highlight
the grammar points used, collocations and new vocabularies
CONCLUSION
The purpose of the conclusion is to confirm your opinion in the whole essay and summarize
some main points in the body in terms of general trend. In details:
1- Confirm your thesis statement (paraphrase it) with transitions such as: in conclusion,
in a nutshell, all in all, according to the above analysis...
For Example: According to the above analysis, the increase in the international travel should
not be taken as the cause of any conflict that arises between two countries but the booster of mutual
understanding between two countries.
2- Provide a general trend based on factual information or details included in the

body
For Example: with increasing popularity of global warming, such activity can only be
intensified
3- Suggest some approach for improvements

For example: and each country should study his trend thoroughly so as to take full advantage
for further developments.

SAMPLE TEMPLATE FOR WRITING

NOTICE: This part is of initial assistance when the focus of practice is on sentence and idea
building. When you can write better, please try to think of the way to write yourself.
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE DISCUSSION

Template 1:
In recent years, with the rapid development of ___________________ ，

__________________ has played a significant part in our daily life and work / has become a
norm / more popular world wide. With ______________, people can
______________________. It is difficult to imagine what would happen if we suddenly lost
them / This phenomenon is highly debatable / controversial in terms of _________________.
But merits and demerits usually exist together.
Generally, the strong points of ______________ can be listed as follows. First, it has long
been widely accepted that ________________________. A clear illustration for this is
__________________________ . Secondly, it is an indisputable fact that__________________.
Obviously / On the face of that / Clearly,___________________________________.
But advantages usually go hand in hand with disadvantages. For instance, one can easily
find that ________ has caused / has led to / has been the primary cause of ________________.
Even worse, there have been cases when _______________ is/are deeply / negatively affected
/impacted by _________. By far, it is crystal clear that ____________________.
By way of conclusion, whether favorable or unfavorable, the trend that
_____________is/are becoming more and more popular is irreversible in at least a few
years/decades ahead. Therefore, some steps should be taken to reduce their weak points to a
minimum. And obviously, the pluses far outweigh the minuses. Hence, it is … who should be
more aware of making best use of___________________for its maximum effects and minimize
the downsides.

Example:
In recent years, with the rapid development of telecommunication technology， the mobile phone
has played a significant part in our daily life and work. With a cellphone, people can keep in touch
with the ones they care (in an instant)/ instantly. It is difficult to imagine what would happen if (we
suddenly lost them) /they suddenly disappeared. But their merits and demerits usually exist
together.
Generally, the strong points of the handheld device can be listed as follows. First, it has long been
widely accepted that it is convenient for people to keep in touch with each other by phone. A clear
illustration for this is that whenever it is and wherever people are, they can communicate with the
person they want to talk to. If people want to save money, they can also send short messages
to achieve the same purpose. Secondly, it is an indisputable fact that, thanks to mobile phones, we
do not have to look for phone boxes everywhere; thus much time can be saved. We do not
either need to worry whether we can respond to our friends immediately. Finally/ Last but not least,
it is a favourable fact that many new cell phones are now installed with a wide range of entertaining
tools like music players, FM radio or built-in cameras to help people relax and enjoy their time with
them.
But advantages usually go hand in hand with disadvantages. For instance, one can easily find
that we sometimes may lose freedom and our leisure time because of its ring. Every time we are out
on vacation the ring will disturb us. Even worse, there have been cases when people overuse cell
phones, they cannot avoid being exposed to the radiation from them. It is believed to be harmful to
our health for the frequent exposure may cause brain cancer.
To conclude, whether favorable or unfavorable, the trend that cell phones are becoming more
and more popular is irreversible in at least a few decades ahead. Therefore, some steps should be
taken to reduce their harms to a minimum.

Template 2:
It is difficult to escape the influence of ____________ . If you fit the statistical averages,
________________________ . But like everything else, _________________ is a mixed blessing.
Generally, the merits of ___________________ can be listed as follows. First,
__________________. What’s more, ______________________. Most important of all,
________________________________.
However, advantages usually go hand in hand with disadvantages. Firstly, we cannot turn
a blind eye to ______________________. Besides, we cannot turn a deaf ear to
______________________.
Now the conclusion is self-evident. The benefits of ________________ outweigh their
dangers. Actually, whether helpful or harmful, the trend that______________________
cannot be stopped. We need to make full use of the merits of ________________ and
minimize their demerits.

Example:
It is impossible to escape the influences of the Internet/ (In recent years, with the rapid
development of society and technology, the Internet has played a significantly important part/role in
our daily life and work). If we fit the statistical averages, it is reported that people spend about two
hours a day surfing on the Internet. It seems that the Internet enriches our daily life. But like
everything else, the Internet is really a mixed blessing/ (But merits and demerits usually exist
together)
Generally, the merits (strengths) of the Internet can be listed as follows. First, with the Internet,
people can be well informed of what has happened home and abroad (domestically and
internationally) and thus our horizons are well-broadened. What’s more (In addition), the Internet
serves people and corporations well. There is a trend that more and more people go shopping online
instead of doing traditional shopping at stores. Also, many large companies are doing business via
the Internet and this saves them much time and effort needed when they do business in traditional
ways. Most important of all/ Above all else, the Internet has shortened the distance between people.
It is (not a/ no more a) dream that the world is becoming a global village (the Internet helps flatten
the world). We can communicate by email or chat online to keep in touch with both beloved ones
and acquaintances no matter where we are.
However, advantages usually go hand in hand with disadvantages. Firstly, we cannot turn a
blind eye to the viruses that often make a detrimental/ destructive impact on our computers’
systems. Thus, users are considered paralysed when the system is down. Besides, we cannot turn a
deaf ear to the fact that many hackers (intrude upon/ attack) our financial and personal information
on the Internet. This may then cause troubles and worries for worldwide users.
Now the conclusion is self-evident with both bright and dark sides of the Internet. Its benefits,
however, have been proven to outweigh (outdo/ outperform) its dangers. Actually, whether helpful
or harmful, the trend that the Internet will (exert an important influence/ continue affect) on our
ways of thinking and life styles cannot be stopped. We need to make full positive use of the merits
of the Internet and minimize their demerits.

Template 3:
If you are a careful observer, you can find that______________. But like everything else,
__________________ are a mixed blessing.
Generally, the merits of ___________ can be listed as follows: First of
all,_____________________. Second, _______________________. Most important of all,
______________________________________.
However, advantages usually go hand in hand with disadvantages.
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________.
Nevertheless, whether helpful or harmful, the trend that ____________ cannot be
stopped. Therefore, we should make good use of ________________ and reduce their ill effects
to a minimum. It is highly suggested that_________________________.

Example:
If you are a careful observer, you can find that more and more people use contact lenses. But
like everything else, contact lenses are a mixed blessing.
Generally, the merits of contact lenses can be listed as follows: First of all, contact lenses can
eliminate the limitation of common eyeglasses. They can give you a wider and clearer view.
Second, contact lenses are not easily dirtied. So you don’t need to wipe your lens as often as you do
to usual eyeglasses. Most important of all, contact lenses make lots of myopic people more
beautiful and confident. I think it is the main reason that more and more people choose to wear
contact lenses. Contact Lenses give some convenience to myopic people.
However, advantages usually go hand in hand with disadvantages. After all, contact lenses are
foreign objects in your eyes. Though they are supposed to be disinfected, discomfort is frequently
reported. Many ophthalmic doctors indicate wearing contact lenses is not good to eyes.
Nevertheless, whether helpful or harmful, the trend that more and more people would like to
wear contact lenses cannot be stopped. Therefore, we should make good use of contact lenses and
reduce their ill effects to a minimum. It is highly suggested that you wear contact lenses outside and
common eyeglasses at home.

PROBLEM AND SOLUTION DISCUSSION

Template 1:
It has been reported that ____________ is becoming increasingly alarming. The

problem is so serious that people worldwide cannot turn a deaf ear to it any more. The
following essay is to trace/ search for the roots of the situation and suggest some
possible solutions/resolutions to deal with/tackle/cope with them.
It is a common belief that the major cause of _______ has long been originating
from ________________ This can be found when looking at … where _____________ is
happening/ has become a norm. Even worse, the reason may also root/stem from
_______________. The case is evident in _________________________.
To tackle the situations, countless measures have been applied, among which the
chief one is that___(Value of 1st approach)_______. Another approach is ____(Validity
of 2nd approach)_______.Finally, it is believed that __________________ may also be a
reliable resolution for the case.
The matter of ____________ has always been arousing people’s concerns. These
are not the best and the only three measures of _______(legislative approach
connecting with family responsibility and social support)__________ we can take. But
it should be noted that we should take strong actions to prohibit / eliminate the worse
cases and hopefully, things are changing more positively in a long term.

Example:
It is reported that public smoking and its effects have become a more serious problem recently.
It has been proven that smoking, which is a common habit of many, kills. It is, however, unfair that
one smokes and many others are detrimentally affected. Therefore, smoking does harm the whole
society and smoking in common places should be totally eliminated.
It is a common belief that smokers are more likely to suffer from serious diseases caused by
toxic substances in the smoke of cigarette. Many kinds of smoke-related illnesses, which are so far/
to date incurable like lung cancers, strokes and cardiovascular diseases, are taking lives of millions
every year. More seriously, it has been a fact that not only smokers themselves are affected,
surrounding people, so-called passive smokers, also suffer. Pregnant women and unborn babies are
highly vulnerable to smoke from cigarette. A wide range of ailments relating to smoking, like ear
infection, premature birth and innate brain defects, have been recorded in many second-hand
smokers
To stop this phenomenon, a great deal of solutions, among which the chief one is that
governments should impose stricter laws against public smoking, should be carried out
immediately. This measure once well-obeyed with is believed to reduce a large number of smokers
and diminish the current threats. Another approach should be taken into account is that cigarette
manufacturers should be severely punished by law and totally exposed through media if they violate
cigarette advertising ban. This may go against the benefits of some but would be very well –
supported by the mass public. Finally, stores which sell cigarette to children should be heavily fined
and even closed. This would be a strict and appropriate warning to others to be more legally aware.
As the matter is a serious one, these are not the only three measures which can be taken. But it
should be noted that when we take strong actions to prohibit public smoking, the situation is
promising to be much better.

Template 2:
_________________________________________________________Indeed, some drastic
measures should be adopted to avoid this thorny situation.
As the first step,_________________________________________
Also, __________________________________________________
________________________________________________________.
Last but not least, ________________________________________
Each of the above three approaches is effective and feasible. If we combine these three
ways, it will surely produce the great power. It should be reminded that
___________________________________________ should not just be a topic. Actions should
be taken. The sooner, the better.

Example:
With the development of computer industry, personal computers have increasingly entered our
life. With them, the fake software for computers have come onto the market. Every year fake
software manufactures draw a large profit that should have been gained by the original software
developers. Now the government orders repeatedly to crack down on pirates and protect the
intellectual property right. Indeed, some drastic measures should be adopted to avoid this thorny
situation.
As the first step, the law concerned should be laid down. Those who produce the fake software
should be heavily fined and their fakes should be confiscated and then broken into pieces. Also, the
price should be adjusted. The high price of the original makes customers hesitate and draw back. On
many occasions, a customer will have to spend 10 percent of his monthly salary on one disc. So the
publisher should cut the price to match with the consumers’ purchasing power. If small profits but
quick turnover take effect, developers, publishers and consumers can get mutual benefits.
Last but not least, consciousness should be cultivated among consumers. Everyone should be
aware that software represents the wisdom and the sweat of the developer. The action of buying the
fake is equal to theft.
Each of the above three approaches is effective and feasible. If we combine these three ways, it
will surely produce the great power. It should be reminded that eliminating fake software should not
just be a topic. Actions should be taken. The sooner, the better.

CAUSE AND EFFECT DISCUSSION

Template 1:
Recently, a careful observer may find no difficulties to notice that __
________________________________. Many wonder what are happening with
_________________ and why there are such cases. The answers to these two questions may
involve the following interrelated factors.
For one thing, it is an undeniable fact that ___________________. This can be found when
looking at _____________________ .It can be argued that _________________________
For another, it has also become popular that ___________________ . The case is evident
when people examine the fact that ________________. It is estimated that
__________________ if _______________
It may also sound persuasive when many believe that the prime reason comes from
_______________________
By way of conclusion, the effects of ________________________ are obvious to see. It has
come to the point that people need to be more aware of things and their consequences. I do
believe that the repercussions are going to be severely dangerous and irreversible if people do
not take action soon when there is still some time left.

Example:
Cultures and Languages are vital to particular identities of peoples. Recently, a careful observer
can notice that some languages and cultures are losing their popularity (disappearing) in some
countries. Many wonder why there is such a case. The answer to this question may involve the
following interrelated factors
For one thing/ The first thing that can be taken into consideration is that some people have a
bias against (and look down on) traditional cultures or languages. (The case is true when looking at)
This phenomenon widely exists among young people. They tend to think that the things from
developed countries are better than those from local places. So the traditional cultures are gradually
diminished./ are fading away/ losing their importance.
For another/ Another matter of concern can be the fact that in some backward places, the
language is not well protected because it has only spoken form but no written form. A large number
of speakers of the language are illiterate so the passing-down chain is corrupted. This explains why
it seems to be impossible to preserve those language forms.
Perhaps the prime reason is that the “Global Village” (speeds up)/ accelerates cultural invasion,
especially with the support of the Internet. Cultural invasion is particularly marked/significant in
developing countries where certain cultural aspects of the donor of aid pervade the receivers’,
regardless the latter's own culture. Wherever cultural prevalence occurs, the loss in diversity of
cultural heritage is evident.
In conclusion, these are the possible reasons why some languages and cultures are losing their
importance. Since the phenomenon is so disturbing, serious steps/solutions should be taken to stop
this trend.

Template 2:
Nowadays, _____________________________. The trend has aroused public concern.
Many wonder why there is such a case. The answer to this question may involve the following
interrelated factors .
Part of the explanation for this change is________________________.
Another important factor is _________________________. Finally,
________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________.
The immediate result that__________________________________.
________________________________________________________.
The next might be _________________________________________.
________________________________________________________.
In conclusion, these are some causes and effects of ________________. There might be
some more underlining causes and some more unpredictable effects. But it can be understood
that the trend cannot be stopped. Therefore, we should make full use of the trend and reduce
the ill effects to a minimum.

Example:
In recent years, in many cities, roads have been crowded with cars. The trend has aroused
public concern. Many wonder why there is such a case. The answer to this question may involve the
following interrelated factors .
Part of the explanation for this change is the quickening tempo of living and work. Many more
companies and people need cars for business. A car is a perfect facility for a one-day trip to a
nearby area. Another important factor is that cars can provide our life with much comfort, safety
and convenience. People can enjoy their life more than before. Finally, to meet the needs of people,
more and more auto companies are spring up like mushrooms and new cars roll out of factories
every day.
The effects that cars have brought about are really disturbing. The immediate result that many
cars produce is air pollution. Cars give off unpleasant noise and smoke that are harmful to our
health. The next might be the reduction of land, and people have to build more roads and parking
lots for cars in cities that have already been suffocated. People can frequently find traffic
congestions on their way to and from work.
In conclusion, these are some causes and effects of the abundance of cars in cities. There might
be some more underlining causes and some more unpredictable effects. But it can be understood
that the trend cannot be stopped. Therefore, we should make full use of the trend and reduce the ill
effects to a minimum.

COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY

Template 1:
_________________________________but there are great differences between them.
The first major difference between _____________________ and _____________________
is___________________. _____________________ , for Example,_________________ while
____________________________________________.
Another difference between _____________________ and _____________________ is
__________________. On the other hand,
______________________________________________________.
The final difference between _____________________ and _____________________ is
_________________________. However,
________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________.
Because of the great differences between _____________________ and
_____________________ , ________________________________________________________.

Example:
Airplanes and helicopters are both important forms of air travel, but there are great differences
between them.
The first major difference between airplanes and helicopters is their shape and
design. Airplanes, for Example, have long slender bodies with wings while helicopters have round
bodies and propellers rather than wings.
Another difference between airplanes and helicopters is their speed. Airplanes can travel
extremely fast, reaching speeds of over 1,875 miles (3,000 kilometers) per hour. Helicopters, on the
other hand, are much slower than airplanes.
The final difference between airplanes and helicopters is their direction of takeoff and
flight. Airplanes take off horizontally and can move in a forward direction only. They need a lot of
space for takeoff and landing. Airplanes regularly carry several hundred passengers. Helicopters,
however, take off vertically and can move in any direction. Helicopters require a very small takeoff
or landing space, and most helicopters carry only two to five passengers.
Because of the great differences between airplanes and helicopters, each is used for a specific
purpose. Airplanes and helicopters, therefore, are both important forms of air travel.

DISCUSSION
Template 1:
Recently, there is no argument about whether it is good or not that_____
________________________. Some people hold that _______________ while others think that
___________________. From my point of view, it is more advisable to support the first opinion
rather than the second one.
The prime reason is that ____________________________________
________________________________________________________. Another reason is that
_____________________________________
________________________________________________________.
The advantages of ________________________ are _____________. it benefits not only
________________________ but also ___________.
In summary, ________________________has many advantages and they are not limited to
the three reasons I have listed above.

Example:
Recently, there is no argument about whether it is good or not that some women send their
babies to nurseries. Some people hold that it is better to send their babies to nurseries than not to do
so while others think that it is better for mothers to look after their babies by themselves. From my
point of view, it is more advisable to support the first opinion rather than the second one.
The prime reason is that there are many experts in nurseries. They can give babies better
education and care than their mothers can. Nursery teachers have received special training. They
have special knowledge about educating babies properly, caring for them thoughtfully and making
them safe warily. Career women may not fulfill these jobs.
Another reason is that it is good for babies to learn basic skills. In the nursery babies play
games in a group, have meals and classes with other boys and girls. Through these activities they
have a lot of chances to learn to cooperate, share and communicate. In contrast, if they stay with
their mothers day after day, children may not cultivate all these skills and will not be brave,
independent or confident in the future.
The advantages of sending babies to nursery are: it benefits not only babies themselves but also
their mothers. Without any need to care for their babies for a whole day, women can work at ease.
They needn’t worry about their babies, because they are safe in the nursery and receive special care.
So women can pay more attention to their study and work. They also have chances to succeed in
their own career.
In summary, sending babies to nursery has many advantages and they are not limited to the
three reasons I have listed above.

Template 2:
Recently, ___________________ has aroused public concern. Some people believe that
__________________________________. Others, however, believe
in_________________________. From my point of view, _______________________________.
For Example, ____________________________________________. Besides,
__________________________________________________. Finally
,__________________________________________________. After we compare the
advantages and disadvantages, we may reach the
conclusion_____________________________. And it is an irreversible trend. As mentioned
above, there is every reason for me to be inclined to take the
view_______________________________.

Example:
Recently, doing research with live animals has aroused public concern. Some people believe
that it is cruel and unnecessary. Others, however, believe in the interest of human welfare. From my
point of view, doing research with live animals may be cruel but necessary.
For example, I am a college student majoring in biotechnology. In our lab, we do research with
live animals such as white rats to test some medicines. We inject rats with antibiotic and study their
responses. Although we know that the rats will be in anguish after the test, we have no alternative to
do the research. Most of the rats die in the experiment, but they benefit our study.
Besides, if we consider the human welfare, we can easily come to the conclusion that it is
necessary to do research with live animals. The laws of most countries prescribe that before a new
kind of medicine is sold in the market it must be experimented on animals. In this way, medicines
can be taken by patients safely. Obviously, it is reasonable to save human lives by doing research
with live animals.
Finally, many people think it is cruel to do research with live animals from the premise that
animals are suffering and even die in the experiment. But as we all know, we kill a large number of
animals every day for food. Only a small number of people are vegetarians and also a small number
of animals are used for research. We should discuss the problem of doing research with live animals
both positively and negatively.
After we compare the advantages and disadvantages, we may reach the conclusion that it is
necessary to do research with live animals. And it is an irreversible trend. As mentioned above,
there is every reason for me to be inclined to take the view—doing research with live animals is
indispensable.

