Chapter 1
Chapter 1
I.
INTRODUCTION
II.
OBJECTIVES
III.
VOCABULARY LIST
For your better understanding of the lesson , here is the list of words and
their meanings. Read and understand them carefully.
1
Vertical line test- simplest way of determining whether or not a graph
represents a function.
Linear function- a function 𝑓 is a linear function if 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, where
𝑚 and 𝑏 are real numbers, and 𝑚 and 𝑓(𝑥) are not both equal to zero.
Quadratic function- any function of the form 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 where
𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are real numbers and 𝑎 ≠ 0.
Piecewise or Compound Function- function defined by multiple
subfunctions, where each subfunction applies to a certain interval of the main
function’s domain.
Even function- the function 𝑓 is an even function if and only if 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥),
for all 𝑥 in the domain of 𝑓.
Odd function- the function 𝑓 is an even function if and only if 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥),
for all 𝑥 in the domain of 𝑓.
Composition of functions- compositon of the function 𝒇 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒈 is denoted by
𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 and is defined by the equation (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)).
IV.
PRE - TEST
Direction: Read each question carefully, then choose the letter of the correct
answer. Write your answer in your Mathematics notebook.
2
5. Which of the following is a one-to-one function?
A. 𝑥 𝑦 C.
Input Output
Kath Dj
2
Liza Enrique
1 4
Kim Xian
6
𝑥
B. D. 𝑥 𝑦
Bea
𝑦 Gerald
Kim
Julia
V.
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
3
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1
3.
Input Output
1 2
2 4
1 6
4.
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Learning Activity 2. Fill the Box!
Direction: Find the value of each
expression and write it
in the box.
Note: You will write your answers
2𝑛 − 11
in your Mathematics notebook.
𝑛
+ 20
5
𝑛 = 13
(𝑛 − 3)2
Directions: Read, understand, and solve what is being asked in the given problem.
Show the complete solution.
Note: You will write your answers in your Mathematics notebook.
5
Representation of Function
The list and set of ordered pairs below shows relation. Each letter is paired with
a number.
Letter( 𝑥) Number(𝑦)
I 2 {(𝐼, 2), (𝐿, 8), (𝑂, 3), (𝑉, 4), (𝐸, 7), (𝑀, 9), (𝐴, 1), (𝑇, 5), (𝐻, 7)}
L 8
O 3
V 4 The domains are {𝐼, 𝐿, 𝑂, 𝑉, 𝐸, 𝑀, 𝐴, 𝑇, 𝐻}
E 7 and the range are {2, 8, 3, 4, 7, 9, 1, 5, 7}.
M 9 Note that for each letter there
A 1 corresponds exactly one number. This
T 5 special kind of relation is called function.
H 7
The members of the domain can be called “input” and the member of the
range can be called “output”. Arrows can be used to describe correspondence in the
function.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A FUNCTION
If we are given a set of ordered pairs, we can easily determine whether the relation
is a function or not by simply looking if each first element is used only once in the given
set. The following characteristics of a function will help us decide when we test for a
function when two sets of numbers are given:
1. Each element of the domain(𝒙) must be matched with exactly one element
of the range(𝒚).
2. Some elements in (𝒚) may not be matched with any elements in (𝒙).
3. Two or more elements in (𝒙) may be matched with same element in (𝒚).
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WAYS TO REPRESENT A FUNCTION
1. Mapping diagram
Example 1. Example 2.
Input,(𝒙) Output,(𝒚)
Input,(𝒙) Output,(𝒚)
1 2
A 2
2 5
E 5
3 10
I 7
4 17
2. Table of values
Example 1. Example 2.
3. Graph
Example:
(2,5)
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4. Rule or correspondence
Example:
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 1, 𝑥 = 1, 2, 3, 4
Notice that the set of ordered pairs of numbers, the mapping diagram,
the table of values and the graph clearly shows that each value of 𝑦 is
obtained by adding 1 to the square of 𝑥. Hence, this is the rule or in words
for the said relation.
