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Basic rlectrical engneering transformer single phase theory
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50 views8 pagesTransformer Bee
Basic rlectrical engneering transformer single phase theory
Uploaded by
atulCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS |
6.1 INTRODUCTION vb if
. Voltage Levels in Power System
An AC electrical power is generated in generating stations on a very large scale at a convenier
voltage of 11kV. These generating stations are located far away from the regions where this power is to b
utilised. So the generated power is transmitted through long distance transmission lines at the mos
economical high voltage of 132 kV or 220 KV. The transmitted powers then distributed to the various su
regions for utilisation through the short distance distribution lines safely at low voltages such as 3.3 kV o
400V.
2. Necessity of Transformer
The generation, transmission and distribution stages of AC electric power take place at differen
voltage levels. These changes in the voltage levels in the power system are provided by using stationar
machines, known as transformers.
3. Definition of Transformer
Atransformer is defined as electromagnetic device om ‘iransforms an AC electrical powe
from one electrical circuit to another with a desired change in the voltage level without any electrics
‘TONTSCHONBENWeen the two circu
4. Change in Voltage and Current Levels
i) The change in the voltage level in the transformer is always associated with the subsequen
change in the current level. The rise in the voltage level produces the corresponding decreasé
inthe current level and vice versa.
li) Eventhough there are changes in voltage and current levels from one circuit to the other th
frequency remains essentially the same, Also there is no change in the power transformec
except small power loss inthe transformer.
5. High Efficiency of Transformer
Due to the absence of moving parts in the transformer, it has no frictional losses and hence it has <
very high efficiency of the order of 97 % to 98 %. So the transformer is supposed to be the highly efficien
device. a :
6. Applications of Transformers
Basically transformers are used in AC power systems to change the voltage levels between the twc
circuits. Sometimes they are used for electrical isolation of one circui One variety, the
autotransformer, is used to get a variable voltage, The transformer can be used for phase shift, change ir
number of phases etc. Small transformers are employed inthe electraniccircuiis. ~
6.2 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF TRANSFORMERS
1. Schematic Arrangement
Fig. 6.1 shows a schematic arrangement of a single-phase transformer. It essentially consists of z Laminated Magnetic Core [Secondary Winding (S)
Primary Winding (P) —
100/0.5=200 Primary Side
Fig.6.1 : Schematic
Bi X22 pifL Fux Arrangement
Sohm 4 Single Phase Transformer Ip
P s
AC. 4 é '
e) |v
/ suoiyed | Ny Ne Val WV |t24
<—o <
2. Working Principle
’) The transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction (mutual induction). It is
according tothe Faraday’s law of electromagneticinduction: ———
ii) The two windings of the transformer are electrically separated but they are linked by a .
common mutual flux because they are wound on the same magnetic core of very low
reluctance. These windings are highly inductive. So they have a very high mutual inductance
betweenthem.
iii) When an AC supply of alternating voltage V, is given to the primary winding, alternating
current |; is produced in it. This current sets up an alternating flux @ in the core. This flux is
linked with the secondary winding to produce mutually induced emf in it according to the
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
iv) When a load is connected across the secondary, the secondary induced emf E, circulates
current |; through it. Thus the electrical power is transferred magnetically or inductively from
primary circuit tothe secondary circuit without any electrical connection between them.
3. Primary and Secondary EMFs
The common alternating flux is linked with both the windings and hence the emfs E, and E, are
statically induced in primary and secondary windings respectively according to the Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction. ; is the self-induced emf which opposes primary supply voltage V,
according to the Lenz’s law. Ep is the mutually induced emf. The frequency of E, and E, is same as that of
mutual flux i.e. supply ane ea ee atl recent
Ifthe impedance of load connected to secondary is Z; , the secondary emf E, circulates secondary
current ly through it and produces secondary voltage Vz across the load. Vp is slightly less than E» by the
impedance voltage drop IpZy in the secondary winding. Similarly the primary emf Ey is slightly less than
the primary supply voltage V, by the impedance voltage drop I,Z; inthe primary winding.
4. Unsuitability of Transformer on DC Supply
The transformer works only on AC supply because it needs alternating (time-varying) flux for
electromagnetic induction of emfs in the transformer windings. The alternating mutual flux can be
Fig.6.2 : Single Phase
Transformer Circuit produced only by the alternating voltage. Such alternating flux and alternating current can produce
oS) for the functioning of the transformer. So AC supply is a
emfs | because E2 = ws or Ey =
must forthe transformer to function.