Template 3:
There is a heated argument on whether _________________________. Some people think
that _________________________________.Others believe
that_______________________________________________. To my eye, the first viewpoint is
reasonable. The following examples can prove my standpoint.
To illustrate, ____________________________________________.
_______________________________________________________________________________.
As another instance, ______________________________________.
_______________________________________________________________________________.
If one more case were needed, I could mention that ________________.
________________________________________________________.
To sum up, the list of such examples can go on and on. Therefore, there is no reason for
me not to agree with the first view. That is to say, ________.

Example:
There is a heated argument on whether teachers will be replaced by computers. Some people
think that teachers will always play a significant role in the classroom. Others believe that with
computers widely used in education they will replace teachers in the classroom. To my eye, the first
viewpoint is reasonable. The following examples can prove my standpoint.
To illustrate, teachers have more teaching experience than computers. There are many excellent
teachers, especially old teachers who have rich teaching experience. They know how to impart their
knowledge to students effectively so that students can take it in easily. However, a computer is just
a machine. It doesn't have any idea whether students have mastered some knowledge or not.
As another instance, students need to learn not only knowledge, but also need to learn it in a
vivid way. The teachers know how to arouse students’ interest in order to draw their attention. What
a computer can act is to monitor students without emotion.
If one more case were needed, I could mention that teachers not only impart knowledge to
students but also teach them how to become useful people. Nobody is perfect, so while students are
growing, some of them may pick a wrong way. If teachers sense something wrong, they will
immediately set them in the right path. Teachers bring students up like gardeners, but computers
cannot.
To sum up, the list of such examples can go on and on. Therefore, there is no reason for me not
to agree with the first view. That is to say, computers should be used to assist teachers instead of
replacing them.

ARGUMENT ESSAY
Template 1:
Recently, the problem of whether _________________________ has become the talk of the
town. Proponents hold that
___________________________________________________________. However, opponents
hold that _________________________ . At first thought, the first opinion sounds true, but if
we think it over further, we can find some problems with it.
To begin with, while it is true that ______________. It doesn’t mean that
_______________________________________________________________________________.
For example,
___________.
As another instance, _____________________. Of course, _________
_______________________. However, we cannot be confused that______.
From the foregoing, it is wiser to support the statement that__________
_______________________________________.

Example:
Recently, the problem of whether scientists contribute more than any other professionals has
become the talk of the town. Proponents hold that science is the most important subject, so the
students who study scientific subjects should be given more financial support by the government
than those who study liberal arts. However, opponents hold that liberal arts are as important as
science. At first thought, the first opinion sounds true, but if we think it over further, we can find
some problems with it.
To begin with, while it is true that lots of things are based on science such as TV, rockets, and
space shuttles, it doesn’t mean that we can live happily if we have only science. We need other
things in our life. For example, reading novels can help us relax when we are tired. As another
instance, to avoid the same mistake as our ancestors made, we should learn some history.
Of course, many scientists explore unknown areas and it is necessary for them to spend a large
amount of money on experiments. However, we cannot be confused that they are scientists but not
students who study science.
From the foregoing, it is wiser to support the statement that science is a common subject. It is
as important as liberal arts. Students who study science should get the same financial support from
the government as the counterparts who study liberal arts. As to whether scientists should receive
financial support, that is another matter.

Template 2:
Nowadays, the problem of whether________________has aroused public concern. Some
people believe that _______________, whereas others believe that_______________ But is the
second opinion well-grounded?
True, ______________, but _______________ A case in point
is________________________
Those who hold the latter opinion perhaps fail to take ______________ into account.
__________________
To sum up, taking all the above reasons into consideration, I firmly stand for the former
view__________________

Example:
Nowadays, the problem of whether it is necessary to keep animals in zoos has aroused public
concern. Some people believe that zoos provide people with the convenience of watching animals,
whereas others believe that animals will live better in the wild. But is the second opinion well-
grounded?
True, it is animals’ nature to live in the wild, but some of them may not survive in the harsh
environment. A case in point is Chinese panda. Most of the wild pandas live in a poor condition.
They have little to eat, and the cold weather is threatening their lives. However, their brothers and
sisters who live in zoos have a good life quality. They are never worried about food. Their rooms
are equipped with air-conditioning. They are healthier than the wild ones.
Those who hold the latter opinion perhaps fail to take the necessity of keeping animals in zoos
into account. Keeping animals in zoos surely provides people with lots of convenience. Teachers
can take students to zoos when they teach zoology. If there were no zoos in the cities, teachers could
only show the pictures to the students. The students would never have the concrete images about the
animals. What they can see are only cats and dogs.
Taking all the above reasons into consideration, I firmly stand for the former view. It is
necessary to keep animals in zoos.

SENTENCE BUILDING
In IELTS Writing and Speaking, it is of utmost importance to be able to produce long sentences. But
how? Here’s the key.
TEN STEPS TO BUILD A LONG SENTENCE

STEPS GRAMMAR POINTS NEW SENTENCE
1 A single sentence Young people are spending much time on

mobile gadget.
2 Modal (can, could…) Young people must be spending much time

on mobile gadget.
3 Adverb Young people must be spending much time

on mobile gadget now.
4 Adverb phrase Now, young people must be spending much

(prep + object)
time on mobile gadget in my countries.
5 Adverb clause Now, young people must be spending much

(conjunction + clause)
time on mobile gadget in my country since I
can see them everywhere.
6 Parallelism Now, young people must be spending much

(co-ordinating conjunction:
time on mobile gadget in my country since I
and, but, or…)
can see them everywhere and every time I
walk out on the street.
7 Add modifers to nouns Now, young people must be spending much

(subject, object and time on different mobile gadgets in most
complement) parts of my country since I can see them
everywhere and every time I walk out on
the street.

STEPS GRAMMAR POINTS NEW SENTENCE
8 Transitional expression Obviously, young people must be spending

much time on different mobile gadgets in
most parts of my country now since I can
see them everywhere and every time I walk
out on the street.
9 Add anything from 1 to 8 Obviously, young people must be spending

out on the street, people texting, checking
Facebook and having conversations at the
same time of walking.
10 Check Obviously, young people must be spending

out on the street, people texting, checking
Facebook and having conversations at the
same time of walking.
SOME BASIC CONJUNCTIONS
GROUP CONJUNCTION
GROUP 1: and, but, both…and, or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also,
Coordinating however, nevertheless, yet
GROUP 2: because, since, as, inasmuch…as, now that, so, therefore, that’s why
Cause / Effect

GROUP CONJUNCTION
GROUP 3: when (or: next time, every time, once), as, after, before, till, until,
Time
whenever, as soon as, while (or during the time), since, as soon as
GROUP 4: if, unless, as long as, on the condition that, provided that, granted that,
Condition
supposing, only if
GROUP 5: though, although, even if, even though, in spite of the fact that, despite
Concession
the fact that
GROUP 6: as if, as though (used with past subjunctive), as

Manner
GROUP 7: so+adj/adv+that, such+noun+that

Result
GROUP 8: lest, for fear that (used with should), in order that, that, so that (để mà -
Purpose used with can, could, may, might; để khỏi - should not)
Ex: I learn English so that I CAN go overseas to study.
Ex: I want to leave now so that he SHOULD NOT see me.
Exercise 1: Build the following single sentences into meaningful ones.

1/ Education is very important.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2/ Technology changes our lives.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3/ Environment is in danger.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4/ Policy is very influential.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5/ Wildlife is under threat.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6/ Technology plays a role in our life.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7/ Globalization is a trend.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

8/ Biotechnology is a science.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9/ Woman equality is essential.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10/ Consumerism is a phenomenon.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11/ Arts are pivotal.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12/ Deforestation is a problem.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

13/ Work satisfaction is responsible for a large part of our lives.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
14/ Language helps exchanging information.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
15/ Cultures ensure diversification.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
16/ Family is the unit of society.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
17/ Advertising is very important.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

18/ Population is an intriguing issue.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
19/ Morals contribute to well-being.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
20/ Examinations are fundamental.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Exercise 2: Read the passage below and answer the questions

THE OLD AND THE NEW
In the oases [of the Arab world], large and small, Arab men and women weave the
distinctive fabric of their life. New factories are breaking the monopoly of pyramids; new habits
clash with old; yet within it all there is a fusion and a unity.
The fabric is visible in multitudinous details. A bearded old man, white turban wound
tightly around his red fez, punctures the cold hours before dawn with his age-old cry: “Prayer is
better than sleep!” A jet streaks through the pale sky as donkeys patter through village lanes. In
government offices and in the bazaars, there is the rattle of spoons in glasses of mint tea. There is
the hum of gossip as bolts of vivid cloth are unrolled before dark-eyed women. In coffee shops, the
radio blares the news of the day. In curbside stalls boys fan charcoal as meat is grilled. A scent of
spice makes an ordinary street mysterious, and when the day ends, the night, identified in Arab
poetry with the lover, brings magic under the sapphire stars. From the desert, beyond the minarets
and palm trees, come the howls of jackals.2

1. What assertion do the details in this paragraph support?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. What senses does this description appeal to? List some visual details that are static, and some
that give a sense of movement.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Underline all of the descriptive words that precede nouns. Which ones do you consider
especially effective?
4. Are there examples of a piling up of single-word adjectives before nouns? Can you explain
why or why not?
5. What class of words other than adjectives makes you able to picture life in the Arab world?
List some particularly effective examples.
6. Note some of the ways in which variety is obtained: by different types of sentence patterns,
by varied types and varied placement of modifiers of nouns. Find examples of each of these
devices.
Exercise 3: COMPOSITION
Task 1: In-class
Write down ideas for ten minutes as fast as they pop into your head. Concentrate on giving your
reader a great deal of information. Discuss your likes and dislikes in some particular area.
SUGGESTED AREAS: Foods, Types of people, Types of public entertainment, School subjects,
Sports, Methods of travel, Vacation spots
Task 2: Homework
Choose another topic from the list given above, or another aspect of the same topic. For example,
you might describe a place you would like to visit for an evening’s entertainment or for a few days’
stay, or a place where you would like to live. Write more carefully than you did in class but attempt
to increase your speed of writing.
TIPS: with each adjective, provide three possible verbs.

MODIFIERS
In this part, you will learn how to modify verbs, nouns and add details to your sentence. Thanks to
these modifiers, you can express your ideas in the most detailed-possible answer.
MODIFYING NOUNS
MODIFIERS FOLLOWING THE NOUN
He went to the room upstairs. (adverb as modifier)
I saw the girl in blue. (prepositional phrase as modifier)
We consulted the men efficient in planning. (adjective and phrase as modifier)
They serve steaks as big as platters. (adjective group as modifier)
I knew the girl riding the horse. (verb phrase as modifier)
I saw an advertisement designed to please. (verb phrase as modifier)
Sickness is a problem to watch. (verb form as modifier)
The building is a sight to be seen. (verb form as modifier)
I do not have money to spend. (verb form as modifier)
Mary is the girl whom I talked to. (clause as modifier)
Exercise 1: Compare the placement of the modifiers (in boldface type) in the following pairs
of sentences:
The delegates brought surprising news.
The delegates brought news surprising to the older members.
1. Edwin Booth was a good actor.
Edwin Booth was an actor good in Shakespearean roles.
2. Our chairman is a calm executive.
Our chairman is an executive calm under stress.

Note that the modifier of the noun in the second sentence of each pair of sentences states a
more specific idea than the unqualified modifier in the first sentence.
Following the patterns above, qualify the modifiers in the noun groups below to show the
circumstances under which each is true. Then use the new noun group in a sentence.
Example: a happy man
a man happy in his job
A man happy in his job is more apt to be successful.
1. a difficult assignment
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. a crying child
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………..……………………………………………………………………………………
3. a grateful man
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. an imported vase
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. an isolated village
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Exercise 2: Compare the following patterns containing V-ing modifiers:

1. A charming girl stood by the door.
2. Standing by the door was a girl charming to look at and listen to.
3. Charming everyone near her by her graciousness and friendliness, the girl stood by the door.
These are only a few' of the variations we could make in expressing and refining the idea
that the girl was charming.

Use the following word groups in at least three different sentences altering the position of
the modifier and adding different types of information, as is done with the charming girl in the
sentences above.
1. a challenging assignment
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. a surprising event
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. a pleasing scene
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. a convincing speaker
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Exercise 3: In Exercise 2 you saw how V-ing forms could be used in various patterns to modify
nouns. The V-ed (-en) forms as modifiers of a noun may be used in various patterns also.
Compare the following:

1. The actor who played the leading role made a valued contribution.
2. The actor who played the leading role made a contribution valued for its artistic merits.
3. Valued for its artistic merits by all who appreciate good drama, the contribution of the actor
who played the leading role will long be remembered.
Use one of the following word groups in three different sentences altering the position of the
modifier and giving additional information, as in the illustrations above.
1. a cherished possession
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. a noted scientist
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. a surprised girl
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. a woven rug
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Exercise 4:
A. Suppose that you have been assigned a hard task, such as organizing a business firm.
What kind of men would you like to help you? By completing the sentences below with
appropriate prepositions, name some qualities that you would desire in your assistants.
1. I want men………………………………….imagination and foresight.
2. I want men……………………………………honor and intelligence.
3. I want men …………………………. thirty but ………………………………..seventy.
4. I want men ……………………………experience but …………………………….open
minds.
5. I want men ……………………………………. sound judgment.
6. I want men………………………………. high principles.
7. I want men ………………………………….. colleges with high reputation.
8. I want men courteous……………………………..controversy.
9. I want men good ………………………….. speaking in public.
10. I want men efficient ……………………………..planning.
11. I want men realistic ……………………………..their thinking.
12. I want men skilled………………………………..their specialty.
B. Write two paragraphs of five or six sentences each using structures similar to those
above, or to those used in Exercise 1 or 2, to tell what sort of person you would want for
two of the following: to direct an entertainment program, to become your husband or
wife, to teach your children, to become your friend. More advanced students might try
to expand one of these into a longer paragraph.
Exercise 5: Read the following passage and answer the following questions.
THE COWBOY’S TEN-GALLON HAT
(1) One of the distinguishing marks of the cowboy or the Western rancher is his “ten-gallon” hat,
famed in stories of the frontier, of the days of the old “wild West,” when cattle trains were being
driven across the lands newly opened to settlement. (2) His hat afforded the cowboy protection
against both the broiling summer sun and the piercing cold of the winter. (3) On a sunny day it was

his umbrella, and when a prairie blizzard caught him unawares he could turn the wide brim down
around his ears.
(4) But this versatile broad-brimmed sombrero served other functions as well for the cowboy riding
across the prairie. (5) When he camped at night he used his hat to fan the flames of his campfire.
(6) This hat also served as a receptacle to carry water in or to drink out of. (7) He could use it as
a basin for washing or as a shade for his eyes when he wanted to sleep.
(8) Now that the country has become settled, ranching has become a large-scale operation, and the
cowboy leads a less hazardous and less romantic life than in the past. (9) Yet the Westerner,
whether he rides the range or not, clings to his ten- gallon hat as a symbol of his region and of the
factors which developed it.
1. In sentence 1 note the hyphenation of ten-gallon. Note also that there is no -s on the end of
the word gallon. The expression means a very large hat or, jokingly, a hat with a capacity of
“ten gallons.” Following the pattern of a ten-gallon hat, reword the ideas expressed in the
following boldface phrases and use each in a sentence as a modifier of the preceding noun:
a. a load of five tons
b. a pole ten feet in length
c. a hike of ten miles
d. a jar with a capacity of two quarts
2. In sentence 1 find two examples of a noun modifying a noun.
3. There are few examples of a piling up of single-word modifiers before any of the nouns in this
passage. "Why?
4. Find an example of (a) a V-ed modifier a noun which follows the noun, (b) a V-ing modifier of
a noun which follows the noun, and (c) a to + V modifier of a noun.
5. Find three examples of a noun modified by a prepositional phrase.
6. Find two examples of a noun modified by a noun in sentences 2-9.
7. Find an example of a noun modified by a clause. In sentence 1 what does the when clause
modify? In sentence 7?
8. In sentence 1 you find this construction: “One of the distinguishing marks.” Why is marks
pluralized? Write sentences telling who in your estimation is (a) one of the best actresses,
(b) one of the best world leaders, (c) one of the best athletes.
9. What qualifier of an adjective do you find in sentence 1? In sentence 8?

Exercise 6: Write on A or B below.

A. Write a description of something in the culture of your country to which people attach
importance.
Suggestions: Something in the home, a tool, an institution or social custom (such as tea in
England, a Finnish bath, the 0- Bon ceremony in the Ryukyus)
As in the paragraph on the cowboy and his ten-gallon hat above, use modifiers of nouns to make
your description vivid. When you have finished, underline the noun groups. If your description
would be more vivid with other modifiers of nouns, or with different types of noun groups, make
appropriate changes.
B. Acquaint your reader with some aspect of your culture which young people approve of but
which older people do not approve of. This may involve a certain type of dress, certain ways
of speaking, certain personal habits, or certain social customs. As in A above, pay particular
attention to modifiers of nouns.

MODIFYING VERBS
Modifiers of verbs can indicate many things about the action: when it took place, where it
occurred, why it happened. They can also show manner, frequency, and agency, to name only a few
of the relationships. The most common modifiers of verbs are adverbs1 and prepositional phrases.
Verbs may also be modified by clauses, nouns, adjectives, and other verb forms.
TYPES OF MODIFIERS OF VERBS

He came quickly. (adverb as modifier)
He came a long distance. (noun as modifier)
He came running. (verb form as modifier)
He came to get Exercise. (verb form as modifier)
The well went dry. (adjective as modifier)
He came at two o’clock. (prepositional phrase as modifier)
He came when he was ready. (clause as modifier)
Modifiers of verbs are typically found in three positions in a sentence: at the end, before the verb,
or at the beginning. Modifiers take these positions as follows:
POSITIONS OF MODIFIERS OF VERBS
A. AT THE END OF THE SENTENCE.
This is the most common position for modifiers of verbs. Almost any adverbial element may be
found in this position, as illustrated in the examples given at the beginning of this lesson. Some
modifiers of verbs may be moved to one of the other two adverb positions. Others are found only at
the end. Among the modifiers of verbs that usually do not move are:
1. V-ing forms: The children came flying to meet him.

2. Adjectives: The notes rang true.
3. Adverbs ending in -ward: The boy walked backward.
4. Adverbs ending in -wise or -ways: The car lay crosswise in the road.
He turned the book sideways.

5. Adverbs like prepositions: He walked along singing. (in, out, under, up, down, along, etc.) /
Did you put the cat out? / I hope to get through by five o’clock
6. Adverbs identical with adjectives (well, bad, ill, fast, etc.): My secretary does her job well. /
Did you walk far to get here? / Don’t drive too fast.
7. Many compound adverbs (anymore, anywhere, nowhere, somewhere, somehow, etc.): I
can’t find my pencil anywhere. / I’m not studying English anymore. / I’ll get it finished
somehow.
If the sentence is long, usually one adverbial element standsat the beginning,
particularly if one is a phrase of time.
EXAMPLES:
- In the summertime when the days are long, I often get up early and take a long walk before
breakfast.
- When I go on these walks I can sometimes clearly see the mountains.

B. BEFORE THE VERB
Two kinds of adverbs are- found in this position:
1. Common single-word adverbs such as then, now, soon, always, often, seldom, sometimes, just,
almost, ever, and never b. In this list just, ever, almost, and never are usually not moved to the
end or the beginning of the sentence. The others may be to a limited degree, although the
position before the verb is the most usual.
Examples: The professor usually gives us an assignment. c
The professor gives us an assignment usually.
Usually the professor gives us an assignment.
My cousin now lives in Hong Kong.
My cousin lives in Hong Kong now.
Now my cousin lives in Hong Kong.
But: I seldom see the president. d
He never tells me his secrets.
I always try to help him.
In a verb phrase these adverbs sometimes come before the auxiliary, but commonly after it.
Example: He has always wanted to be an actor.
He always has wanted to be an actor.