A. One-to-one correspondence
Input,(𝒙) Output,(𝒚)
B. Many-to-one correspondence
Input,(𝒙) Output,(𝒚)
C. One-to-many correspondence
Input,(𝒙) Output,(𝒚)
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5. Equation
The rule or correspondence can be described by the equation 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏.
For you to be able to represent the function through an equation, your goal
is to think or make an equation that will satisfy the values of domain and
range.
Example 1. Example 2.
The graphs in example 1 and 2 are both “function” because there is only one
point of intersection between the graph (black line) and the vertical line (red line).
Example 1. Example 2.
The graphs in example 3 and 4 are not “function” because there is more than
one point of intersection between the graph (black line/circle) and the vertical line (red
line).
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TYPES OF FUNCTION
A. Linear function
Example: 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2
Remember: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦
Solution: 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2
Let 𝑥 = −2 Let 𝑥 = 1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 + 2 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 + 2
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3(−2) + 2 Substitute 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3(1) + 2 Substitute
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −6 + 2 Simplify 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3 + 2 Simplify
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −4 Answer 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 5 Answer
Thus, if 𝑥 = −2, then 𝑦 = −4 Thus, if 𝑥 = 1, then 𝑦 = 5
Therefore:
𝒙 −𝟐 −1 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐
𝒚 −𝟒 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟓 𝟖
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B. Quadratic function
Parabola
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐
(Opens
upward)
Line of Symmetry
-divides the parabola in
The point where the line
two equal parts/portion.
crosses the parabola is
called the vertex.
Parabola
(Opens Line of Symmetry
downward) -divides the parabola in
two equal parts/portion.
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If the value of 𝑎 (in the 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 or in
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 ) is positive, the parabola opens
upward and the vertex is the minimum point.
If the value of 𝑎 (in the 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 or in
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 ) is negative, the parabola opens
downward and the vertex is the maximum point.
C. PIECEWISE FUNCTION
To graph, first you have to find the set of ordered pairs. In finding the values
of 𝑓(𝑥 ) or 𝑦, you must consider the given condition of each sub-function.
To find the set of ordered pairs, assigned values for 𝒙, , then solve for the
values of 𝒚.
Use table of values.
First sub-function states that
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 1 if the values of 𝑥 is less than
1, then you will use 𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
𝑥 −2 −1 0
𝑥 + 1 to find the values of 𝑦.
𝑦 −1 0 1 −2, −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 are less than 1
Solution:
Let 𝑥 = −2 Let 𝑥 = −1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 1 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −2 + 1 Substitute 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −1 + 1 Substitute
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −1 Simplify 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 0 Simplify
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −1 Answer 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 0 Answer
Thus, if 𝑥 = −2, then 𝑦 = −1 Thus, if 𝑥 = −1, then 𝑦 = 0
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𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −𝑥 + 2, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 1 Second sub-function states
that if the values of 𝑥 is
𝑥 1 2 3
greater than or equal to 1,
𝑦 1 0 −1 then you will use 𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
−𝑥 + 2 to find the values of 𝑦.
1, 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 are greater than or
Solution: equal to 1
Let 𝑥 = 1 Let 𝑥 = 2
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −𝑥 + 2 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −𝑥 + 2
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −1 + 2 Substitute 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −2 + 2 Substitute
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 1 Simplify 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 0 Simplify
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 1 Answer 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 0 Answer
Thus, if 𝑥 = 1, then 𝑦 = 1 Thus, if 𝑥 = 2, then 𝑦 = 0
2. You are a crew at 7/11 Convenience store that pays an hourly wage of
P45.00/hour if you work for 40 hours a week, and 1.5 times the hourly wage per
hour for the extra hours if you work for more than 40 hours a week. Write a
piecewise function that gives the weekly pay P in terms of the number of hours
h you work.
Solution:
For up to 40h, your pay is given by P45.00(40h)
For over 40h, your pay is given by: Thus, the piecewise function is
45(40) + 1.5(45)(ℎ − 40) 45ℎ, 𝑖𝑓 0 ≤ ℎ ≤ 1
= 1,800 + 67.5(ℎ − 40) Distributive Property 𝑃 (ℎ ) = {
67.5ℎ − 900, 𝑖𝑓 ℎ > 1
= 1,800 + 67.5ℎ − 2,700 Combine like terms
= 67.5ℎ − 900 Answer
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D. Even function
The function 𝑓 is an even function if and only if 𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥), for all 𝑥 in
the domain of 𝑓.