If instead cf AC, DC supply is given to the transformer primary, it produces direct current in the
primary and steady flux in the core. Such stationary flux cannot induce any emf in primary anc secondary
by mutual induction. So secondary cannot deliver electric power to the load. Due to the absence of
primary emf , which normally opposes primary voltage Vj, the primary current |, becomes excessively
high due to high value of V, and low value of primary resistance R,. This heavy primary current may burn
the primary winding insulation and damage the transformer. So the transformer is never operated on DC
supply.
6.3 CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMERS
1) Constructional Types
According to the construction of core and placement of windings on it, the single phase
transformers are classified into two main types :
i) Coretype transformer and (ii) Shelltype transformer
2) Common Features
For core type as well as shell type transformers, the following constructional features are
‘common.
1) Laminated core and Windings : Two basic constructional element of any transformer are :
a) Laminated magneticcore and b) Primary and secondary windings.
li) Core laminations : A magnetic core of the transformer is formed by stacking L-shaped
laminations or €-and |-shaped laminations,
The laminations are of good quality transformer sheet steel or high grade silicon steel materials.
They possess high permeability and low hysteresis loss. The laminations are insulated from each other by
applying varnish or a thin coat of oxide on both side - surfaces of each lamination, The thickness of
lamination varies from 0.35 mm to 0.5 mm for the rated frequency range from 50 Hz to 25 Hz. The
laminated core construction reduces eddy currents and eddy currentloss inthe core.
iii) Staggering of Laminations : The core laminations produce air-gaps at the butt joints in the
magnetic circuit and increase the reluctance of the flux path. So they require more magnetising current to
produce the required flux. The continuous air-gap (butt joints) can be eliminated and reluctance and
magnetising current can be reduced by staggering of butt joints at alternate layers of laminations as
shown in Fig. 6.3 (d) and 6.4 (d) for core type and shell-type transformers respectively.
Fig. 6.4 (e) shows overlapping and staggering of butt joints for I-shaped laminations. The
staggering distributes air-gap at two places on alternate layers of laminations and thereby eliminates
through air-gap at a single place in the magnetic circuit.
3) Core Type Transformers
i) Gore Incore type transtormer a rectangular core of L-shaped laminations [Fig. 6.3 (c)] of high
grade silicon steel is formed. The horizontal top and bottom portions of the core are known as yokes and
the two vertical parts are known as the limbs or legs.
The core laminations are staggered [Fig. 6.3(d)] while stacking them to form the required core
cross-section. In case of large transformers, stepped core construction is used to improve overall
performance and reduce the size and cost.
li) Windings : High voltage (H.V,) and low voltage (L.V.) windings of transformer are form-wound ie.
they are wound on the insulated cylinciers which are known as formers. These windings are in the form of
insulated copper wires or strips. The coils are circular or rectangular in shape. So the windings are
cylindrical. The H.\. and L.V. windings are equally divided and concentrically placed over the two limbs of
thecore. Laminated Core
LY. Former
LV, Winding
HN. Former
HN. Winding
(a) Placement of
Windings
Fo Bet doints ———,
(0) Core Type
Arrangement
Windings Fig.6.3 : Core Type
(c) LShapped Laminations (d) Staggering of Butt Joints Transformer Construction
LV former and L.V. winding are placed first on the limb and then H.V. former and H.V. winding are
placed outside, surrounding the L.V. winding, This arrangement minimises leakage flux and leakage
reactance and improves mutual inductance between the two windings. H.V. winding is always placed
outside the L..V. winding to reduce insulation cost and secure safety. INH.V. winding is situated adjacentto
the core, inside the L.V. winding, thick insulation between the core and the H.V. winding would be required
forsafety.
Fig. 6.3 (a) shows the placement of equally distributed primary and secondary windings on the
two limbs of the core.
Fig. 6.3 (b) showthe arrangement of windings ard core in core type transformer.
A) Shell Type Transformer
i) Core : In shell type transformer, a magnetic core is formed by stacking E - and | - shaped
laminations [Fig. 6.4 (c)] of silicon steel. The core has two horizontal yokes at the top and bottom and
three vertical limbs orlegs. The cross - section of the central limb is double that of each outer limb. The flux
produced in the central limb is divided equally between the two outer limbs.
The laminations are staggered (Fig. 6.4 (d)] alternately to avoid continuous alr-gap across the
core cross-section and to reduce the reluctance of the magnetic circuit. Stepped core cross-section is
preferredto the square core cross-section in order to reduce copper loss and amount of copper.