2. Most adverbs ending in -ly that are derived from adjectives. (See note b.) These adverbs may
also stand at the beginning or end of the sentence.
Example: The thief hastily destroyed the evidence.
The thief destroyed the evidence hastily.
Hastily the thief destroyed the evidence.
He slowly and cautiously opened the door.
He opened the door slowly and cautiously.
Slowly and cautiously he opened the door.
b
Note that most of these adverbs indicate indefinite time. They are all adverbs which are not
derived from adjectives. Adverbs derived from adjectives end in -ly. A few adverbs derived from
adjectives—barely, scarcely, nearly, hardly—follow the pattern of almost and just.
c
A difference in emphasis is indicated by the position of the adverb in these sentences. This
difference can be seen by noting many examples in context.
d
Variants for emphasis are: “Never have I seen such a sight!” or “Seldom have we had such a
conscientious worker in our office as Mr. Jones.” These variants usually occur with the have + V-
ed (-en) form of the verb and are found more in writing than in speaking.
C. AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SENTENCE
The following types of modifiers may be found at the beginning of the sentence:
The single-word adverbs and adverbs ending in -ly that were discussed under modifiers that may
stand before the verb. See the preceding Examples.
Single-word adverbs of place, such as here and there. These modifiers may also stand at the end
of the sentence. When they stand at the beginning, note the inversion of subject and verb in a S-V
pattern sentence when the subject is a noun.
Examples: The book is there.
There is the book.
There it is.
There my friends and I decided to rest.
Prepositional phrases of time, manner, and purpose.

Examples: At tour o'clock we went home.
With much misgiving, I allowed my son to drive the car.
For a typical American breakfast, try orange juice, toast, fried eggs, and coffee.

Prepositional phrases of place.

These phrases may stand at the beginning or end of the sentence. When they stand at the
beginning in a S-V pattern sentence with a noun subject, the verb may precede the subject, as in
the second sentence below.
Example: A dark shadow lay on the floor.
But: On the floor lay a dark shadow.
On the floor it lay in plain sight.
Clause modifier.
Clause modifiers may stand at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.
Example: When I lived in New York I took the subway to work.
I took the subway to work when I lived in New York.
ORDER IN A SERIES OF MODIFIERS OF VERBS

Place Manner Time
He walked to the house slowly at two o’clock.
We will meet you here with a car at noon.
He traveled to New York by plane last week.
However, in general, single-word modifiers precede phrase or clause modifiers.
Examples: He walked slowly to the house after lunch.
They went immediately to the hotel after the plane arrived.
They came quickly up the stairs. .
They will be here soon.
As with modifiers of nouns, the modification pattern governs placement. Note the positions
of the modifiers of the verbs in the following sentence:
- The boy seldom came home on time voluntarily.
Voluntarily modifies came home on time; on time modifies came home, and home modifies
came. Seldom modifies the entire verb group. When the sentence has more than one time modifier,
the more specific generally comes first.
He does not enjoy meeting planes at two in the morning. In placing modifiers, try to avoid
ambiguity.

The principles and Examples that have been explained so far do not cover all the possible
variations of placement of modifiers of verbs. Emphasis also governs placement. For Example,
compare the following:
- Slowly and cautiously he opened the door.
- He opened the door slowly and cautiously.
The first sentence places more emphasis on the manner in which the act was performed.
If you follow the principles set forth here you will be correct, even though other placement
of adverbs may be possible in certain situations. The ability to handle these movable elements
effectively shows that the writer is skillful in his use of English, whether he is a foreign student of
the language or a native. Only by studying many Examples of good writing can one get a feeling
for the most effective placement of these movable elements.
Exercise 1: In the following passages, underline tie modifiers of verbs. Read the passages
aloud and be prepared to explain why the author placed the modifiers where he did. For each
sentence that you read aloud, consider whether the adverbial element could be placed in
another position. Would the sentence be as effective?
1. After careful discussion the Senate last week passed the education bill by an overwhelming
majority.
2. I didn’t see him at all yesterday because I wasn’t here then.
3. We actually got there early by driving continuously from eight a.m. until noon,
4. “In Fishing for Fun . . . Herbert Hoover has pieced together with a needle of humor his
meditations on his favorite sport. He got his baptism of worm fishing in the creeks of Iowa, but
at the age of ten he was transported to Oregon, where access to the mountain streams and the
gift of three artificial flies opened a new vista.” 2
5. As we approached, the house appeared deserted. The moonlight lay cold and still around us.
Not a sound was to be heard but our own footsteps, which echoed hollowly on the
cobblestones. We paused. A noise—a harsh, rasping noise— came to our ears in pulsing
rhythm. We froze a moment, unable to move, and stifled an impulse to run madly from the
place. Then, at the realization that it was our own heavy breathing that we heard, relief flooded
us. Gathering our courage, we strode forward boldly, telling ourselves that there was no cause
for alarm. We had only to enter the house, turn on the lights, and we would find, as reason
would have us believe, that nobody was there. The door was now but a few feet before us. We
approached. Our hands were nearly on the knob. Then, just as we were about to push it open,
before our incredulous eyes the door began to move slowly inward. And then, and then, around

the edge of the door there appeared .... I dare not say what. This time we did run—madly,
screaming, never pausing to look back.
Exercise 2: The word order in (S-V) sentences may be altered for dramatic effect. As we have
seen, prepositional phrases of place may be put at the beginning of the sentence, and if the
subject is a noun the order of the subject and verb may be transposed.
Examples:
- Normal order: A book that we had been hunting for all day lay on top of the table in plain
sight.
- Dramatic order: On top of the table in plain sight lay the book that we had been hunting for
all day.
- Normal order: A car appeared around the bend suddenly.

- Dramatic order: Suddenly around the bend appeared a car.
The effect of the transposition is to focus attention on the subject of the sentence by making the
reader anticipate it.
A. Rewrite the following sentences so that attention is focused on the subject.
1. A cloud of dust appeared on the horizon.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. An ancient monument stood near the road.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. A small boy carrying a big red umbrella came through the door.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. A man who knows all about the plant life of this area lives next door to me.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. The host appeared at the top of the stairs.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. A range of high mountains lies to the south of the village.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Room for storage is in the back of the car.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. A big black dog walked by his master’s side.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. A group of chimpanzees chattered in the treetops.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
B. Rewrite the following sentences, adding at least two modifiers to describe the verb.
Tell the occasion, manner, or time of the act.
1. The fire burned.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. The ship sailed.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. The farmer ploughed
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. The woman swept the floor.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. The political candidate spoke.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

6. A dog howled.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. The baby threw his toys
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. The old man snored.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. The crowd cheered.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. He transacted the business.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Exercise 3: Write a composition with this as a topic sentence:

A novice (inexperienced person) encounters a great many difficulties in___________
Fill the blank with the word or words for some baffling endeavor for the uninitiated. Develop
the paragraph by explaining the aspect of the activity that is difficult. Illustrate your points from
your own experience or the experience of people you have known. Use adverbs, phrases, and
clauses to make the performance of the activities vivid and specific.
SUGGESTIONS: - Giving a talk
- Applying for a job
- Apologizing for a mistake
- Asking a girl for the first date
- Explaining directions to one who does not speak or understand your
language well
- Trying to start a car on a cold morning
- Washing a dog
- Trying to soothe a terrified child
- Surviving during a crisis caused by nature (hurricane, sand storm, flood,
snow storm, fire, etc.)
- Keeping calm during a dramatic moment in your life (a graduation; first
communion; marriage ceremony; your first public performance in speaking,
acting, or playing a musical instrument; some responsibility assigned to you
by your parents or teacher when you were very young; an exciting athletic
contest)
- Registering and staying in a big hotel
- Asking your father for something you know he will not approve of

USING PREPOSITIONS AND TWO-WORD VERBS
USING PREPOSITIONS IN ADVERBIAL PHRASES

Common modifiers of verbs are phrases that begin with prepositions. Nine prepositions
constitute 92 percent of the occurrences: at, by, for, from, in, of, on, to, and with. Each of these
prepositions has many meanings, the most common of which are shown in the charts below:
USES OF PREPOSITIONS IN ADVERBIAL PHRASES

TIME
in: in the evening (morning) on: on August 12 (definite date)
in the fall (season) on Friday (day of the week)
in August (month) on Christmas (holiday)
in 1952 (year) on your birthday (definite day)
in two months (meaning at the end of) on time (idiom meaning punctual)
in time (idiom meaning early enough)
for: I skied for an hour. by: by eight o’clock (not later than)
from: from Friday till Monday They worked by the hour (were paid
from that moment hourly wages).
to: He left at ten minutes to two with: With the approach of fall, the air gets
cooler.
PLACE OR DIRECTION
at: He is at the dentist's. to: The temperature dropped to zero.
He looked at me.
He was angry at John, He went to the river.
or: It lies south of the border. He contributed to the Red Cross.
on: He wanted a house on the This procedure is to your
coast (river bank. etc,v advantage (idiomatic expression)
from: They live miles from here. with: He lived with the John sons.

We went from laughter The outcome rests with you.

to tears.
in: He lives in an apartment.
He lives in a dream.
MEANS OR AGENT
by: The boat was built by an Italian. on: We saw it on television.
He came by plane. He is -gains, on foot.
I did it by myself (without help) They live, OD canal.
It arrived by airmail. from: His honors come from hard
By wrapping it yourself, you work.
save some money. She is burned from sun bathing.
with: He opened it with a knife.
MANNER
in: In my estimation the act was It appealed to us in several ways.
noble. like: He looks like me.
His joy is in helping others. on: I swear this on mv honor.
He left in anger. with: He said it with a smile.
She was dressed in blue. by: They work by the week.
STATE OR CONDITION
at: The nurses are at work. by: We were all by ourselves last night
The nations are at peace. on: The pharmacist is on call all night
The soldiers stood at ease. in: He was in the hurry.
We are at your mercy.
He smiled at the thought.
QUANTITY
for: We drove for fifty miles. Our team won the football game
The suit sotd for £50. 14 to 7.
of: a distance of ten miles by: The mosquitoes arrived by the
a pound of butter thousands.

a population of one .million. The garden was thirty by sixty feet.
to: He. bet four to one on that horse They are sold by the pair.
PURPOSE
for: He went for an education.
He came for a rest. He asked for a vacation.
He was hired for his creativity. This gift is for you.
MISCELLANEOUS
for: She was named for her aunt.
He is small for his age.
Exercise 1: Write a narrative paragraph describing the action of different individuals and/or groups
of people in a public place during some circumstance. Include as many prepositional phrase
modifiers as are appropriate, telling where, when, or how. You will also use a number of other
types of modifiers of verbs to make the action vivid. The following are suggestions for situations
and people to describe.
1. A building burns down. (the firemen, the people in the building, the spectators)
2. An airplane is delayed at take-off by engine trouble. (the pilot, the passengers, the stewardesses,
the people who have come to see the passengers off, the mechanics who service the plane)
3. The Secretary General of the United Nations addresses the General Assembly. (the delegates,
the translators, the news- men, the spectators)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

USING PREPOSITIONS WITH CERTAIN VERBS AND ADJECTIVES

Some verbs are followed by certain prepositions and certain prepositions are also commonly
used with certain adjectives and in idiomatic expressions. See the charts on the opposite page for a
listing of these prepositions.
USES OF PREPOSITIONS AFTER CERTAIN VERBS
account for hear of

agree on (something) insist on
agree with (someone) invite (someone) to
apologize to laugh at
approve of listen for
argue with (someone) listen to
ask for look at
believe in look for
belong to look forward to
blame (someone) for (something) object to
blame (something) on (someone) plan on
borrow from provide for
call on provide with
care for' recover from
compliment (someone) on remind (someone) of
consent to see about
consist of substitute for
convince (someone) of (some taIK about
thing) talk of
decide on think about
depend on think of
get rid of wait for
hear about wait on (meaning serve)
hear from
USES OF PREPOSITIONS WITH CERTAIN ADJECTIVES AND IN

IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS
in accordance with due to
according to followed by
accustomed to fond of
angry about (something) independent of
angry at (someone); or interested in
angry with (someone) limited to
based on married to
capable of proud or
composed of in regard to
content with have respect for
different from similar to
disappointed in tired of
Exercise 1: Read the following passage and answer the questions

WE, THE PEOPLE
“We, the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish
justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare,
and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this
Constitution for the United States of America.”
So begins the American Constitution, described by Lord Gladstone as “the most wonderful
work ever struck off by the brain and purpose of man.” This document, drafted in 1787 and ratified
and put into effect in 1789, is the basic law of the land. It is the oldest constitution in the world
deliberately written as a pattern of government, and has been the inspiration and model for
governments of a number of other countries. India, Pakistan, Australia, and many of the newly
formed governments of Africa have written constitutions based on the concept of a limited
government under law, as embodied in the Constitution of the United States. By whom was this
document written, what are its provisions, and what accounts for its enduring qualities and for the
praise that has been given it?
The fifty-five Founding Fathers who met to draft the Constitution were a distinguished
group. The number included George Washington, first President of the United States; Benjamin
Franklin, diplomat and practical philosopher; James Madison, who was to become the fourth
President; and Alexander Hamilton, who set up the United States banking system. Two of the

groups were college presidents and three were college professors. Thirty had a college education,
and three-quarters of the delegates had served in Congress. These men who met in Philadelphia in
1787 came together to amend the Articles of Confederation, the governmental document set up at
the time of the American Revolution. They soon found, however, that they were not merely
amending, but were establishing a new system of government based on the philosophies of John
Locke of England, Montesquieu of France, and the Swiss Rousseau. This system embodies certain
fundamental principles that are the source of its effectiveness.
In the first place, the Constitution provides for a sharing of powers both between the
national and state governments and within the branches of the national government itself. To
separate the powers at the national and state levels, the Constitution provides that the national
government shall have control over problems of concern to the nation as a whole-matters such as
coining money, raising armies, and making international treaties. The state governments have as
their sphere matters of local concern. The states are co-equally supreme within their spheres, not
subordinate. To separate powers at the national level, the Constitution set up three branches of
government. The legislative branch, the Congress, makes the laws; the executive branch, the
President, carries out the laws; and a separate judiciary, the Supreme Court, interprets the meaning
of the law. This separation of powers provides a system of checks and balances. For Example, the
President can veto legislation, but is dependent on the legislative branch to appropriate funds; and
major appointments to office made by the President must be confirmed by the Senate.
A second principle that contributes to the greatness of the Constitution as a design for
government is that it sets forth fundamental limitations on government activity, and makes sure the
rule of law will prevail. The first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791 and called
the Bill of Rights, guarantee certain fundamental liberties. Among these are freedom of speech, of
religion, of the press, and of assembly. A person is guaranteed the right to trial by jury, and the
right to be represented by a lawyer in court. His home is protected against invasion by the police,
and his property cannot be taken from him arbitrarily.
Why has this document and the government based upon it lasted? Why has it been praised?
The answer lies partly in the fact that the Constitution is elastic, and can be interpreted to meet new
problems as they arise. It lies also in the fact that it sets forth basic truths that appeal to men of all
times and in all countries. It has built-in written barriers to the Exercise of tyranny. The
Constitution provides for a controlled and a limited government, for a government not of men but
of law. It is the Rule of Law.

1. What is the purpose of the selection? Can you find a sentence in which this purpose is
indicated?
2. How much of the essay is introduction? After the introduction, what are the main points into
which it is divided? What sentences or what words throughout the essay, indicate the divisions?
3. Make a list of the examples that you can find in the essay of the verb-preposition combinations
in the chart on page 67 and of the adjective-preposition combinations in the chart following it.
EXAMPLES: account for based on
Use each of the examples you have listed in a sentence of your own.
4. Find four other examples of verbs modified by prepositional phrases.
5. Find and circle in the selection four Examples of the use of as. Be prepared to tell why as is
used in each case. Is as always a preposition? Can you find an instance in this selection where it
is not?
6. Make a list of the two-word verb combinations that you find in the selection. Look for
combinations with back, up, out, down, over and away, as indicated in the chart on page 68.
Beside each verb that you list, write another English verb that has the same meaning. For
Example: set up, establish
Exercise 2: Write a short composition explaining a social institution in your country.

SUGGESTIONS: The organization of the school system
Medical services or public health facilities
Family relationships
The care of the aged in my country
The naming of children in my country
Underline the prepositional phrases modifying verbs and the two- word verbs used.

USING VERBALS IN NOUN POSITIONS

Verbal may occupy noun positions as subjects or objects of the verb, as objective
complements, or as objects of prepositions.
VERBALS IN NOUN POSITIONS

A. V-ing FORMS IN NOUN POSITIONS
Playing tennis is good Exercise. (subject of the verb)
We enjoyed listening to the music. (object of the verb)
These apples are good for cooking. (object of the preposition)
B. V-ed(en) FORMS AS COMPLEMENTS

They considered the work finished. (objective complement)
They have the house painted every spring. (objective complement)
V-ed(en) forms are used in noun positions only in this way. Verbs In this construction are consider,
think, believe, have, find, etc. (see Lesson 1). Have and get have causative meanings in this
structure. (See also have + N + V patterns later in this lesson.)
C. INFINITIVES IN NOUN POSITIONS

To be a great poet is my ambition. (subject of the verb)
To skate is what I want to do. (subject of the verb)
I want to become a great poet. (object of the verb)
I love to skate. (object of the verb)
We want him to go. (object complement)
For him to leave now is impossible. (subject of the verb “is”)
The infinitive, in comparison with the -ing form, stresses the fact that an act occurred rather than its
continuing.
COMPARE: To go to New York is expensive.
Going to New York is a pleasant experience. (The focus is on the activity as
it is in progress.)

Exercise 1:
Some verbs are followed by V-ing forms, some by infinitives, and some by either. Following this
lesson are charts indicating verbs that are followed by certain types of verbals. These may be
referred to in doing this Exercise.
Complete each sentence below with the appropriate form of the indicated verb.
1. The pirates kept the treasure _________________ (hide).
2. We saw the man _____________________ (fall) on the ice and (break) his leg.
3. Do you ever regret ____________________ (go) ?
4. Can you get someone _________________ (help) you with the project?
5. We helped the committee ___________________ (plan) the work.
6. They made the children ____________________ (put) the toys back where they found them.
7. Don’t forget _________________ (return) your library book tomorrow.
8. They preferred ______________________________ (wait) until after the rain.
9. They had the lesson ___________________ (type) by the secretary.
10. They had the lesson ___________________ (prepare).
Exercise 2: Underline all the verbal construction in the following selection, and be able to tell
whether they are modifiers or noun substitutes.
LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
To know a person’s language is to understand his culture, for language grows out of and
reflects culture. The Tzeltal tribe in Mexico, for instance, has twenty-five different words for
expressing the idea to carry. Tzeltal speakers can indicate bj' one word each of these concepts:
carrying on the shoulder, carrying on the head, carrying in a bundle, carrying in the palm of the
hand, or carrying in a container. To carry rolled up is expressed by bal; to carry coiled up is
ch’et; to carry with tongs is lut. We know from the Tzeltal’s language that he does a lot of
carrying.
Living halfway around the globe from the Tzeltal tribe are the Lapps in northern Sweden.
The basis of the special Lapp culture is the reindeer, used as a beast of burden, as a draft animal,
and for milking and slaughtering. The reindeer head is called aello, meaning “what, one lives
on.” About a quarter of the vocabulary in central Lappish has to do with reindeer breeding.
Nomenclature for the reindeer is extremely rich and full of names, starting with certain words for
the animal’s basic appearance and age, the shape of its antlers, its color and the various shades of

its fur, its size, sex, and inner qualities. The male reindeer, for instance, has a different name
every year until it is seven years old. The same penetrating differentiation is also apparent in the
vocabulary for all kinds of weather and the state of the snow in Lappish. The reindeer’s
dependence upon snow conditions for pasture during the winter has necessitated a finely shaded
vocabulary for different kinds of snow covering. Thus the importance of reindeer in the culture
is revealed in their language—in everyday speech, in song, and in legend.
The Tzeltal and Lapp languages thus inform us about the life of the people. They tell us
about cultures that are relatively primitive. More advanced cultures contain even a greater
number of Examples of how language reflects what the people do and what they think about.
Each of us might learn a lot about the environment in which we grew up by examining our own
language, seeing the names we have for things.
Exercise 3: write on A or B.
A. Following the model in the preceding Exercise, write a composition in which you show how
knowing about your own native language helps a person to understand your culture. Underline
the verbal constructions in your paragraph, using as many as are appropriate to express your
ideas but varying their function in the sentence. Also underline the subject sentence of your
paragraph.
B. Write a composition using the following as a topic sentence.
“ Raising a child to be a responsible adult involves considerable guidance on the part of the
parents. “
Develop the paragraph by giving illustrations and examples from your own early training and the
training of other children that you have observed. Typical details might be these.
EXAMPLES: I remember my mother advising me to hold my temper when I was angry.
When I put off doing my daily tasks, my parents would remind me of them several times.
Include other constructions containing verbals. In order for the reader to see the standard of
conduct that your parents set for you, tell what things your parents let you do, and what they helped
you do. Refer to the chart at the end of this lesson for other verbs that ' are commonly followed by
verbals. These will give you suggestions for other expressions involving verbals that you might use
in this composition. Remember that the examples given are meant to help you see the possibilities
of using verbals in this composition. Do not try to use all of the examples. Try to achieve variety in
sentence structure through types of sentences used, types and placement of modifiers, and length of
sentences.