Every term in the right-hand side of the equation of an even function
does not change even if 𝑥 is replaced with – 𝑥.
Example:
Given: 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2
Sol’n: 𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = 3(−𝑥)4 − 2(−𝑥)2
𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = 3(−𝑥 )(−𝑥)(−𝑥 )(−𝑥 ) − 2(−𝑥)(−𝑥) Replace 𝑥 with −𝑥
𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2
The right hand-side of the equation of the given function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2
did not change when 𝑥 was replaced by – 𝑥. Since 𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑓 is an
even function.
E. Odd function
-the function 𝑓 is an odd function if and only if 𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = −𝑓(𝑥), for all 𝑥
in the domain of 𝑓.
-every term in the right-hand side of the equation of an odd function
changes sign if 𝑥 is replaced with – 𝑥.
Example:
Given: 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 5 + 𝑥 3
Sol’n: 𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = 2(−𝑥)5 + (−𝑥)3
𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = 2(−𝑥 )(−𝑥)(−𝑥 )(−𝑥 )(−𝑥) + (−𝑥)(−𝑥)(−𝑥) Replace 𝑥 with −𝑥
𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = −2𝑥 5 − 𝑥 3
Every term of the right hand-side of the equation of the given function
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 5 + 𝑥 3 changes when 𝑥 was replaced by – 𝑥. Since 𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = −𝑓(𝑥),
𝑓 is an odd function.
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Evaluation of Function
a. 𝑓 (4) b. 𝑓 (−2)
Solution:
a. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 8 b. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 8
𝑓 (4) = 4 + 8 𝑓 (−2) = (−2) + 8
𝑓 (4) = 12 𝑓 (−2) = 6
𝑥 2 + 2, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
Example 2: If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = { evaluate the following
5𝑥 + 2, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
a. 𝑓 (−4) b. 𝑓 (3)
Solution:
a. To find 𝑓 (−4), we let 𝑥 = −4. Since −4 is less than 0, you will use the
first equation of the function.
Thus, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 2 = (−4)2 + 2 = 18
b. To find 𝑓 (3), we let 𝑥 = 3. Since 3 is greater than 0, you will use the
second equation of the function.
Thus, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 + 2 = 5(3) + 2 = 17
Example 3: If 𝑚 = 10, evaluate the following:
𝑚3
a. 3𝑚 − 15 b. 20
Solution:
𝑚3
a. = 3𝑚 − 15 b. = 20
103
= 3(10) − 15 = 20
1000
= 30 − 15 = 20
= 15 = 50
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Operations on Functions
16
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
D. Quotient of Functions: (𝑥 ) = , where 𝑔(𝑥 ) ≠ 0
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑓
Example: Let 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 , find 𝑔
(𝑥 )
Solution:
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
(𝑥 ) = Definition of quotient of functions
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥+𝑦
= 𝑥2 +2𝑥𝑦+𝑦 2 Substitute
𝑥+𝑦
= (𝑥+𝑦)(𝑥+𝑦) Factor out: 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑥+𝑦
= (𝑥+𝑦)(𝑥+𝑦) Divide 𝑓 (𝑥 ) and 𝑔(𝑥), cancel out the common factor.
1
= (𝑥+𝑦) Copy the remaining factors (ANSWER)
Composition of Functions
Example:
17
(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )) Definition of composition of function
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 − 5 Given equation for 𝑓
= 4(𝑔(𝑥 )) − 5 Replace 𝑥 by 𝑔(𝑥)
= 4(𝑥 2 + 4) − 5 Replace 𝑔(𝑥) by 𝑥 2 + 4
= 4𝑥 2 + 16 − 5 Apply the Law of distribution
= 4𝑥 2 + 11 Combine like terms
Thus, (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 + 11
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