Laminated Core
Yoke
Winding +
Insulation
Yoke
(a) Placement of Windings
ig.6.4 : Shell Type ;
Transformer (b) Shell Type Arrangement 6.4 EQUATION
Tris seen in fundamental principle of transformer that the alternating sinusoidal supply voltage V
circulates sinusoidally alternating current ly and sets up sinusoidally varying flux @ in the core. This
alternating flux links primary and secondary windings to induce sinusoidal sell-induced emf E, in primary
and mutually-induced emf E, in secondary. These emf equations canbe derived asfollows.
Fig. 6.6 shows the sinusoidally varying flux produced by the sinusoidal primary current.
‘Single Phase Transformer
Let
Flux
|= Instantaneous value of flux in
Om b---==, ef? te [e= sasnot] webers.
Wy No!? 9, =Maximumvalue of fluxinwebers.
f = Supply frequency in Hz.
N, = Number of primary turns.
‘cot Ny=Numberofsecondary turns.
E, = RMS value of primary induced emf
E, = RMS vale ofsecondary induced emt
E, = RMS value of emf perturn.
The average emf induced in each tum of the
winding is equal to the average rate of change of
flux linking the winding, according to the
Faraday's law of electromagneticinduction.
:. Average emffturn = Average rate of change
a
ayat neal
TaAlt.
ua offlux
_&% ___ Change in flux
Fig.6.6 : Sine Wave of Flux dt Time for change in flux
From Fig. 6.6, fora change in flux from 0 to $m , the time required is 1/4f seconds.
s-Average emt /tum= {% = #m=9 _ 4fy,,..
* [al
As the flux and emf, both are sinusoidal,
wb / sec or volts
Form factor 144
ve
“BMS value = 1.11 x Average vale.
RMS emfftumn = 1.11 xAverage emftumn = 1.11 x4fq,
= 4.441bm .
Primary emf = Ey= E,xNj = 4.44 dN, and
Secondary emf = E, = Ey XNo = 4.44 fomNa
EMF equations of transformer are given by: 6.5 TRANSFORMATION RATIOS
Refer Fig. 6.1 for schematic arrangement of transformer.
1. Voltage Transformation Ratio (K)
i) Turns Ratio (K) : The ratio of number of secondary turns N, to the number of primary turns Nj is
known as the turns ratio and it is denoted by K.
li) EMF Ratio (K):It is defined as the ratio of secondary induced emf E, to the primary induced
emf Ey.
From equations (6.1) and (6.2),
Iii) Voltage Ratio : The ratio of secondary load voltage V> to the primary supply voltage V; is known as
thevoltage ratio,
Generally the primary and secondary windings have resistances Ry and Ry and leakage reactances
X, and Xp respectively, Therefore they have respective impedences Z, and Z,. When the transformer is
supplied atthe primary and loaded on the secondary side as shown in Fig. 6.1, the primary and secondary
windings carry currents |; and lp respectively and produce respective voltage drops |,Z; and lpZ, in their
impedances. Therefore, the primary induced emf E; differs from primary voltage V, by |;2y drop.
Similarly the secondary induced emf Ep differs from secondary voltage Vi by lp, drop. The impedances
Zand Zp being small, the voltage drops!,Z, and hZ, may be neglected.
ThenE;=V, and E,=V,
V;
+. Voltage ratio= 42 = E2 . Ne. on(Eq. 6.3)
ottage ratio = <7 7 (Eq. 6.3)
lv) Current Ratio: The ratio of secondary current I to the primary current | is known as the current
ratio.
In case of an ideal transformer, the power loss in the transformer is zero. Hence the input primary
poweris equalto the output secondary power.
Vy, = VghCosby
Under ideal condition, the primary and secondary power factors are equal.
ie. 6086; = Cosby
Mh =Vely i.e. primary VA = secondary VA.
1
+. Current ratio= 2 = 1 = —
K
i.e. Current atiois inverse of voltage ratio. Referring equation 6.3,
Ve _E2_Ne_ hk
2a 2 2 eA LK (Eq. 6.4)
YE, Nb (Ea-6.4)
v) Inverse current ratio: tis the ratio of primary current], tothe secondary current.
vi) Voltage Transformation Ratio (K) : In general, the emt ratio or voltage ratiois known as the voltage
transformation ratio and is denoted by K. It is equal to turns ratio or inverse current ratio as expressed by
equation (6.4).
2. Transformer Types by Transformation Ratios
t) [Step-up Transformer} [Step-up Transformer} Ifthe transformation rati
L541, then E2>E,, Vo>Vy, Np>Nyand I> b Ey = KE}, Vo = KV}, Np=KNj and |y = Klp
Such transformer is known as a step-up transtormer.
the numberof primary tus. Sothere is voltage boo:
ii) [Step-down Transformer Jin this transformer, the
- G2 Ne Ne hig cy
BM M b
ie. Ep