EXAMPLES:
1. My parents always taught me………………………………………. (to + V)
2. They urged me to……………………………………………..(to + V)
3. Sometimes they had to force……………………………………me (to + V)
4. I was encouraged………………………………………………….(to + V)
5. After warning me several………………………………………….times (to + V)
6. I often resisted ………………………………………………(V-ing)
7. I always hated………………………………………., but my parents insisted on
my………………… (V-ing)
8. They often had to remind me…………………………………………(to + V)
9. I often resented their ………………………………, and I would
continue…………………………… (V-ing)
10. But now that I am grown I appreciate their………………………….(V-ing)
I see that their training was a big factor in my growing up.

VERBS FOLLOWED BY VERBALS

Table 1:VERBS FOLLOWED DIRECTLY BY INFINITIVE To + VERB) AS
COMFLEMENT
ask desire go plan
be dislike hate prefer

beg dread hope promise
begin endeavor intend remember
care expect learn try
cease forget like start
continue get (be allowed, become) mean stop
decide neglect want
wish
Example: We wanted to go.
Table 2: VERBS FOLLOWED BY NOUN OR PRONOUN + INFINITIVE AS

COMPLEMENT
advise encourage oblige tell
allow expect order urge
ask force persuade want
beg get (persuade) prefer warn
cause instruct promise wish
command invite remind
desire teach
Example: We invited him to accompany us.

Table 3: VERBS FOLLOWED BY -ing FORM AS COMPLEMENT
admit deny intend practice start
allow dislike keep prefer stop
appreciate dread keep on put off talk about
avoid enjoy like quit talk over
begin escape miss remember try
be worth finish neglect resent
cease hate plan resist
consider imagine postpone risk
Examples: He dislikes traveling.

He denied being there yesterday.
Table 4: VERBS FOLLOWED BY NOUN OR PRONOUN + SIMPLE VERB

feel hear let see
have help make watch
Examples: I heard him leave this morning.
I will have my sister go with me.
Table 5: VERBS FOLLOWED BY NOUN OR PRONOUN + V-ed, -en
consider have imagine want

feel hear order
get keep prefer
Examples: He will get it done tomorrow.

I consider the subject closed.

SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
In this part, you will have a chance to get accustomed to different styles and formats of sentence,
thus boost your flexibility and accuracy in Writing and Speaking skills.
Exercise 1: Sentence transformation (elementary)

1. Although both his legs were broken in the crash, he managed to get out of the car before it
exploded.
Despite his……………………………………………………………………………………………
2. I haven’t eaten this kind of food before.
This is the first…………………………………………………………………………………………
3. After fighting the fire for twelve hours, the firemen succeeded in put ting it out.
The firemen managed…………………………………………………………………………………
4. The architect has drawn plans for an extension to the house.
Plans…………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. In Stratford-on-Avon, we saw Shakespeare’s birthplace.
We saw the house……………………………………………………………………………………
6. It isn’t necessary for you to finish by Saturday.
You……………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. It was such rotten meat that it had to be thrown away.
The meat was…………………………………………………………………………………………
8. It is essential that Professor Van Helsing is met at the airport.
Professor Van Helsing…………………………………………………………………………………
9. You can’t visit the United States unless you get visa.
If………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. She stated working as a secretary five years ago.
She has…………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. My French friend finds driving on the left difficult.
My French friend isn’t…………………………………………………………………………………

12. They think the owner of the house is abroad.

The owner……………………………………………………………………………………………
13. We didn’t go on holiday because we didn’t have enough money.
If we……………………………………………………………………………………………………
14. The children couldn’t go swimming because the sea very rough.
The sea was too………………………………………………………………………………………
15. What a pity you failed your driving test!
I wish………………………………………………………………………………………………
16. He could not afford to buy the car.
The car…………………………………………………………………………………………………
17. Although he had s good salary, he was unhappy in his job.
In spite of………………………………………………………………………………………………
18. He was annoyed because his secretary came late to work.
He objected…………………………………………………………………………………………
19. Apples are usually cheaper than oranges.
Apples are not…………………………………………………………………………………………
20. I advised you to put your money in the bank.
It is such………………………………………………………………………………………………
21. That restaurant is so dirty that no one wants to eat there.
It is such……………………………………………………………………………………………….
22. John only understood very little of what the teacher said.
John could hardly……………………………………………………………………………………
23. Unless someone has a key, we can’t get into the house.
We can only get ………………………………………………………………………………………
24. I’m sure you didn’t lock the front door. Here’s the key.
You can’t………………………………………………………………………………………………
25. I haven’t been to Bristol for 3 years.
The last time…………………………………………………………………………………………
26. Unless he phone immediately, he won’t get any information.
If………………………………………………………………………………………………………

27. Have you got a cheaper carpet than this?.

Is this…………………………………………………………………………………………………
28. I can’t get my feet into these shoes.
These shoes……………………………………………………………………………………………
29. I’m very pleased that we shall meet again soon.
I’m looking ……………………………………………………………………………………………
30. I’ve never met such a famous person before.
It’s……………………………………………………………………………………………………
31. It was so late that nothing could be done.
It was too………………………………………………………………………………………………
32. The garage is going to repair the car for us next week.
We……………………………………………………………………………………………………
33. The bus takes longer than the train.
The train ………………………………………………………………………………………………
34. John has not had his hair cur for over six month.
It is …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
35. The train couldn’t run because of the snow.
The snow ………………………………………………………………………………………….…
36. I didn’t arrive in time to see her.
It wasn’t early …………………………………………………………………………………………
37. I’m sorry I was rude to see you yesterday.
I apologize ………………………………………..…………………………………………………
38. Janel is the best tennis player in the club.
No one ………………………………….……………………………………………………………
39. I haven’t seen that man here before.
It’s……………………………………………………………………………………………………
40. The furniture was so expensive that I didn’t buy it.
The furniture was too ………………………………………………………………………………..
41. The robber made the bank manager hand over the money.
The bank manager ……………………………………………………………………………………

42. We couldn’t drive because of the fog.

The fog ……………………………………………………………………………………………
43. Although his leg was broken, he manages to get out of the car.
In spite of …………………………………………………………………………………………
44. The cake was so hard that I couldn’t eat it.
It was …………………………………………………………………………………………………
45. I don’t suppose you have change for a pound, do you?
Do you happen ………………………………………………………………………………………
46. Mary rang hours and hours ago.
It’s hours …………………………………………………………………………………….………
47. A train leaves at eight o’clock every morning.
There is ………………………………………………………………………………………………
48. Nobody can deny that she had a beautiful voice.
It…………………………………………………………………………………………………
49. He would prefer you to pay him immediately.
He’d rather ……………………………………………………………………………………………
Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English
Topic 1: Biotechnology companies all over the world are developing different types of genetically
modified (GM) crops. However, not enough is known about these crops on our health and the
environment. Interfering with nature in this way should be prohibited. To what extent do you agree
or disagree?
1. Công nghệ sinh học đang được xem như một giải pháp quan trọng, mang tính đột phá trong việc
giải quyết các vấn đề về nạn đói.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………….………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Tuy nhiên, gần đây, cây trồng biến đổi gen đã trở thành một chủ đề gây tranh cãi do những hạn
chế tiềm ẩn ảnh hưởng xấu đến sức khỏe con người và môi trường không được quan tâm kỹ
lưỡng.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Bài viết này sẽ phân tích ưu điểm và nhược điểm của cây trồng biến đổi gen và bày tỏ quan
điểm của tôi trong phần kết luận.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Cây trồng biến đổi gen là một phương pháp tốt để sản xuất ra một lượng lớn thực phẩm trong
một thời gian ngắn với ít tiền vốn.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Người ta có thể trồng loại thực phẩm này ở nơi mà cây trồng khó sinh sôi do chất lượng đất
trồng thấp và thiếu nước tưới tiêu.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Công nghệ này còn được dùng để sản xuất những loại thực vật có khả năng chống chịu tốt với các
loại bệnh dịch cây trồng.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Dù vậy, thực phẩm biến đổi gen cũng có nhiều nhược điểm.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………….………………………………………………………………………………..
7. Người tiêu dùng cảm thấy lo ngại, liệu rằng những gen bị biến đổi có ảnh hưởng đến gen của
con người, và từ đó sinh ra các dị tật hay không.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

8. Hơn thế nữa, thực phẩm hữu cơ có nhiều giá trị dinh dưỡng hơn thực phẩm biến đổi gen, ví dụ
như vitamin và khoáng chất.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Bên cạnh đó, thực phẩm biến đổi gen có thể gây ô nhiễm môi trường do các chất hoá học được
sử dụng để canh tác loại cây trồng này.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Cây trồng biến đổi gen còn gây tổn hại rất lớn đến đa dạng sinh học vì những gen mạnh do con
người tạo ra sẽ lấn át những gen yếu có sẵn trong tự nhiên, dẫn đến sự biến mất của nhiều loại
thực vật khác.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. Bên cạnh đó, rừng nhiệt đới ở các khu vực như Châu Phi cũng đã bị san bằng để dành đất cho
khai thác câu trồng biến đổi gen.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. Tóm lại, thực phẩm biến đổi gen có cả ưu điểm lẫn khuyết điểm.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
13. Tuy nhiên, chúng ta không thể chỉ vì một vài khuyết điểm mà bỏ qua những lợi ích mà loại
thực phẩm này đem lại và quyết định nghiêm cấm phương pháp này.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Topic 2: Currently there is a trend towards the use of alternative forms of medicine. However, at
best these methods are ineffective, and at worst they may be dangerous.
To what extent do you agree with this statement?
1. Các dạng thuốc thay thế xuất hiện trước cả thuốc Tây thông thường và vẫn được sử dụng bởi
nhiều người dân trên khắp thế giới.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Tôi tin rằng thuốc thay thế đang làm tốt vai trò của mình như một biện pháp chữa trị tiềm năng bên
cạnh các loại thuốc Tây có tác dụng tức thời nhưng để lại hóa chất trong cơ thể con người.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Bài viết sau sẽ giải thích cụ thể cho ý kiến của tôi.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Có nhiều lý do tại sao cộng đồng y tế thuốc Tây thường xem nhẹ các lựa chọn thuốc thay thế.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Thứ nhất, có rất ít nghiên cứu khoa học về dạng thuốc này và do đó, bằng chứng chứng minh tính
hiệu quả về phương pháp chữa trị này rất không rõ ràng.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Hơn nữa, hiệu quả của các biện pháp này không tức thời mà chỉ có thể quan sát được sau một
thời gian dài.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Vì vậy, các liệu pháp này thường có tác dụng dài hạn đối với các bệnh mãn tính nhưng lại
không có tác dụng rõ ràng trong các trường hợp khẩn cấp, chẳng hạn như chấn thương do tai
nạn hay cảm sốt, vốn thường đòi hỏi các phương pháp thông thường.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Tuy vậy, vẫn có nhiều tranh luận mạnh mẽ cho việc sử dụng các dạng thuốc thay thế.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Mặc dù thiếu bằng chứng khoa học cụ thể, có rất nhiều bằng chứng cho thấy rằng liệu pháp này
hiệu quả.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Trong thực tế, những phương pháp trị liệu thay thế như châm cứu, yoga hay thái cực quyền
cũng đã tồn tại hàng ngàn năm nay và vẫn được tin tưởng một cách rộng rãi ở các nước Châu Á
và Ấn Độ.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Ngoài ra, các loại thuốc này thường có ít hoặc không có tác dụng phụ và nhắm tới sự cân bằng của
toàn bộ cơ thể, vốn chính là điểm khác biệt cơ bản với thuốc Tây.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Thuốc Tây xem căn bệnh như một đối tượng tách biệt so với cơ thể, vì vậy các loại thuốc chữa
trị của Tây y đôi khi gây hại đến các bộ phận khác trong cơ thể.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Tôi tin rằng phương pháp điều trị bằng thuốc thay thế và thuốc thông thường có thể cùng tồn tại
khi xét đến tác dụng về thời gian của mỗi loại.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. Chúng có thế mạnh khác nhau, và cả hai có thể được sử dụng một cách hiệu quả để nhằm mục
tiêu giải quyết bệnh tật của con người.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Một trong những cách thức phổ biến hiện nay là liệu pháp thay thế sẽ được sử dụng để hỗ trợ và bổ
sung cho thuốc thông thường, như yoga và thiền.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Topic 3
These days more fathers stay at home and take care of their children while mothers go out to work.
What could be the reasons for this? Do you think it is a positive or a negative development?
1. Trong xã hội hiện đại, ngày cáng có nhiều đàn ông có khả năng giữ vai trò nội tướng, khi ngày
càng nhiều phụ nữ trở thành người lao động chính trong gia đình của họ.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Theo ý kiến của tôi, đây là một xu hướng tích cực của thời đại ngày nay.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Bài viết sau sẽ đưa ra các lí do và phân tích nguyên nhân phát triển của xu hướng này.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Trong những năm gần đây, những bước tiến của phong trào bình đẳng giới đã trở nên rất mạnh
mẽ.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Việc phụ nữ có bằng cấp và theo đuổi nghề nghiệp dần trở nên bình thường và xã hội chấp
nhận, đồng nghĩa với việc đàn ông cần chia sẻ thời gian ở nhà và chăm sóc con cái.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Đồng thời, sinh hoạt phí có xu hướng ngày càng tăng, dẫn đến cả vợ và chồng thường phải
cùng đi làm để trang trải khi chung sống.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Những thay đổi nêu trên nên được nhìn nhận là sự tiến bộ.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Chúng ta nên hạnh phúc khi được sống trong một xã hội mà phụ nữ và đàn ông có cơ hội như
nhau, và ở đó phụ nữ không phải chịu áp lực buộc phải từ bỏ nghề nghiệp của mình trước hôn
nhân.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Bên cạnh đó, khoa học đã chứng minh vì người gần gũi nhất với đứa con là người mẹ nên một
người phụ nữ có hiểu biết xã hội lẫn kiến thức sẽ có khả năng nuôi con tốt hơn những người
không.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

10. Mỗi công việc cần khả năng và tính cách khác nhau, vì vậy bình đẳng giới tạo sự linh hoạt trong
trách nhiệm và từ đó, tối đa hoá hiệu quả sử dụng nhiều nguồn tài nguyên trong xã hội.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. Tương tự như vậy, đàn ông cũng nên có được quyền rời bỏ công việc của họ để chăm con nếu
đó là điều họ muốn.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. Các cặp đôi nên được tùy ý quyết định vai trò “ba”-“mẹ” của mỗi người, tùy vào từng nhu cầu
và trường hợp riêng.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
13. Một cuộc sống không áp đặt và sự thấu hiểu giữa vợ và chồng sẽ tạo nên gia đình hạnh phúc, từ
đó giảm khả năng gia đình tan vỡ dẫn đến nhiều tệ nạn xã hội, đặc biệt là những tệ nạn liên quan
đến trẻ em.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
14. Tóm lại, sự thay đổi vai trò giữa đàn ông và phụ nữ trong gia đình là hệ quả của những thay đổi
lớn hơn trong xã hội, và là phù hợp cho sự phát triển của xã hội đương thời.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Topic 4: As most people spend a major part of their life at work, job satisfaction is an important
element of individual wellbeing. What factors contribute to job satisfaction? How realistic is the
expectation of job satisfaction for all workers?
1. Sự hài lòng trong công việc là một khái niệm phức tạp được quyết định bởi nhiều yếu tố khác
nhau.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Hầu hết những người trưởng thành bắt đầu đi làm ngay sau khi tốt nghiệp, để kiếm tiền và quan
trọng hơn là để tự lập.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Chính vì thế, họ luôn có xu hướng tìm kiếm công việc có nhiều đãi ngộ tốt cho người lao động.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Bài viết sau sẽ phân tích các yêu tố ảnh hưởng đến sự hài lòng trong công việc của mỗi người và
tính thực tế của chúng.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Yếu tố thứ nhất nhiều người hay quan tâm khi nộp đơn xin việc là tiền lương.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Cụ thể hơn, những người trẻ rất quan tâm đến số tiền họ nhận được hàng tháng, do họ phải bắt
đầu cuộc sống tự lập.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Hơn thế nữa, họ cần công việc có lộ trình phát triển rõ ràng.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

8. Đây chính là yếu tố có thể giúp cho nhân viên gắn bó với công việc của họ trong thời gian dài.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Theo đó, những nhân viên trưởng thành sẽ sử dụng toàn bộ công suất tạo nên sự nghiệp của họ.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Thứ hai, phương pháp quản lí đóng vai trò quan trọng trong việc tạo ra một môi trường hiệu quả
cho nhân viên.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. Lãnh đạo công ty nên tạo nên môi trường làm việc thân thiện, vì vậy nhân viên sẽ cảm thấy
thoải mái để trao đổi suy nghĩ và ý tưởng để phát triển công ty.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. Bên cạnh đó, người điều hành nên xây dựng nhiều cơ hội mới cho nhân viên thăng tiến trong
nghề nghiệp.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
13. Tóm lại, sự hài lòng trong công việc có thể là yếu tố then chốt đối với hiệu suất lao động của
từng người.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………….………………………………………………………………………………
14. Có rất nhiều yếu tố như lương cao, công việc ổn định, môi trường tiến bộ mà người lãnh đạo
nên quan tâm để đáp ứng mong đợi của nhân viên.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
15. Nếu như hệ thống này vận hành tốt, doanh nghiệp chính là người nhận được nhiều lợi ích nhất.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Topic 5: More houses are needed in many countries to cope with increasing populations. Would it
be better to build houses in existing towns and cities, or to develop new towns in rural areas?
1. Dân số tăng nhanh tại một số quốc gia dẫn đến càng nhiều công trình nhà ở được xây dựng cho
những công dân trẻ tuổi sinh sống.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Tôi nghĩ tốt nhất là ta nên xây dựng các thị trấn mới ở khu vực ngoại thành vì dân cư các thành
phố lớn hiện nay đã quá tải .
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Tuy nhiên, có mặt lợi và mặt hại cho việc đó, và tôi sẽ bàn luận về những vấn đề đó trong bài
viết sau.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Một mặt, xây dựng nhà ở những thành phố hiện có sẽ gây ra vô số rắc rối.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Thứ nhất, các thành phố đã quá đông đúc và không còn có khả năng chứa thêm người.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Hiện tại, ở các thành phố này cũng đã có rất nhiều người vô gia cư.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. Ví dụ, tại một số quốc gia đang phát triển như Ấn Độ, ta có thể tìm thấy nhiều người vô gia cư
ngủ trên các vỉa hè, hành lang bệnh viện và các khu công viên.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Thứ hai, do nhu cầu về đất quá cao ở thành phố, dẫn đến giá đất cao và việc xây dựng sẽ tốn rất
nhiều chi phí.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Điều này có nghĩa là với chi phí xây dựng cao như vậy, phần lớn dân số sẽ không có đủ khả
năng mua ngoại trừ chỉ có một số ít những cá nhân giàu có có thể mua được.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Vì vậy, việc xây dựng nhà ở ở thành phố không phải là giải pháp hiệu quả cho vấn đề gia tăng
dân số.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. Bên cạnh đó, mật độ dân cư quá dày sẽ dễ dẫn đến tình trạng thất nghiệp tăng, đồng nghĩa với tỉ
lệ tệ nạn tăng.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. Mặt khác, có nhiều lí do để tạo nên những thị trấn mới ở ngoại thành. Thứ nhất, do nhu cầu về
đất ít, ai cũng có khả năng tài chính xây dựng nhà ở đây.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

13. Thứ hai, mật độ dân cư vừa phải có thể giúp cân bằng lực lượng lao động và số lượng việc làm,
từ đó tạo nên môi trường sống lành mạnh và công bằng.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
14. Cuối cùng, việc đưa người dân ra sống ở vùng ngoại thành cũng giúp phát triển các điều kiện
kinh tế, chính trị xã hội tại đây, góp phần phát triển đất nước đồng đều và bền vững.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
15. Từ những lí do trên, việc xây dựng các thị trấn ngoại thành sẽ là giải pháp phù hợp cho vấn đề
gia tăng dân số.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
16. Tóm lại, tạo nên những thị trấn ngoại thành là phương pháp hữu dụng để vừa đảm bảo giải
quyết những áp lực do dân số gây ra, vừa đảm bảo cân bằng cuộc sống người dân và sự phát
triển bền vững.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Exercise 3: From the suggestion, write meaningful sentences.

Topic 1: People now have the freedom to work and live anywhere in the world due to the
development of communication technology and transportation.
Do the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages?
1. Recently / people / choose / live / work / other / countries / possible / convenience / air travel /
modern / communication
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
2. I / believe / this / more / benefits / drawbacks / now / discuss
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
3. One hand / advances / technology / transportation / have / several / demerits
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
4. First / development / increasingly / create / distance / family members
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
5. If / person / move away / true / air travel / devices / skype / mean / communication / contact / can
/ maintain
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
6. However / likely / person / only / able / return / once / twice / year / holidays / speaking / skype /
email / not / same / face-to-face / contact
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
7. Other hand / there / significant / advantages / brought / lives / development
.........................................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................................
8. Firstly / it / mean / people / have / opportunity / see / parts / world / various / lifestyles /
foreigners
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
9. Example / people / West / often / go / work / Asia / Middle East / vice versa
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
10. This / enrich / people’s / lives / they / learn / different / languages / traditions / cultures / ways /
working
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
11. Addition / it / benefit / other / countries / wider / level
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
12. If / someone / move / abroad / work / it / usually / because / skill / require / place
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
13. Illustrate / nurses / doctors / often / move / overseas / work / hospitals / there / shortage /
valuable / destination
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
14. Conclusion / I / argue / although / there / downsides / current / trend / settle / foreign / countries
/ live / work / purpose / they / outweigh / by / advantages
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................

15. It / enrich / not only / lives / migrants / but also / lives / local / residents
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
Topic 2: As countries have developed there has been a trend towards smaller family sizes. Why
does this happen? How does this affect society?
1. Many / countries / world / become / richer / same time / they / encounter / reduction / family
size
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
2. Essay / discuss / reasons / phenomenon / examine / some / possible effects / society
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
3. One / principal / reasons / smaller / family / birth control
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
4. During / development / country / birth control / measures / become / more / readily / available /
explain / by / rise / number / medical clinics / distribution / free / contraception
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
5. Result / people / able / determine / desired / family size
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
6. Another / important / factor / growth / level / education / due to / development / progress / mean /
women / more / educated / more / likely / work
.........................................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
7. Consequently / many / women / want / delay / have / children / they / likely / have / fewer /
children / long / term
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
8. Trend / smaller / family size / influence / society / several / ways
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
9. One / positive / effect / population / decline / likely / result in / lower / poverty / there / less /
competition / scarce / resources
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
10. Parents / also / provide / better / education / children / thanks to / lower / cost / fewer / children /
beneficial / society / whole
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
11. Possible / negative / impact / there / fewer / younger / people / workforce / future / make /
sustainability / future / economic / growth / less / certain
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
12. Conclusion / family size / suffer / shrinkage / because of / birth control / education / have /
profound / impact / debt / access / resources / economic / growth
.........................................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
13. Regardless / any / impacts / trend / likely / continue / countries / worldwide / keep / develop /
become / wealthier
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
Topic 3: Currently there is a trend towards the use of alternative forms of medicine. However, at
best these methods are ineffective, and at worst they may be dangerous. To what extent do you
agree with this statement?
1. Alternative medicine / not / new / concept / accepted / pre-date / conventional medicine / still /
used / many / people / world
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
2. I / unconvinced / it / dangerous / feel / both / alternative / conventional / medicine / useful
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
3. There / several / reasons / why / conventional / medical / community / often / dismissive /
alternative / method
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
4. Firstly / there / been / little / scientific / research / medicine / there / scarcity / evidence / prove /
claims / supporters
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................

5. Furthermore / people / often / try / treatment / recommendations / friends / thus / come / therapist
/ positive / attitude / partially / reason / cure
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
6. Moreover / therapies / usually / only / long-term / chronic / conditions
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
7. Acute / medical / problems / such / accidental / injury / often / require / conventional / methods
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
8. Other hand / there / remain / strong / arguments / use / alternative / methods
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
9. Despite / lack / scientific proof / there / various / anecdotal / evidence / suggest / therapies / work
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
10. Addition / far / dangerous / they / often / have / few / no / side effects / worst / outcome / no /
change / rather / death
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
11. One / strongest / arguments / effectiveness / alternative / therapies / West / while / conventional
medicine / available / no / charge / many / people / prepared / pay / considerable / sums / alternative
/ methods
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
12. If / they / totally / unhelpful / it / surprising / people / continue / treatment

.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
13. Conclusion / I / strongly / believe / conventional / medicine / alternative / therapies / can /
should / coexist
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
14. They / have / different / strengths / can / both / used / effectively / target / particular / medical /
problems
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
15. Best / situation / alternative / therapies / used / support / complement / conventional / medicine
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
Exercise 4: Sentence transformation (intermediate & advanced)

1. You haven’t mentioned your plan for the future.
(MENTION)………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Harry should have respected the commander.
(RESPECT)………………………………………………………………………………………
3. My cousin didn’t find it necessary to book the air tickets in advance.
(NECESSITY)……………………………………………………………………………………
4. Parents are advised to join the school field trip in other to look after their children better.
(ATTENDANCE)………………………………………………………………………………
5. Mike enjoys the teacher’s friendly regard.
(FAVOR)…………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Many residents started protesting the government’s new policy.
(PROTEST)………………………………………………………………………………………
7. I’ll refer to a psychiatrist concerning your situation.
(RESPECT)………………………………………………………………………………………

8. They disapproved of smoking in public.

(FROWNED)……………………………………………………………………………………
9. Why does life have to be so difficult?
If life
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. He stood no chance of passing this exams.
(INEVITABLE)…………………………………………………………………………………
11. Leaving fingerprint behind was very foolish.
You were
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. Selling antiques made him a little extra money.
(DABBLED)………………………………………………………………………………………
13. Susan was intending to go to university but she’s apparently changed her mind.
(SEEMS)…………………………………………………………………………………………
14. Marriage dint seem to be what Patsy and Liam wanted.
(SECOND)………………………………………………………………………………………
15. Claire suddenly realized what a blunder she had made.
(DAWNED)………………………………………………………………………………………
16. You must accept the fact that this part of your life has come to an end.
(RESIGN)…………………………………………………………………………………………
17. Many people find themselves in difficulties by not paying for goods immediately
(CREDIT)…………………………………………………………………………………………
18. Don’t wait to be asked if you want a sandwich
(HELP)……………………………………………………………………………………………
19. I intend to discover the truth somehow or other.
In one …………………………………………………………………………………………………
20. I thought you had looked at the file (LOOK)
I was under the ………………………………………………………………………………………
21. Working independently is sometimes a great advantage I reckon (SEE)
At times ………………………………………………………………………………………………
22. Tom said to me, “Commiserations! I heard of your failure in the driving test”

Tom commiserated ……………………………………………………………………………………

23. To get better result, you should work as hard as you can (EFFORT)
The
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
24. You wont find a school anywhere whose students get such good results (WHICH)
Nowhere………………………………………………………………………………………………
25. There is nothing better than complaining to the manager right away (COMPLAINTS)
We might
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
26. Despite the lack of financial support, we will have to carry out the project (ESSENTIAL)
Whether
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
27. It is time you were working with your homework (SUPPOSED).
You……………………………………………………………………………………………………
28. Unless she is hungry, she never eats anything between meals (SNACKS)
Only……………………………………………………………………………………………………
29. She is always using my dictionary without asking me (FREE).
She……………………………………………………………………………………………………
30. Though you are new, you still have to assume certain responsibilities (PUT)
New ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
31. My plans for a picnic were spoilt by bad weather (THROUGH)
It was …………………………………………………………………………………………………
32. The film was so controversial that it was banned in several parts of the world (CAUSED)
Such …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
33. She had no idea what was going to happen to him when he walked into the room (STORE)
Little…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
34. You shouldn’t let trivial matters worry you so much (PREY)
You shouldn’t…………………………………………………………………………………………
35. I helped Ray, with the result that his business became successful (FAVOUR)
I………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

36. I had to wait for the manager for almost an hour before he would see me (BEST)
The manager kept ……………………………..…….………….an hour before he would see me
37. He became famous but is cost him his privacy (EXPENSE)
His rise …………………………………..………………… of his privacy
38. I wanted to make sure that all my good work wasn’t wasted in that way (WASTE)
I wanted to prevent…………………………………………………….in that way.
39. I will have to consider working abroad if an opportunity doesn’t arise soon (NEAR)
Unless an opportunity presents …………………. Future, I will have to take
40. She was surprised to realize some of the details in her original reviews were inaccurate.
(INACCURACY)
She was taken …………………………………………………………………………………………
41. When she described him, he didn’t comment anything (COMMENTS)
He …………………………………………………………………………………………… of him.
42. They will take turn to present their topics within exactly 3 hours (ROTATION)
In no……………………………………………………………………….……………. their topics.
43. His bad behavior at the conference gave him the bad reputation he now has.(CONDUCTED)
The way…………………………………………………………… in the bad reputation he now has.
44. Her work didn’t meet the standards that were consider acceptable. (CONFORM)
Her work……………………………………………………………..………acceptable standards.
45. The manager said that he had paid attention to my complaints and would take appropriate
action. (NOTE)
The manager said that he had …………………………………………………..……. accordingly.
46. If tony hadn’t interfered, there would have been no problems yesterday, I’m sure
(SMOOTHLY)
Without
……………………………………………………….………………………………………………
47. I said that I thought he was wrong about the best way for us to proceed (ISSUE)
I ………………………………………………………………………….….best we should proceed.
48. He didn’t want to get into a position where he might lose all of his money (POSSIBILITY)
He didn’t want to expose ………………………………………………………….. all of his money.

49. The company received an enormous number of calls responding to the advert (DELUGED)
The company …………………………………………………………………response to the advert.
50. We’ll have to make sure that costs are as low as possible or we’ll have no money left.
(MINIMUM)
We’ll have to keep ……………………………………….…………ourselves with no money left.
51. David played the main role when the proposal was drafted (INSTRUMENTAL)
David…………………………………………………………………….…………. of the proposal.
52. If you hadn’t changed our original agreement, everything would have been fine (STUCK)
Had…………………………………………………….…agreed, everything would have been fine.
53. I think you should have some consideration for those who don’t have lives as privileged as
yours (SPARE)
I think you should……………………………………………..…lives aren’t as privileged as yours.
54. We decided to stay for longer because we were so thrilled by the place (PROLONG)
We decided to …………………………………………………..…………………………..the place.
55. Competitors were amazed by how shrewdly he conducted his business affairs.(MARVELLED)
Competitors……………………………………………….which he conducted his business affairs.
56. I didn’t want to give up while some hope of success remained (DEFEAT)
I was loath……………………………………………….………………….. some hope of success.
57. After a long hard journey, I cheered up when I saw my home (SIGHT)
After a long hard journey, my spirits ……………………………………..………….of my home.
58. Your attitude to life would be greatly improved by regular Exercise. (WONDERS)
Regular Exercise would……………………………………………………………..……….. at life.
59. So that he would be able to leave the room quickly, Matthew stood by the door.
(POSITIONED)
Matthew ……………………………………………………..as to be able to leave the room quickly.
60. I haven’t been told clearly what I’ll have to do in my next project at work (REQUIRED)
It hasn’t been made ………………………………………………..me in my next project at work.
61. In my opinion, it was an absolute miracle that they survived the accident (SHORT)
The fact that they survived the accident was …………………………………….., in my opinion.
62. What gave you the impression that Sue & Jack were going to split up? (LED)

What was……………………………………………….… that Sue & Jack were going to split up?
63. I tried as hard as I could to make sure that this problem would not arise. (POWER)
I ……………………………………………………………………….…. this problem from arising.
64. I don’t think it was reasonable of you to complain so much about her service (JUSTIFIED)
I don’t think you ………………………………………………………..…….. fuss about the service.
65. Laura was faced by a lot of problems during her childhood (CONTEND)
Laura had a …………………………………………..…………………….. during her childhood.
66. The audience suddenly started to applaud loudly (SUDDEN).
All ……………………………………………………………………………… from the audience.
67. Teenagers are not buying as many pop records these days (PURCHASED)
Not so ………………………………………………………………………………..……… used to.
68. I have had enough of your bad behavior (PUT)
I refuse…………………………………………………………………………………………….
69. There is nothing better for us to do than watch TV tonight.
We might………………………………………………….…………………………………………
70. When Peter tries to be friendly with someone, he often starts talking about the weather (ICE)
The weather is ……………………… topic………………………any time ………………………
71. My sister never accepts that she has does things beyond her own ability (RESIGNS)
My sister …………………………………………………………………………….…….can chew.
72. You must turn in your paper on time, if not, the teacher wil get angry (QUESTION)
It is…………………………………………………………, or…………………..…………………
73. Despite the lack of their financial support, we will have to carry out the project (PRACTICE)
Whether ……………………………………………………….………………………………………
74. I cant afford to spend my holiday abroad (OUTSIDE)
Seldom …………………………………………………………………………….…………………
75. The Company will well make a profit next year (IF)
I wouldn’t be…………………………………………………………………………………………
76. She looks great with that new hairstyle. (WONDERS)
That new hairstyle………………………………………………………….…………………………
77. He was dismissed because he had embezzled the Company’s pension fund (ACCOUNT)

He got …………………………………………………………………………………………………
78. The guitarist deserved praise for their performance (WORTH)
The guitarist’s performance………………………………………………….……………………
79. I cant help you with your work, I’m too busy with mine (EARS)
I …………………………………………………………………………………………your help.
80. With age, she doesn’t sing well anymore. (HILL)
Being………………………………………………………………………………………………….
81. He couldn’t prove that he had not been involved in the robbery (PROOF)
He couldn’t……………………………………..nothing ……………………………..the robbery.
82. Your plan is so different from our expectation. (CRY)
What …………………………………………………………………..……………………………
83. The collision did not damage my car much.
Not a great…………………………………………………………………………………………….
84. What has this experience taught you?
What conclusion………………………………………………………………………….……………
85. To pass the time, I looked through some magazines.
I whiled ……………………………………………………………………………………..…………
86. He declared his disapproval of the behavior of his supporters (THOSE)
He let it ………………………………………………………………………………………… him.
87. Just think about his face at that moment makes me laugh (VERY)
I can’t ………………………………………………………………..………………………………
88. I will only be satisfied if the manager apologizes fully.
Nothing short …………………………………………………………..………………………….
89. Tony is very charming, but I wouldn’t trust him (PROVE)
Charming ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
90. I thought about what had happened all those years before
I cast………………………………………………………………………….……………………….
91. I nearly remembered what his name was but at last I failed (TIP)
His ………………………………………………………………………………………………..……
93. Only I can help you solve the problem of misunderstanding with the manager (IRON)

Nobody……………………………………………………………..………………………………..
94. The fox was unsuccessful in reaching the grapes. (VAIN)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
95. The crops were badly affected by the storm. (EFFECT)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
96. The project received unanimous approval of the committee. (FAVOUR)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
97. The personnel officer promised him that she wouldn’t tell any one that he had been in the
prison. (WORD)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
98. Nobody could possibly believe the story he told us. (BEYOND)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
99. I had lost his phone number, so I could not contact him before. (TOUCH)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
100. I enjoy being the boss of a small company. (FISH)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
101. The success of our local theater has made our city famous. (MAP)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
102. She is not upset; she is only pretending. (ACT)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
103. The bank robbers escaped in a stolen car. (GETAWAY)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
104. As people use a lot of wood-pulp, many trees are cut down.
The more…………………………………………………………………………………………
105. Because of the absence of the atmosphere on the moon, the sky there is black, just as in
space.
Because………………………………………………………………………………………………
106. These young men became doctors after six years training.
After having…………………………………………………………………………………………
107. People believe that the Chinese invented paper in 105 A.D.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
108. A man I don’t know told me about that.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
That was a silly thing to say!
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
109. We’ve run out of petrol.
There…………………………………………………………………………………………………
110. It takes six hours to drive from here to London.
It is………………………………………………………………………………………………….
111. He was sorry he hadn’t said goodbye to her at the airport.
He regretted …………………………………………………………………………………………
112. They failed to find out a solution to the problem.
They didn’t succeed ……………………………………………………………………………….
113. Most stores will accept a credit card instead of cash. (ALTERNATIVE)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
114. You can avoid tooth decay by brushing your teeth regularly. (PREVENT)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
115. Some of Peter’s expressions make me think of my brother. (REMIND)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
116. When do you think this bridge was built? (OLD)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
117. That old typewriter is not worth repairing. (POINTLESS)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
118. They share a lot of hobbies and interests. (COMMON)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
119. This train should have left 30 minutes ago. (MEANT)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
120. The president arranged for me to use his chauffeur-driven car whenever I liked.
(DISPOSAL)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

121. The painting is worth $25,000. (VALUED)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
122. This passport can be used in most countries.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
123. My bank manager and I get on together very well. (TERMS)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
124. That hotel is a bit too expensive for us, I am afraid. (REACH)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
125. Absolute secrecy was crucial to the success of the mission.
Without………………………………………………………………………………………………
126. Immediately after his arrival home a water-heater exploded.
Hardly
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
127. Rita doesn’t realize how serious her husband’s operation is going to be.
Little…………………………………………………………………………………………………
128. A waiter spilled soup over Lydia’s new dress last night.
Lydia
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
129. It was the goalkeeper that saved the match for us.
Had
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
130. Tim insisted on being told the complete story.
Nothing
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
131. Jane’s husband will be returning from South America quite soon.
It won’t
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
132. The permit expires at the end of this month.
The permit is not
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
133. I don’t really like her, even though I admire her achievements.

Much
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
134. Alice and Charles did not decide to move to a bigger house until after the birth of their
second child.
Only ………………………………………………………………………………………………
135. Martin may not be very well but she still manages to enjoy life.
Martin’s poor ………………………………………………………………………………………
136. The Pacific Ocean is on average deeper than the Atlantic.
The average …………………………………………………………………………………………
137. Under no circumstances should you phone the police.
The last …………………………………………………………………………………………….
138. We couldn’t find George anywhere.
George was
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
139. Provided your handwriting is legible, the examiners will accept your paper.
So ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
140. There are a lot of people depend on him.
He ………………………………………………………………….…………………………………
141. I daren’t turn on the television because the baby might wake up. (FEAR)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
142. The teachers agreed to introduce the new methods. (AGREEMENT)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
143. If interest rates are cut, the economic situation may improve. (REDUCTION)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
144. As there are no more questions, I think we can end the meeting
There …………………………………………………………………………………………………
145. Has any body been hurt in the road collision?
Has anybody come…………………………………………………..………………………………
146. The direct aim of the statement is to make the public aware of the present situation
The statement boils ……………………………………………………………………………………

147. Jack isn’t so much interested in Lisa as in her parent’s big fortune
Lisa……………………………………………………………………………………………………
148. The community spoke enthusiastically about the recently elected mayor (SANG)
The community ………………………………………………………………………………praises.
149. I wanted to make sure that all my good work wasn’t wasted in that way (WATSE)
I wanted to prevent …………………………………………………………………………………
150. The handling of the matter has been heavily criticized by the press.
The press………………………………………………………………………………………….
151. Joan was not sure if it was a good idea to employ such young staff (MISGIVINGS)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
152. In my opinion, it was an absolute miracle that they survived the accident. (SHORT)
The fact that………………………………………………………………………………….…….
153. By leaving Mary alone, I’m sure she’ll finish the project on time (DEVICES)
If Mary…………………………..………………………………, I’m sure she’ll finish the project
on time.
154. It is unlikely that Tom will win the race. (CHANCE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
155. Tom’s parent doesn’t approve to let him out of the house before 18. (VIEW)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
156. Mary still doesn’t know what to do. (WOODS)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
157. Unfortunately, his ankle wristed when he was about to win the race. (ACE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
158. Sam came last in the race because of his asthma. (WOODEN)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
159. I got used to getting up early when I was ten. (HABIT)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
160. Not until Peter received an apology had he been satisfied.
Nothing………………………………………………………………………………………………
161. You have to go there come rain or come shine.

Regardless …………………………………………………………………………………………
162. The Smiths is considering whether or they should move to Australia. (PROS)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
163. James and Edward don’t get along well with each other. (ODDS)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
164. I suddenly realized that I had forgotten my purse at the coffee shop. (DAWNED)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
165. The issue of redesigning the central hall has fascinated a lot of attention lately.
(CONTENTION)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
166. These girls look like two peas in the pot. (BEAR)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
167. All of my effort has come to nothing.(SMOKE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
168. The storm has taken a large proportion of the harvest out of town. (BITE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
169. I think An has performed much better than Tom. (COMPARE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
170. I totally agree with you. (MORE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
171. Mai and I get on well with each other. (TERMS)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
172. This movies is far to satisfy me. (SATISFACTION)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
173. The film didn’t came up to my expectation. (FELL)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I didn’t feel like doing anything energetic (MOOD)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
174. Do you know what happened to John? (BECOME)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

175. It seems likely that the company will fold. (PROBABILITY)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
176. It’s most uncertain for you to get the chances (HUNDRED)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
It’s such a wonderful opportunity that we mustn’t miss it.
It’s too…………………………………………………………………………………………………
177. In order to stay open, the charity shop need at least four helpers. (ENABLE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
178. The fact that the weather was bad has caused some international flights to be delayed.
(SUBJECT)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
179. I think she means what she says about helping me (IMPRESSION)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Nobody could have been anything to prevent the problems form araising.
Nothing
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
180. Recent research has changed theories about the causes of the disease. (LIGHT)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
181. “I think the whole idea is ridiculous”, he said. (DISMISSED)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
182. I left without saying goodbye as I didn’t want to disturb the meaning. (RATHER)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
You must accept the fact that she has left you.
(TERMS)……………………………………………………………………………………………
(RESIGN)……………………………………………………………………………………………
183. They couldn’t find the manager anywhere. (NOWHERE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
184. I have frequently made stupid mistake like that.
Many’s ………………………………………………………………………………………………
185. You think that fat people are always jolly, but you are wrong.
Contrary………………………………………………………………………………………………

186. Public opinion was so strong that the prime Minister had to resign.
Such ………………………………………………………………….……………………………
187. The book interestingly describes the life of Marx as a young man. (ACCOUNT)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
188. It was hard not to start laughing when she started to sing (FACE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
189. The only thing that kept us out of prison was the way he spoke the local dialect
But for his command ………………………………………..……………………………………
190. Is it because they are poor that they behave like that?
Is it their…………………………………………….……………………………………………
191. The brochure gives hardly any useful information
Precious…………………………………………………..……………………………………………
192. A new flu vaccine has been on trial since the beginning of the year
They……………………………………………………………………………………………………
193. The press seem to have found out about the MP’s indiscretion (WIND)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
194. I have decide to ask my solicitor to prepare my will (DRAWN)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
195. Drug-taking is now increasing so much that it constitutes a major problem (AS)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
196. Janis suddenly realized what a blunder she had made (ON)
It suddenly……………….……………………………………………………………………………
197. Public opinion was so strong that the prime minister had to resign.
Such……………………………………………………………………………………………………
198. His brother was a quick learner
He was not so…………………………………………………………………………………………
199. None of us expected to have a test today (BLUE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
200. Think back to last December. (CAST)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
201. It’s difficult for some people to express their feelings (WORDS)
Putting ……………………………….………………………………………………………………
202. Louise should have been given more time to complete her thesis. (INSUFFICENT)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
203. 2. We are able to afford a holiday because I was promoted. (RESULT)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
204. 3. We have to think carefully about other expenses before we decide to a buy a new
car. (TAKEN)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
205. She believed she was very likely to win the scholarship. (CHANCE).
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
206. Don’t take Tim too seriously; he often exaggerates minor problems. (TENDENCY)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
207. Yesterday, I seemed to do nothing but answer the phone. (SPEND).

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
208. The new teacher was so nervous that the class reacted mischievously. (DREW)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
209. It seems that Amy was offended by what you said. (OFFENCE).
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
210. We are unlikely to have clear weather for our picnic tomorrow. (PROSPECT).
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
211. I doubt if we will go fishing this weekend. (LIKELIHOOD)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
212. Dawn’s boss is constantly criticising her work. (FAULT)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
213. Peter is really looking forward to starting his sky-diving course. (HARDLY)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

214. Accepting retirement is often difficult. (TERMS)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
215. Michael has made the decision not to move again. (INTENTION)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
216. My neighbour assumes that he can use my lawnmower whenever he likes. (GRANTED)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
217. Despite having a lot of money, he wasn’t happy.

Even……………………………………………………………………………………………………
218. The collision didn’t damage my car much.
Not a great…………………………………………………………………………………………....
219. What has this experience taught you?
What conclusions……………………………………………………............................................
220. To pass the time, I looked through some magazines.
I whiled……………………………………………………………………………………................
221. He declared his disapproval of the behaviour of some of his supporters.
He let it………………………………………………………………………………………………
222. Just thinking about his face at that moment makes me laugh.
The very …………………………………………………………………………………………......
223. I will only be satisfied if the manager apologises fully.
Nothing short ………………………………………………………………………………………
224. Tony’s very charming, but I wouldn’t trust him.
Charming ……………………………………………………………………………………………
225. I thought about what had happened all those years before.
I cast …………………………………………………………………………………………………
226. I almost gave up at one point.
I came very …………………………………………………………………………………………
227. He said that he won as a result of good luck.
He attributed ………………………………………………………………………………………
228. Scientists have tried very hard to find a cure for this disease.

Enormous ……………………………………………………………………………………………
229. If you find it necessary, you can contact me on this number.
Should the ……………………………………………………………………………………………
230. His plan was that the company would be making a profit in two years.
He set a ………………………………………………………………………………………………
231. It didn’t matter how much I flattered her, she wouldn’t do as I asked.
No amount …………………………………………………………………………………………
232. Later in his career, he broke several world records.
He went ………………………………………………………………………………………………
233. I’d prefer him not to have said all those embarrassing things about me.
I’d sooner ……………………………………………………………………………………………
234. The brochure gives hardly any useful information.
Precious ………………………………………………………………………………………………
235. Nobody expected her to lose, but he did.
Against ……………………………………………………………………………………………....
236. I have frequently made stupid mistakes like that.
Many’s ………………………………………………………………………………………………
237. Trudy was quite relieved when she found out the truth.
It was something……………………………………………………………………………………
238. What put me off the idea was simply how expensive it was going to be.
The sheer ……………………………………………………………………………………………
239. You must concentrate on your work more.
You must apply ………………………………………………………………………………………
240. If you weren’t born in this country, you can’t vote in the election.
Not …………………………………………………………………………………………………....
241. I didn’t expect the journey to the airport to take so long.
I didn’t bargain ………………………………………………………………………………………
242. We had to settle for a cheaper car than the one we wanted.
We had to content ………………………………………………………………………………..
243. The government shouldn’t let this situation get worse.

This state ………………………………………………………………………………………….

244. It wasn’t clear to us at the time how serious the problem was.
Little …………………………………………………………………………………………………
245. Do you consider Michael one of your best friends?
Do you count …………………………………………………………………………………………
246. We were all shocked by his reaction.
His reaction came …………………………………………………………………………………
247. Mr. Foster asked me to write this letter to you.
It is at …………………………………………………………………………………………………
248. Regarding payment, most major credit cards are acceptable.
As far …………………………………………………………………………………………………
249. If you were in the situation I’m in, you’d feel the same.
If you put ……………………………………………………………………………………………
250. Many companies were immediately affected by the new regulations. (EFFECT)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
251. I really don’t know what you’re talking about. (FAINTEST)’
………………………………………………………………………………………………...........…
252. Les is to blame for the problems that he’s facing. (MAKING)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
253. The main focus of the plot is the adventures of two teenagers. (CENTRED)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
254. He makes sure that he isn’t associated with policies he disagrees with. (DISTANCES)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
255. Could you watch my bag while I’m away, please?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
256. I am constantly amused by Rosemary’s ridiculous ideas. (SOURCE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
257. There was loud applause as he left the stage. (ACCOMPANIMENT)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

258. Mike is never reluctant to make tough decisions as a manager. (SHRINKS)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
259. Nobody helped me at all. (FINGER)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
260. Bruce said that the situation at work was like a family argument. (LIKENED)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
261. Yesterday I saw some extraordinary events in my street. (WITNESS)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
262. We suddenly decided to go away for the weekend. (SPUR)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
263. You’re far more practical than I am. (NOWHERE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
264. I was there when he admitted the truth. (PRESENCE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
265. The people who used to do this kind of work have been replaced by machines. (PLACE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
266. He is unlikely to carry out the plan. (PRACTICE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
267. A great many people will congratulate her if she wins. (SHOWERED)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
268. Is it possible to walk from the hotel to the city centre? (WITHIN)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
269. We agreed that each of us would do the washing-up on alternate days. (TURNS)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
270. Don’t tell the boss anything about this. (BREATHE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
271. I’ve hardly done anything today. (NEXT)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
272. Tom has been behaving strangely recently. (SELF)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

273. I remained neutral during their disagreement because I liked both of them. (SIDES)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
274. You couldn’t do anything more stupid than to give up your job now. (HEIGHT)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
275. Andrew doesn’t claim to have a lot of musical talent. (PRETENCE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
276. We were lucky to find somewhere to park so quickly. (STROKE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
277. I wonder where Harry is now – I haven’t seen him for years. (BECOME)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
278. I’m going to have a problem because of this change of plan. (POSE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
279. This is a subject that Jack and I disagree about. (EYE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
280. Not only didn’t she come to the party, she didn’t reply to the invitation either. (NOR)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
281. Why on earth did you do something as dangerous as that? (POSSESSED)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
282. As well as being rude, she’s dishonest. (MORE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
283. It’s possible that he went to London with Sue. (ACCOMPANIED)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
284. You were supposed to visit Pete in the hospital. (UP)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
285. An expert will solve the problem for me tomorrow. (IRON)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
286. It was not necessary for you to decorate the studio. (DONE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
287. If you study more, you may lose your consciousness. (PASS)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

288. Only later did I have to face the problem of lack of capital. (COME)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
289. Only you will be taken in by that story. (SEE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
290. Before I can give you the answer, I need some time to think about the suggestion. (SLEEP)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
291. Diana rarely goes to a sport event. (MOON)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
292. My father did not expect to make a speech and he had to act spontaneously. (EAR)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
293. Obviously Sue could easily get on well with such a man. (HIT)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
294. I have never thought of eating fewer fatty foods. (CUT)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
295. Although the critics say that the play is not enjoyable, it is. (WORLD)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
296. I hardly think you know the answer. (ALL)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
297. Everybody knows that the best time of the year to visit the city is July. (OVER)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
298. I think you should have arranged the conference earlier. (MADE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
299. We have found out the reason why she refused to be the heir of the fortune. (INTO)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
300. He is the man most likely to win the race. (NOBODY)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
301. You should never tell him the secret. (LET)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
302. Mike always assists us willingly. (LEND)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

303. This boy escaped from the bomb raid completely unharmed. (HEARTY)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
304. There is no doubt that M.U will win the match. (BOUND)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
305. He finds making speeches at conferences is very difficult. (WEATHER)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
306. I am considering taking a chance. (POT)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
307. It does not surprise me that Julie takes up French in lieu of Spanish. (WONDER)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
308. It was wrong of you to blame me for the mess! (PICKED)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
309. Surprisingly, we still have many other items to choose. (FISH)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
310. Nobody could possibly believe the story he told us. (BEYOND)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
311. Our opinions on the subject are identical. (DIFFERENCE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
312. Jenny did not feel like to go to the party. (MOOD)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
313. Local residents said they were against the new traffic scheme. (DISAPPROVAL)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
314. They were determined not to tell me where he was. (KEPT, WHEREABOUTS)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
315. He became quite famous as an interviewer. (NAME)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
316. We had not expected it to be an argument, but a discussion. (MORE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
317. As far as I know, there is no reason for John to be so unhappy. (BEST, DISTRESS)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

318. The judge severely punished him so that others would not commit the same crime a gain.
(DETERRED, EXAMPLE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
319. When the policeman appeared at the door, I was pretty taken aback. (IMAGINE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
320. This cloudy weather is making me depressed. (GET)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
321. I won’t go near her until she is feeling more optimistic. (AWAY)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
322. Negotiations between the two sides were discontinued. (OFF)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
323. The wind was very strong at first but after a while it became quiet. (DOWN)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
324. Our plans to go mountaineering failed when I got sick. (THROUGH)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
325. It was certain that Mark had stolen the keys. (WENT)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
326. You’d better get started quickly or you will never be ready on time. (HOP)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
327. The commander asked us to be ready for actions all the time. (TOES)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
328. Ian’s suggestion to give up has discouraged the whole group’s enthusiasm. (COLD)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
329. The doctor is temporarily working in an orphanage. (BEING)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
330. I feel that Tina will never come back to school. (HUNCH)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
331. Are you well enough to go fishing? (UP)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

332. Sarah regretted not looking after the boy carefully when he got malaria. (BLAMED,
DOWN)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
333. We normally have to be at school on Monday morning. (RULE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
334. Whether the bank will be on tour again or not is not certain. (BALANCE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
335. Her silence made him become impatient, so he could not wait any longer. (NOT)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
336. They feel that the situation will get worse. (SEEMS)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
337. You needn’t change your address. (NOT)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
338. But for his book, we couldn’t have gotten the useful information. (THANKS)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
339. He is not a professional singer, but he sings impressively. (NO)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
340. The man may ask why I am not present, so tell a lie. (SHOULD)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
341. Because there is so much knowledge at school, students hardly master everything.
(MASTERY)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
342. Sue, who was ill, was allowed to not to take the test. (EXCUSED)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
343. They rumor that the university is going to give the professor an honorable doctorate.
(RUMORS, AWARDED)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
344. I will not participate in the game no matter what you say. (GO)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
345. The fire brigades arrived too late to save the burning building. (DOWN)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
346. I’d rather have listened to him in the first place. (TAKE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
347. Despite being sick, he could succeed in his experiments. (MAKE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
348. Do not worry too much, everything will be OK. (ITSELF)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
He is very rich thanks to the money he inherited from his uncle. (WELL)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
349. The manager is never to be disturbed. (ACCOUNT)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
350. If you did not contribute generously, we could not do our work properly. (TRACK)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
351. Any correspondence from London office must be dealt with before other matters.
(PRIORITY)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
352. Let me know everything as soon as you have any news. (MINUTE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
353. He was brought up in a traditional way. (HIS)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
354. He has competence, but we will never employ him. (TAKE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
355. The minister gave no precise figures about the casualties. (GO)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
356. Ken only has a disablement pension on which to live. (OTHER)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
357. Only Maria’s mother is French. (SIDE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
358. They confess that it was their entire fault. (MAKE, BLAME)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

359. Going on strike may stop progress, if you ask me. (CLOCK)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
360. I’d rather my friend were optimistic. (BRIGHT)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
361. The press seem s to have found out about the MP’s indiscretion. (WIND)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
362. Nobody has expected to have a test today. (BLUE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
363. Think back to last December. (CAST)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
364. No matter how much I flattered her, she wouldn’t do as I asked. (AMOUNT)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
365. Nobody expected her to lose, but he did. (AGAINST)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
366. I have frequently made stupid mistakes like that. (A)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
367. As well as being rude, she is dishonest. (MORE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
368. This is the subject that Jack and I disagree about. (EYE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
369. We were lucky to find somewhere to park so quickly. (STROKE)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
370. You couldn’t do anything more stupid than giving up your job now. (HEIGHT)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Exercise 5: Use the idioms / phrases provided to complete the following sentences
MINI-LESSON 1.1
Phrasal verbs Meaning
above all most importantly
about to almost ready to
add up make sense; be logical
all at once suddenly; without warning
all of a sudden all at once; suddenly
as a matter of fact in reality; actually
as a rule generally; customarily
at the drop of a hat quickly; without any preparation time
at ease not nervous; calm
back out (of) withdraw an offer
bank on depend on; count on
be my guest do what you want; feel free; help yourself
be rusty need practice or review

beats me I don’t know; I have no idea (often used in response to a question)
better off in an improved condition
bite off more than one can

take on more responsibility than one can handle
chew
bound to certain to; sure to
break down stop functioning (a machine, for example)
break in (on) interrupt
break the ice break through social barriers (as at a party)
break the news (to) inform; give bad news
break up - end (a meeting, for example)
break up (with) stop being a couple (a boyfriend and girlfriend, for example)
a breeze something very simple and easy to do
bring about cause to happen
bring up (1) raise (a child); (2) introduce (a topic, for example)
brush up on review; study; practice

bump into meet unexpectedly; run into
by and large mostly; generally; on the whole
by heart by memory; learned word for word
by no means in no way; not at all
1. “Can you talk now?” “No, I’m about to go to the grocery store, but I’ll call you as soon as I
get back.”
2. “You’re probably too tired to play another game of racquetball, right?” “I’m not that tired, really.
________ ________ _________ __________ I’d enjoy another game.”
3. “Will you support my proposal at the meeting?” “Certainly. You can ________ ________ my
support.”
4. I was talking to my aunt when suddenly my cousin George Ann ______ _______ _______ our
conversation.
5. “I understand Diane lost her job.” “Yes, but she’s actually ________ ________. She found a
more interesting job with a higher salary.”
6. My car _______ _______ last week, and I had to take the bus to work until it was repaired.
7. ________ _________ ________ Carlos is very punctual, but he sure was late tonight.
8. I was taking a quiet walk last night when, ______ ______ ______ ______, there was a loud
explosion.
9. Kent is _______ _______ fail that class if he doesn’t start studying.
10. They _______ _______ their children to be honest.
11. There were a few things I didn’t like about Professor Wong’s class, but ______ ______ ______
I enjoyed it.
12. “I think Matthew was cheating on that quiz.” “That doesn’t _______ _______. Why should the
best student in the class cheat?”

13. “Can I have another sandwich?” “Sure, ______ _______ _______. I made plenty.”
14. Actors and actresses must know their lines ________ ________.
15. If you don’t want to talk about this problem, why did you ______ it _______?
16. Many students are _______ _______ by carelessness.
17. Their team won the game, but they _______ _______ dominated it. It was a very close game.
18. “What a boring party. No one is talking to one another.” “Maybe we should put on some music
and start dancing. That might ________ _________ ________.”
19. “Have you studied Spanish before?” “Yes, but it’s been years since I took a Spanish class, so
I’ll need to _______ _______ ________ it before I go to Venezuela.”
20. “You’re taking five classes this term?” “Yes, and I’m having trouble getting caught up. I’m
afraid I ______ ______ _______ _______ I _______ _______ this time.”
21. “You’re all packed and ready to go, I see.” “I could leave _______ _______ _______ _______
________ _______.”
22. “Do you know what the name of this street is?” “_______ _______. This is the first time I’ve
ever been in this town.”
23. “How’s that biology class you’re taking?” “So far, it’s been _______ _______. We’ve just been
going over things I studied last semester.”
24. “What time did the party ______ ______ last night?” “I don’t know. It was still going on when I
went home.”
25. “I was awfully nervous when I gave that speech.” “Really? You hid it well. I thought you were
completely _______ _______.”
MINI-LESSON 1.2
call it a day stop working for the day; go home
call off cancel
call on visit
calm down relax
care for (1) take care of; (2) like; feel affection for
catch on become popular

catch on (to) understand, learn
catch up (with) go as fast as; catch
check in (or into) register (at a hotel)
check out (of) (1) leave (a hotel); (2) take material (from a library, for example)
cheer up become cheerful; be happy
chip in (on/for) contribute
clear up (1) clarify; make understandable; (2) become nice and sunny (used
to talk about the weather)
come across find; meet; encounter
come around (to) begin to change one’s opinion; begin to agree with
come down with become sick with (an illness)
come up with think of (an idea)
cost an arm and a leg be very expensive
count on depend on; rely on; bank on
count out eliminate; no longer consider as a factor
cut off stop; discontinue (a service, for example)
cut out for have an aptitude for; be qualified for
1. The reception in the garden was _______ _______ because of a thunderstorm.

2. Don’t get so excited. Just _______ _______ and tell us what happened.
3. I was looking up some information in the almanac when I _______ ________ an interesting fact.
4. I can ______ ______ my car. It’s very dependable and never breaks down.
5. How did you ______ ______ ______ such a strange idea?
6. I arrived in town last night at seven-thirty and ______ ______ my hotel at around eight. This
morning I plan to _______ _______ at about nine.
7. “Did you rent this videotape?” “No, I ______ it _______ _______ the library.”

8. You look tired. Why don’t we ______ ______ _______ _______ and finish up tomorrow?
9. It won’t be too expensive to buy Professor McMillen a present if we all ______ ______.
10. If Arthur doesn’t pay his electric bill soon, the utilities company might ______ ______ his
electricity.
11. “I don’t understand this theorem at all.” “Talk to Professor Adler. I’ll bet she can ______
______ your confusion.”
12. Who ______ ______ your cat while you were out of town?
13. A good stereo system doesn’t have to ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______. You can
find one for a reasonable price.
14. Cauliflower isn’t my favorite vegetable. In fact, I don’t ______ ______ it at all.
15. “I’m depressed. I didn’t do very well on the first quiz.” “______ _____! That quiz only counted
for 10 percent of the total grade, and I’m sure you’ll do better on the other tests.”
16. “How did Eric do in the cross-country ski race?” “He got off to a bad start, and so he never
______ ______ ______ the leading skiers.”
17. “Why did Brenda drop out of business school?” “She decided she wasn’t ______ ______
______ a career in business. She’s going to study art instead.”
18. This song wasn’t very popular when it was first recorded, but now it’s starting to ______
_______.
19. “Your roommate is still planning to vote for Smithson for president of the Student Council?”
“Yes, but I’m going to keep talking to him. I think eventually he’ll _______ ______ ______ our
point of view and vote for Brannigan.”
20. That saleswoman ______ ______ her clients at least once a month because she thinks personal
contact is important.
21. “Is it still raining?” “No, the rain has stopped, and it’s starting to _______ _______.”
MINI-LESSON 1.3
day in and day out constantly; for a long time
die down become less severe; quiet down

do over do again; repeat
do without not have
down the drain wasted; done for no reason (work, for example)
dream up invent; think of; come up with
drop in (on) visit informally
drop (someone) a line send someone a letter
drop off (1) leave something (a package, for example): (2) take (someone)
home; let someone out of a car
drop out (of) stop attending (classes, for example)
easy as pie very simple; a piece of cake
eyes bigger than one’s said of someone who takes more food than he or she can eat
stomach
fall behind not move as quickly as; lag behind
fall through fail to happen
a far cry from not similar to; not as good as
feel free do something if one wants
feel like be inclined to; want to
feel like a million dollars feel very good
feel up to feel able to do something; ready to
fed up (with) not able to tolerate; disgusted with; annoyed by

few and far between uncommon and infrequent
figure out understand; solve
1. It took me hours to ______ ______ how to record programs on my VCR.

2. If you could ______ ______ the laundry on the way to work, I’ll pick it up on Monday.
3. “What a wonderful masquerade party!” “People certainly ______ ______ some interesting
costumes, didn’t they.”
4. “Do you _____ _____ going out tonight?” “No, I’d rather stay home and read.”
5. “Why have you ______ ______ in your French class?” “I was sick and I missed a few classes.
But I’m studying hard to catch up.”
6. “Why do we need to get gas now? We have quite a bit left.” “This highway goes through some
very empty country, and gas stations are ______ ______ ______ ______.”
7. Howard’s teacher wasn’t satisfied with the work he had done, so she asked him to ______ it
______.
8. I’m _______ _______ _______ my roommate’s lack of responsibility. He never pays his bills or
his share of the rent on time.
9. “Isn’t your class picnic today?” “No, our plans for the picnic ______ ______.”
10. “The food at that new restaurant isn’t bad.” “It’s all right, but it’s ______ ______ ______
_______ the food at Mario’s. Now that is a great restaurant!”
11. Ben had to ______ ______ ______ the university because of financial problems.
12. After blowing furiously all day, the wind finally _______ _______.
13. “Do you telephone friends before you visit, or just ______ ______ ______ them?” “It depends.
If they’re close friends, I just visit them. If they’re acquaintances, I generally call first.”
14. “I’m tired of the same old routine.” “I know how you feel. I get tired of doing the same things
______ ______ ______ ______ _______ too.”
15. “Ralph really loaded up his tray with food.” “He’ll never eat it all. Ralph’s ______ are ______
_______ his _______.”
16. “I need to use a computer for a few hours.” “______ ______ to use my laptop computer. I don’t
need it this morning.”

17. “I’ve missed James since he moved to Seattle.” “You should ______ him ______ and let him
know how you’re doing. I’m sure he’d love to get a letter from you.”
MINI-LESSON 1.4
fill in write in a blank (on an application form, for example)
fill in (for) substitute for
fill one in provide missing information
fill out complete (an application form, for example)
find out learn; discover
a fish out of water someone not in his or her normal surroundings
fix up repair; renovate
follow in one’s footsteps do what someone else did (especially an older relative)
for good permanently; forever
for the time being temporarily; for now
from out of the blue unexpectedly; without warning
get along with have good relations with
get carried away go too far; do too much; buy too much
get in one’s blood become a habit; become customary
get in over one’s head take on too much responsibility; bite off more than one can chew
get in the way block; obstruct
get in touch with contact
get the hang of something learn how to do something
get a kick out of (doing enjoy; have fun doing something

something)
get off leave (a vehicle)

get off the ground start to be successful
get on board (a vehicle)
get over recover from (a disease)
get rid of discard; no longer have
get under way begin; start
give away distribute (for free)
give (someone) a cold act unfriendly toward someone; ignore

shoulder
1. “How did you ______ ______ where Warren lives?” “I just looked it up in my address book.”
2. “I’m interested in the job that was advertised in the newspaper.” “Fine. Just ______ ______ this
application form.”
3. Don’t forget to ______ ______ the date on your check.
4. “Is Agnes still mad at you?” “I suppose so. I saw her at a party last weekend, and she just ______
me _____ _____ it.”
5. “Are you moving to Baltimore _______ _______?” “No, just ______ _______ _______
_______. I’ll be back here in a month or two.”
6. “That old paint that you have stored in your garage is a fire hazard.” “You’re right. I should
______ ______ ______ it.”
7. Some companies _______ _______ free samples of new products in order to familiarize
consumers with them.
8. “How’s that advanced computer class you’re taking, Polly.” “Not so good. I can’t understand a
word that the teacher or any of the students are saying. I really feel like ______ ______ _____
______ ______.”
9. “Don’t you just hate all this graffiti?” “It is ugly, isn’t it? I’ve never understood why people
______ ______ ______ _______ _______ writing on walls. It doesn’t seem like much fun to me.”
10. When the train stopped, a mysterious looking woman in a black raincoat _______ _______ the
train and found her seat.

11. “Maxwell’s project will be very successful, I think.” “Oh, I don’t know. I’m not sure it will ever
______ ______ ______ _______.”
12. Do you _______ _______ _______ your new roommate, or do you two argue?
13. “That run-down old house that David bought looks terrific.” “Yes, he’s ______ it _______
beautifully, hasn’t he?”
14. “Has Edward ______ ______ ______ ______ you lately?” “No, he hasn’t. I don’t think he has
my new telephone number.”
15. “Will the concert start soon?” “It should ______ ______ ______ any minute now.”
16. Living by the ocean really ______ ______ your ______. Once you’ve lived here, you never
want to leave.
17. This is the last stop. Everyone has to _____ _____ the bus here.
18. Professor Dunbar came down with the flu, so her teaching assistant ______ ______ ______ her
for a few days.
MINI-LESSON 1.5
give a hand applaud; clap
give a hand (with) assist
go easy on not punish easily
go on (with) continue
go with (1) accompany; (2) look good together; complement (for

Example, two articles of clothing)
go without saying be clear; be obvious
grow up to mature; to become an adult
hand in give back to; return
hand out distribute
hang on wait
hard to come by difficult to find
have on wear

have one’s hands full be very busy; have a challenging job
have a heart be compassionate; show mercy
have a lunch have an intuitive feeling
have a word with talk to someone briefly

(someone)
have the time of one’s life have fun; have a great time
hear firsthand (from) get information directly from someone
hear from be contacted by; be in touch with
hear of know about; be familiar with
hit it off become friendly (especially at a first meeting)
hit the road leave go away
hold on wait
hold on (to) grasp
hold still not move
hold up delay
1. Everett was born in the South but he ______ ______ in Michigan.

2. At the beginning of the class, the instructor ______ ______ the quizzes and told the students they
had 10 minutes in which to finish.
3. After 10 minutes, the students _____ ____ their quizzes to the instructor.
4. “Have you ever _____ _____ William Carlos Williams?” “I believe so. He was a poet, wasn’t
he?”
5. “Hello, is Gina there?” “Yes, ____ ____ a minute and I’ll get her.”
6. “You’re graduating next month, right?” “Yes, but I intend to _____ _____ _____ my studies in
graduate school.”
7. _____ _____ while I take your photograph. I don’t want the picture to be blurry.

8. “I got stopped by the police for speeding. I have to pay a big fine.” “Well, you could talk to the
judge and ask him to reduce it. Since you’ve never been stopped for speeding before, maybe he’ll
_____ _____ ______ you.”
9. “Do you like this blouse?” “Yes, but I think the grey silk one would _____ better _____ your
jacket.”
10. “So, Dave is teaching you how to windsurf?” “Yes, and he’s such a good teacher that I’m
already _____ _____ _____ _____ it.”
11. The audience ______ the cast a big ______ after their wonderful performance.
12. “Do you think Iris will pass the history test?” “That _____ _____ _____. In fact, she’ll probably
have the best grade in the class.”
13. “What ______ ______ your flight?” “There was a big snowstorm in Denver that delayed a lot of
flights.”
14. “Have you _____ _____ Maureen since she went to Hawaii.” “Yeah, I got a postcard from her
yesterday. She said she’s _____ _____ _____ _____ her ______ and never wants to come home.”
15. Can you _____ me _____ ______ ______ this luggage? It’s too heavy for me to carry by
myself.
16. The wind is starting to blow. You’d better _____ _____ _____ your hat.
17. “Oh, you bought the new book by Richard Stone.” “Yes, but that book is _____ _____ _____
_____. I looked for it in three or four bookstores.”
18. It’s getting late. I’d better _____ _____ _____ if I want to get home by midnight.
19. “Can I _____ _____ _____ _____ you now, Professor Rivera?” “I’ve got to go to class right
now. Drop by my office later and we’ll talk then.”
20. “You sure bought a lot of groceries.” “Yeah, I guess I _____ _____ _____. I should never go
grocery shopping when I’m hungry.”
MINI-LESSON 1.6
in hot water in trouble
in the dark not knowing; confused
in the long run over a long period of time

in no time very soon; very quickly
in a nutshell in summary; in brief
in the same boat in the same situation; having the same problem
in person face to face (not by telephone, letter, etc.)
in store in the future; coming up
iron out solve (a problem)
join the club have the same problem
jump to conclusions form opinions without sufficient evidence
keep an eye on watch; take care of; look after
keep an eye out (for) look for
keep on (with) continue
keep track of know where something or someone is
keep up (with) maintain the same speed as
kill time spend time doing unimportant things (before an

appointment, for example)
know like the back of one’s hand be very familiar with
lay off put out of work
learn the ropes become familiar with; get used to; get the hang
of
leave out not include; omit
leave someone/something alone not disturb
let someone down disappoint
let up decline in intensity (rain, for example)
look after take care of; mind
look for try to locate
look forward to anticipate (with pleasure)

look into investigate
1. Will you _____ _____ _____ _____ my dog while I go in the drug store?
2. Kathy’s daughter has such short legs that she has a hard time _____ _____ _____ the other
children.
3. The store had to _____ _____ a number of clerks because sales were down.
4. “You must be anxious to go on your vacation.” “I certainly am. I’m really _____ _____ ____ this
trip.”
5. Don’t _____ _____ _____. Maybe your jewelry wasn’t stolen after all.
6. “I need to find a new apartment.” “There might be some vacancies in the building where I live.
I’ll ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ one.”
7. The company may lose some money now, but ____ ____ ____ ____, this is a good investment.
8. Alex complained that no one invited him to any social events and that he felt ____ ____.
9. “Can you hurry over here? I need to see you right away.” “Sure. I’ll be there ____ ____ ____.”
10. “May I help you?” “No, I’m just looking around and trying to ____ some _____ until my wife
finishes shopping.”
11. “Has it stopped raining yet?” “No, but it’s beginning to ____ ____ a little.”
12. “I can’t go to Daryl’s party this weekend. I have to study.” “Guess we’re _____ _____ _____
_____. I’ve got to study too.”
13. “Should we stop and spend the night at this motel?” “No, let’s _____ _____ driving for a few
more miles.”
14. If you find a baby animal in the woods, don’t touch it. Just _____ it _____.
15. I ____ all over town _____ a good used car, but I couldn’t find one.
16. Stella’s sister _____ _____ her baby while Stella is at work.
17. “If you don’t know how to use this software, why don’t you ask Joanne to help?” “I did ask her,
but I’m still ____ ____ ____. I didn’t understand a word she said.”
18. The police are _____ ____ the crime.
19. “Did Amanda ever complete her project?” “She’s almost finished. She just has a few minor
problems left to ____ ____.”

20. Alfred is _____ _____ _____ with his boss because he didn’t finish an important project by the
deadline.
21. “Has Marilyn gotten used to her new job at the bank yet?” “It took her awhile, but I think she’s
finally ____ ____ ____ there.”
22. Are you ____ ____ ____ this proposal or against it?
23. Are you familiar with this neighborhood?” “I grew up here, so I ____ it ____ ____ _____ _____
my _____.”
24. “Is your roommate at home now?” “I have no idea. I can never ____ ____ ____ his comings and
goings.”
25. “I understand that you have a new dean over at the Business School.” “Yes, his name is Dean
Nishimura. He has a completely different philosophy of business education from the one Dean
Woodford had, so I’m sure that some big changes are ____ ____ for us.”
MINI-LESSON 1.7
look like resemble
look out (for) be careful
look over examine; read
look up (1) find information (especially in a reference book);

(2) try to locate someone
look up to respect; admire
make ends meet balance a budget
make a fool of oneself act embarrassingly
make a point of make a special effort
make sense (of) be logical and clear; understand

make up invent, create
make up one’s mind decide
make way for allow space for; provide a path for
mean to intend to
mixed up confused
music to one’s ears something that sounds pleasant
a nervous wreck someone who is very nervous
next to nothing very little (money, for example); cheap
no doubt about it certainly; definitely
no harm done there was no damage done
not at all not in any way; not to any degree
not believe one’s ears (or be unable to believe what one hears (or sees)
eyes)
not think much of not like; not have a good opinion of
odds and ends small, miscellaneous items
an old hand (at) an experienced person
on edge nervous
on end consecutively, without a break (days on end, for example)
on hand easily available
on needles and pins nervous; anxious
on one’s own independent

on second thought after reconsidering
on the go always busy; always moving
on the tip of one’s tongue almost able to remember
on the whole in general
out of (something) not having something
out of one’s mind insane; illogical; irrational
out of order broken; not functioning properly
out of the question definitely not; impossible
over and over again and again; repeatedly
over one’s head not understandable (a joke, for example); obscure
1. “Have you _____ _____ this contract yet?” “Not yet. I’ll try to read it this weekend.”
2. “I think I’ll have the prime rib, waiter.” “All right, sir.” “Wait, no - ____ ____ ____ I think I’ll
have the chicken.”
3. Is this story true, or did you just ____ it ____?
4. You can’t get a soda from that machine. There’s a sign on it that says “____ ____ ____.”
5. Sherry ____ ____ _____ her father because of all the help and good advice he’s given her.
6. I don’t have much cash ____ ____, but I can get some from an automatic teller machine.
7. What a confusing movie! I couldn’t ____ ____ ____ it.
8. “You did a fine job on this research paper, especially on the bibliography.” “Thanks. I ____ ____
____ ____ getting the bibliography exactly right. I did it _____ _____ _____ until it was perfect.”
9. “What’s Fritz’s cousin’s name?” “It’s ____ ____ ____ ____ my ____, but I can’t quite
remember.”

10. “Hello. I’d like to reserve a room for this weekend.” “I’m afraid that’s _____ _____ ____
_____. The hotel is fully booked this weekend.”
11. “Do you have any fresh peaches?” “Sorry, I’m ____ ____ them. I just sold the last crate of
peaches.”
12. “Listen to the roar of the engines.” “Yeah, it’s ____ ____ my _____. I just love going to these
car races.”
13. The plane was delayed for hours ____ ____. I thought we’d never get off the ground.
14. “Have you finished moving into your new apartment?” “Almost. There are still a few ____ ____
____ in my old apartment that I need to move today.”
15. “Brad sure is busy, isn’t he?” “Yeah, he’s involved in so many activities that he’s always ____
____ ____.”
16. There are so many interesting dishes on the menu that it’s hard for me to ____ ____ my _____
which one to order.
17. If you go into the swamp, ____ ____ ____ alligators.
18. “When will you be informed of the test results?” “Not until Monday, so I’ll be ____ ____ _____
____ all weekend.”
19. “Do you know what the capital of South Dakota is?” “I’m not sure. Let’s ____ it _____ in this
atlas.”
20. They’re going to tear down those old warehouses to ____ ____ ____ a big new hotel.
21. “I like that painting you bought. Did it cost much?” “No, the artist sold it to me for _____ _____
____.”
22. “How was your final exam, Laurie?” “A couple of questions were tricky, but ____ ____ ____ it
was pretty easy.”
23. “I’m sorry I knocked that vase over. I didn’t mean to.” “ ____ ____ ____. It wasn’t damaged.”
24. I must have been ____ ____ my ____ when I signed the lease on this apartment. I can’t afford
this much rent.
25. He didn’t ____ ____ break the plate; it was an accident.
26. “I didn’t know you could play horseshoes so well.” “Oh, I’m ____ ____ ____ ____ horseshoes.
I’ve been playing since I was a kid.”
27. You must be ____ ____. This isn’t River Street; it’s Laurel Avenue.

28. “How long have you been living alone?” “I’ve been ____ my ____ since I graduated from high
school.”
29. “Did you find that lecture boring?” “____ ____ ____. In fact, I thought it was fascinating.”
30. “Christine is so funny, she should be stand-up comic.” “I suppose, but a lot of her jokes go right
____ my ____. I just don’t get them.”
MINI-LESSON 1.8
part with no longer have; get rid of; not be in the company of
pass up not accept; not choose
pass with flying colors do very well (on a test)
pay oneself on the back congratulate oneself
pay attention (to) concentrate on; focus on
pick out choose; select
pick up (1) take something from a surface (for example, a floor); (2) go
to a location and get someone or something; (3) learn
(especially without formal training)
pick up the tab (for) pay for
the picture of a perfect Example of something
play it by ear do something without a definite plan
play it safe choose a cautious plan

point out indicate
a pretty penny a lot of money
pull one’s leg joke with someone; make up a story
push one’s luck to continue doing something too long; to keep taking chances
put aside save for later; set aside
put away return something to its proper place
put off delay; postpone
put on begin to wear
put together assemble
put up with tolerate
1. Vanessa is allergic to tobacco smoke, so she can’t ____ ____ ____ smoking.
2. “That conference you attend in Honolulu must have been very expensive.” “Yes, but fortunately,
the company I work for ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ it.”
3. I asked my teacher to ____ ____ the mistakes that I made in my essay so that I could correct
them.
4. “What do you want to do tomorrow?” “I don’t know. Let’s just ____ ____ ____ ____.”
5. “You should get rid of that old leather jacket.” “I know, but I hate to ____ ____it. I’ve had it for
years.”
6. “How did you learn to make such beautiful pottery? Did you take a class in ceramics?” “No, I
just ____ it _____ on my own.”
7. “Can you read that sign?” “Just a minute. Let me ____ my glasses ____.”

8. It took Linda weeks to ____ ___ that thousand-piece jigsaw puzzle.

9. This bike cost ____ ____ ____, but I think it was worth it.
10. “I passed the first two quizzes in this class and I scarcely studied for them at all.” “Well, if I
were you, I wouldn’t ____ my ____ any further. You should study for the next quiz because it’s
going to be a lot harder.”
11. I’ll ____ ____ the laundry that you dropped off at the cleaners this morning.
12. The child ____ ____ her toys from the floor and then ____ them ____ in her toy box.
13. Bert and Mary had to ____ ____ their dinner party until next weekend because Bert wasn’t
feeling well.
14. “Who ____ ____ that tie for you?” “No one. I chose it myself.”
15. “Are you going to take that job?” “No, I decided to ____ it ____ because I don’t want to
relocate.”
16. ____ ____ as I read the directions or you won’t understand what to do.
17. “I finally finished collecting all the materials I need to write my report.” “Great, but don’t be too
quick to _____ yourself ____ ____ ____. You still have to write the report and then word process
it.”
18. “How did you do on your final exams?” “Great! I ____ them all ____ ____ ____.”
19. I’m going to ____ this magazine ____ for now and read it later.
20. I wouldn’t believe a word Lynn told you. She’s just ____ your ____.
MINI-LESSON 1.9
right away immediately
ring a bell (with) sound familiar to
rough it experience somewhat difficult or primitive conditions
rule out say something is impossible; eliminate
run a temperature have a fever
run for office try to get elected
run into (1) meet unexpectedly; bump into; (2) collide with

run late be late; be in a hurry
run of the mill ordinary
run out of exhaust the supply of
save one’s breath don’t bother asking someone
search me I don’t know; I have no idea; beats me
see eye to eye (with have the same opinion; be in agreement

someone) / (on something)
see (someone) off accompany (to an airport or train station, for example)
see to take care of; check on; fix
serve one right receive the proper punishment; get the penalty one deserves
short for a nickname for
show around orient; give a tour
show off try to attract attention by unusual behavior
show up arrive
shut down close
sign up (for) enroll (for a class, for example)
sing another tune change one’s opinion; feel differently
size up measure; estimate
sleep on it postpone a decision until the next day
slowly but surely gradually; steadily but not quickly
snowed under very busy
so far, so good up until now, there are no problems
sooner or later at some indefinite future time
speak one’s mind say what one is thinking
speak up speak more loudly
speak up for support verbally

spell out (for) make something very clear; explain in detail
1. “Has John gone back to Minneapolis yet?” “Yes, I just ____ him ____ at the airport.”
2. “This pipe is leaking again.” “We’d better have a plumber ____ ____ it.”
3. I was late because I ____ ____ ____ gasoline.
4. Write down your ideas ____ ____. If you wait to write them down, you may forget them.
5. When the factory ____ ____, hundreds of workers were laid off.
6. “Did you ____ ____ ____ Professor Carmichael’s class?” “No, I decided to take Professor
Knudson’s class instead.”
7. “Vicki, how’s that project you’re working on coming along?” “_____ _____, _____ _____, but
the tricky part will be next week.”
8. “Have you ever heard of an actor named Anthony Reed?” “Hmmm. I don’t think so. The name
doesn’t ____ ____ ____ ____ me at all.”
9. “Frank doesn’t take a hint very well, does he?” “No, you have to ____ things ____ ____ Frank.
He likes everything crystal clear.”
10. I’d heard that the clothes in this store were very nice, but I found them ____ ____ ____ ____.
11. “Bennet thought those stories Tina told about you were pretty funny.” “They weren’t funny,
they were embarrassing. Bennet would be ____ ____ ____ if Tina had told that kind of story about
him.”
12. Norman doesn’t like to ____ ____ when he goes on vacation. He prefers to stay at luxury hotels.
13. I don’t like to go to parties too early. I’d rather ____ ____ a little bit late.
14. It’s expensive to ____ ____ ____ these days. Political campaigns cost a lot of money.
15. “So, do you plan to buy this motorcycle or not?” “I’m still not sure. Can I ____ ____ ____ and
let you know tomorrow morning?”
16. “Have you seen the campus yet?” “Yes, my cousin Melissa is a student there, and she ____ me
____.”
17. “I’m collecting money for the Red Cross. I think I’ll ask Pat to contribute.” “____ your ____ Pat
never contributes to anything.”
18. “Are you going to medical school?” “Not this year, but I wouldn’t _____ it_____ in the future.”

19. I ____ ____ my old friend Leslie downtown yesterday. I hadn’t seen her for months.
20. “I understand you’re learning how to speak Russian.” “Yes, and it was really hard for me,
especially at first. Now, though, I’m ____ ____ ____ getting the hang of it.”
21. “Your sister’s name is Jessie?” “That’s what everyone calls her – it’s ____ ____ Jessica.”
22. “Have a busy night at the restaurant?” “We weren’t just busy – we were ____ ____! I’ve never
seen so many customers!”
23. “I feel terrible. I have a terrible cold or maybe even the flu.” “Are you ____ ____ ____? If you
have a fever, then you probably have the flu.”
24. My brother and I agree on most issues, but I sure don’t ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ him ____
this proposal to build a new stadium.
MINI-LESSON 1.10
spick and span extremely clean; spotless
stack up against compare with
stamp out eliminate; wipe out
stand for (1) tolerate; put up with; (2) symbolize; represent
stand out be noticeable
stay out not come home
stay out (or up) to all hours come home (or go to bed) very late
stay up not go to bed
stick with not change; stay with
stock up on get a large supply of something
a stone’s throw from not far away from; close to
stop by visit informally; go to see
straighten up clean up; make tidy
stuck with have something one cannot get rid of

take a break stop working for a short time
take a lot of nerve require a lot of courage
take a lot out of (someone) be hard on someone; drain energy from someone
take advantage of utilize; make use of; exploit
take after resemble; look like (especially an older relative)
take apart disassemble
take it easy relax; calm down
1. Vaccines have permitted doctors to virtually ____ ____ a number of diseases, including smallpox
and polio.
2. “How late do you usually ____ ____?” “I’m normally in bed by eleven on weekdays.”
3. “How late do you usually ____ ____ on weekends?” “I sometimes don’t come home until two or
three in the morning.”
4. “Do you ____ ____ your mother or father?” “I don’t think I look much like either one of them.”
5. Earl had no trouble _____ _____ the engine on the lawn mower, but then he couldn’t put it back
together.
6. You look a little tired. Why don’t you ____ ____ ____ and finish your homework later?
7. The teacher won’t _____ _____ cheating. When she caught one student cheating on the midterm
exam, she gave him a zero on that test.
8. “I tried and tried to find a buyer for this old car.” “Looks like you’re ____ ____ it for now.”
9. “My brother is going to invest all his savings in a new business venture.” “That _____ _____
_____ _____ _____. I’d be afraid to take a risk like that.”
10. “I give up. I can’t solve this chemistry problem.” “_____ _____ it. Eventually, you’ll figure it
out.”
11. We have to leave the apartment _____ _____ _____. The landlord said that if it wasn’t clean
when we moved out, we’d lose part of our security deposit.
12. Don was wearing jeans and a tee shirt while all the other guests had on formal dinner wear. He
really ____ ____.

13. “I’m nervous about my interview.” “_____ _____ _____. You’ll make a better impression if
you’re relaxed.”
14. The fifty stars on the American flag ____ ____ the fifty states.
15. “Do you ____ ____ your apartment before guests _____ ____?” “A little bit. I don’t mind if it’s
a little messy, but I don’t want it to look like a disaster area.”
16. “My new roommate is from Italy.” “You should ____ ____ ____ this opportunity to learn some
Italian.”
17. “I just heard on the news that the Florida orange crop was damaged by the hurricane last week,
and that orange juice prices are going to go way up.” “If we had a big freezer, we could _____
_____ _____ frozen orange juice now and we wouldn’t have to pay those prices.”
18. “Do you live near Cecilia?” “Oh, sure. My apartment building is just _____ _____ _____ _____
hers.”
19. “So you ran in that 10-kilometer race?” “Yes, but it ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ me. I can hardly
move.”
20. “Tim, you’ve eaten at both these restaurants – how does Chez Michelle ____ ____ ____ the
Oak Room?” “Oh, they’re both good. I think the Oak Room has slightly better food, but the service
is better at Chez Michelle.”
MINI-LESSON 1.11
take off (1) remove (clothing, for example); (2) ascend (a plane, for
example); (3) become popular quickly
take over assume control or responsibility
take part in participate in
take a shortcut take a more direct or faster route than usual
take the plunge finally take action; do something different
take time off (from) take a vacation or a break from work or school
take up begin to study some topic or engage in some activity
talk down to speak to someone as if he or she were a child; patronize
talk into persuade; convince

talk out of dissuade; convince not to do something
talk over discuss
tear oneself away from stop doing something interesting

something
tear up rip into small pieces
tell apart distinguish
things are looking up the situation is improving
think over consider
throw away discard; get rid of
throw cold water on discourage; force to cancel (a plan, for example)
throw the book at give someone the maximum punishment

someone
try on test clothing before buying (for size, style, and so on)
try out test a product before buying
try out (for) audition for (a role in a play, for example attempt to join (a team,
for example)
1. You’d better _____ _____ these gloves before you buy them; they may not fit.
2. At first, I didn’t want to go to the party, but I’m glad Annette _____ me ____ it. It was fun.
3. The spy ____ ____ the document so that no one else could read it.
4. The twins look so much alike that almost no one can ____ them ____.
5. “I need more excitement in my life.” “Why don’t you give up stamp collecting and _____ _____
skydiving instead?”
6. “Who made the final decision?” “All of the people who were at the meeting _____ _____ _____
the decision-making process.”
7. Most air accidents take place when a plane is ____ ____ or landing.
8. “Will your friend Scott be coming to the reception?” “If he can _____ himself _____ _____ those
computer games he’s always playing.”

9. Dan was afraid the judge would _____ _____ _____ _____ him because he had been charged
with the same offense several times.
10. ____ ____ your boots before you go into the house.
11. I wish I’d ____ ____ this calculator before I bought it. It doesn’t seem to be working right.
12. Marvin was going to drop out of school, but his grandfather _____ him _____ _____ it.
13. I’m not sure if this is a suitable topic for a research paper. I need to ____ it ____ with my
teacher before I start writing.
14. “I’m going to _____ _____ those old newspapers.” “Don’t just put them in the trash – recycle
them instead.”
15. “Are you going on the class trip?” “I need to ____ it ____ before I decide.”
16. “How did you get home so quickly?” “I _____ _____ _____ through the fields.”
17. “So, Louisa, you decided to ____ ____ for a part in the play?” “Yes, I’ve been interested in
acting for quite a while, so I finally decided to ____ ____ ____.”
18. Akiko is going to ____ some ____ ____ ____ teaching to finish writing her dissertation.
MINI-LESSON 1.12
turn around face in a different direction
turn down (1) reject an offer; (2) decrease in intensity
turn in (1) return; give back; hand in; (2) go to bed
turn into change to; transform into
turn off stop the operation (of an appliance, for example); shut off
turn on start the operation (of an appliance, for example)
turn out (1) result; end up; be the final product; (2) produce; (3) arrive;
gather (for a meeting, for example)
turn up (1) increase in intensity; (2) arrive
under the weather slightly ill
use up use completely
wait on serve
walk on air be very happy

warm up (1) heat; (2) practice; prepare for
warm up (to) become friendly with; start to enjoy
watch out (for) be alert; look out for
wear out become no longer useful because of wear
what the doctor ordered exactly what was needed; the perfect thing
wipe out eliminate; stamp out
without a hitch without a problem
work out (1) exercise; (2) bring to a successful conclusion; solve
1. The story of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is about a scientist who ____ ____ a monster after drinking
a chemical potion.
2. _____ _____ the water or the tub will overflow.
3. It’s warm in here. Could you _____ _____ the heater a little?
4. I love that song. Could you _____ _____ the radio a little?
5. I can’t see a thing. Please _____ _____ the light.
6. This sweater looked nice when it was new, but now it’s _____ _____.
7. “I’m hungry!” “Why don’t you _____ _____ some of the leftovers that are in the refrigerator?
You can use the microwave oven.”
8. Not many people _____ _____ for the meeting last night.
9. It’s been a rough day. I’m going to _____ _____ early and get a good night’s sleep.
10. “How about a nice cup of hot tea?” “That’s exactly what I’m in the mood for. It’s just ____
____ ____ ____.”
11. “How was your presentation?” “Great It went off ____ ____ ____.”
12. I’m going to the gym to ____ ____ on the exercise machines.
13. If you’re on a crowded bus or subway car, you must ____ ____ ____ pickpockets.
14. “A bear! I don’t see a bear! Where is it?” “_____ ____ slowly. It’s right behind you.”
15. Maria had quite a few problems last year, but she ____ them all ____.

16. Don’t ask me to _____ _____ you! I’m not your servant.
17. Brian was offered the manager’s job but he ____ it ____. He said he didn’t want the
responsibility.
18. Before the game starts, the players need to _____ _____.
19. “This cake Holly baked for the wedding _____ _____ very well, don’t you think?” “Yes,
indeed. It was delicious.”
20. “Mitchell looked pale and tired.” “He told me he was feeling a little ____ ____ ____.”
21. “You must be happy about getting that scholarship.” “Are you kidding? I’m still ____ ____
____.”
Exercise 6: Rewrite the following essays, from band 5.5 to over 6.5
Topic 1: Computers are being used more and more in education. Some people say that this is a
positive trend, while others argue that it is leading to negative consequences.
Discuss both sides of this argument and then give your own opinion.
It is said that using computers more in classroom is a positive development, whilst others
disagree and think it will lead to a bad trend. This essay will discuss both points of view before
coming to a reasoned conclusion.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
It is clear that the internet has provided students with access to more information than ever
before. Moreover, learners have the ability to research and learn about any subject at the touch of a
button. It is therefore agreed that technology is a very worthwhile tool for education. Wikipedia is
an example, where students can simply type in any keyword and gain access to knowledge quickly
and easily.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
However, many disagree and feel that technology separates people from real human
interaction. Human interaction teaches people valuable social skills. Despite this, human interaction
is still possible through the internet and this essay disagrees technology should be dismissed for this
reason. For instance, Skype and Facebook make it possible for people to interact in ways that were
never before possible.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
In conclusion, while the benefits of technology, particularly the internet, allow students to
tap in to a lot of sources of information. As long as we are careful to keep in mind the importance of
human interaction in education, the educational benefits are clearly positive.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Topic 2: Some people think that it is better to educate boys and girls in separate schools. Others,
however, believe that boys and girls benefit more from attending mixed schools.
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
It is often argued that school children should go to single sex schools, while other would say
that males and females get the most out of mixed schools. This essay will argue that despite there
being some social benefits to females and males going to the same school, the advantages of
educating them separately make it more worthwhile.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Many feel that mixing both sexes at school helps to develop social skills and makes people
less awkward around the opposite sex later in life. This is especially true for males, who often find
it difficult to approach and talk to women socially, if they don’t get used to it first in the classroom.
For example, the Sunday Times recently reported that men who did not have regular social contact
with girls when they were growing up are 68% more likely to suffer from anxiety when in the
company of females.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Despite the argument above, it is difficult to argue with the fact that single sex schools
usually top examination league tables. In nearly every area of the United Kingdom, the top schools
only allow boys or girls to attend and this may lead to higher grades because students can focus
better on their studies.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
In conclusion, integrating the sexes can prevent social awkwardness later in life and make
pupils more sociable in the company of other genders, but a school’s primary purpose is to educate
and those with just one sex outperform those that allow both.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Topic 3: Life was better when technology was simpler. To what extent do you agree and disagree?
It is argued that our lives were happier when technology was less advanced. This essay
disagrees with this statement and believes that computers and the internet have made world a better
place. The essay will first discuss how smart devices save us time and then talk about how the
internet has improved education.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Phones and computers have made our daily lives much easier and give us more free time.
Jobs that required lots of energy and time can now be done at one click. For Example, if we wanted
to communicate with one another in the past, we had to write a letter, take it to the post office and
then wait for it to be delivered, whereas these days we can simply send an email in seconds.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

The internet has also enriched our lives by providing us with more information than we
could ever need, thus making us more independent and effective learners. In the past students had to
rely on a teacher or physical books for their education and these were often either unavailable in a
proper time or in a format that most people did not want, but now we can pick and choose what we
want to learn. For Example, there are now thousands of free online courses available on YouTube
that anyone can watch and learn from anywhere in the world.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
In conclusion, life has been improved by technological advancements, particularly labour
saving devices like phones and learning opportunities provided by the internet.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Topic 4: In some countries the average weight of people is increasing and their levels of health and
fitness are decreasing.

What do you think are the causes of these problems and what measures could be taken to solve
them?
In some nations people are getting heavier and standards of health and well-being are
falling. This essay will suggest that the cause of these issues is the type of food they are eating and
submit a government education program as a solution.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
The main cause of the health crisis currently affecting so many individuals is over-
consumption of poor quality food. Convenience food and junk food, such as microwave dinners,
chocolate bars, McDonald’s and pizza, have become a popular part of modern life. Eating too much
of these high fat meals causes many to gain weight and suffer harmful diseases. For Example, the
movie ‘Super-Size Me’ demonstrated that a person who eats this kind of food all the time will not
only get fat, but also suffer from such things as raised blood pressure and even fatty liver disease.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

The most practical solution to this problem is a government sponsored awareness campaign.
An effective advertising campaign could warn of the dangers of a poor diet and hopefully raise
awareness amongst the public. For example, the U.K. recently lobbied their citizens to eat 5 pieces
of fruit and vegetables a day and this resulted in a dramatic decrease in obesity related illnesses
such as stroke and heart disease.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
In summary, the current health crisis has been caused by an over-reliance on unhealthy food
and states should solve this by educating men and women on how to makes healthier choices.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Topic 5: Some people believe that unpaid community service should be a compulsory part of high
school programmes (for example working for a charity, improving the neighborhood or teaching
sports to younger children).
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
It is argued that volunteering should be made part of the school curriculum. This essay
agrees with that suggestion completely because of the benefits it brings to pupils. The essay will
first look at how voluntary work can help students develop soft skills and then discuss how these
extracurricular activities are valued by universities and employers.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Education should not be limited to strictly academic pursuits and those in education should
also develop life skills, and one of the best ways is through community service. Serving those less
fortunate than ourselves teaches us many lessons including how to work with people from other
backgrounds and the value of hard work.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Many colleges and companies are also increasingly looking for this type of experience. Most
school leavers who achieve the high grades and do a lot of charitable works can impress
interviewers by their CV. For example, Cambridge and Oxford receive thousands of applications
from straight-A students every year and can only accept a small percentage of applicants. What you
have done outside the classroom is often the thing that differentiates you from everyone else and
gets you the way in.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
In conclusion, teenagers should take part in unpaid work as part of their schooling because it
will help them learn things they wouldn’t learn from their teachers and it will also boost their
chances of getting into third level education.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………


(WT2) - Structure Book 6.5+

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

(WT2) - Structure Book 6.5+

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

(WT2) - Structure Book 6.5+

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Global Manpower International English Writing Task 2

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

Grammar points used: noun clause, instead of + noun

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

2- Supporting ideas: to clarify your main idea using:

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

2- Provide a general trend based on factual information or details included in the

3- Suggest some approach for improvements

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

SAMPLE TEMPLATE FOR WRITING

ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE DISCUSSION

In recent years, with the rapid development of ___________________ ，

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

PROBLEM AND SOLUTION DISCUSSION

It has been reported that ____________ is becoming increasingly alarming. The

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

CAUSE AND EFFECT DISCUSSION

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

TEN STEPS TO BUILD A LONG SENTENCE

1 A single sentence Young people are spending much time on

2 Modal (can, could…) Young people must be spending much time

3 Adverb Young people must be spending much time

4 Adverb phrase Now, young people must be spending much

5 Adverb clause Now, young people must be spending much

6 Parallelism Now, young people must be spending much

7 Add modifers to nouns Now, young people must be spending much

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC

STEPS GRAMMAR POINTS NEW SENTENCE

8 Transitional expression Obviously, young people must be spending

9 Add anything from 1 to 8 Obviously, young people must be spending

10 Check Obviously, young people must be spending

SOME BASIC CONJUNCTIONS

7-9 Lý Văn Phức, Tân Định Ward, District 1, HCMC