INTRODUCTION

LECTURE 01
 SIGNAL

• Anything that carries some information can be called as signal.

• A signal is also defined as any physical quantity varies with time, space or any other
independent variable or variables.
• Speech, Electrocardiogram, Electroencephalogram are natural signals – function of single
independent variable namely time
• Electrocardiogram(ECG) – Provides information about the health of a person’s heart
• Electroencephalogram(EEG) – provides information about brain activity of a person.
• A signal can be a function of one or more independent variables.
Give an example of a signal that is a function of two independent variables?
 DIGITAL + SIGNAL + PROCESSING

• Digital: Process is done on digital computer or special purpose digital hardware

• Signal: It is a function of a set of independent variables which carries some information available for
observation
• Processing: Performing operations on signal to extract some useful information

• Digital Signal Processing (DSP):

• Representation of signals by sequence of numbers or symbols and processing of those sequences
• The purpose of such processing may be to estimate characteristic parameter or transform a signal into a form
which is in some sense more desirable.
 BASIC ELEMENTS OF DSP SYSTEMS
• Most of the signals encountered in science and engineering are analog in nature. That is the signals are
functions of a continuous variable, such as time or space, and usually take on values in a continuous
range.
• Such signals may be processed directly by appropriate analog systems (such as filters or frequency
analyzers) or frequency multipliers for the purpose of changing their characteristics or extracting some
desired information. In such a case we say that the signal has been processed directly in its analog form.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING SYSTEM

• Digital signal processing provides an alternative method for processing the analog signal.
• To perform the processing digitally, there is a need for an interface between the analog
signal and the digital processor.
• This interface is called an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter. The output of the A/D
converter is a digital signal that is appropriate as an input to the digital processor.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING SYSTEM(CONT…)

• The digital signal processor may be a large programmable digital computer, or a small
microprocessor programmed to perform the desired operations on the input signal.
• Programmable machines provide the flexibility to change the signal processing operations
through a change in the software, whereas hardwired machines are difficult to reconfigure.
• when signal processing operations are well defined, a hardwired implementation of the
operations can be optimized, resulting in a cheaper signal processor.
 CONTD…

• In applications where the digital output from the digital signal processor is
to be given to the user in analog form , such as in speech communications,
we must provide another interface from the digital domain to the analog
domain. Such an interface is called a digital-to-analog (D/A) converter.
Thus, the signal is provided to the user in analog form.
• In the digital processing of radar signals, the information extracted from
the radar signal, such as the position of the aircraft and its speed, may
simply be printed on paper. There is no need for a D /A converter in this
case.
 ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL OVER ANALOG

• Greater Accuracy: The tolerance of the circuit components used to design the analog filter affects the
accuracy, whereas the DSP provides superior control of accuracy. Result in specifying the accuracy
requirements in the A /D converter and the digital signal processor, in terms of word length, floating-
point versus fixed-point arithmetic, and similar factors.
• Cheaper: A digital implementation of the signal processing system is cheaper than its analog
counterpart.
• Ease of storage: Digital signals are easily stored on magnetic media (tape or disk) without deterioration
or loss of signal fidelity and can be processed off-line in a remote laboratory.
• Implementation of sophisticated algorithms: The DSP allows implementation of sophisticated algorithms
when compared to its analog counterpart. It is usually very difficult to perform precise mathematical
operations on signals in analog form but these same operations can be routinely implemented on a
digital computer using software.
 CONTD…

• Flexibility in configuration: First, a digital programmable system allows flexibility in reconfiguring the
digital signal processing operations simply by changing the program . Reconfiguration of an analog system
usually implies a redesign of the hardware followed by testing and verification to see that it operates
properly.
• Applicability of VLF signals: The very low frequency signals such as those occurring in seismic application
can be easily processed using a digital signal processor when compared to an analog processing system,
where inductors and capacitors need would be physically very large in size.
• Time sharing: DSP allows sharing of a given processor among a number of signals by time sharing thus
reducing the cost of processing a signal.
 LIMITATIONS
• System Complexity: Increases in the digital processing of an analog signal because of device such as
A/D and D/A converters and their associated filters.
• Bandwidth limited by Sampling rate: Band limited signals can be sampled without information loss if
the sampling rate is more than twice the bandwidth. Therefore, signals having extremely wide
bandwidths require fast sampling rate A/D converters and fast digital signal processors. But practical
limitation in the speed of operation of A/D converters and Digital Signal Processor.
• Power Consumption: A variety of analog processing algorithm can be implemented using passive
circuit elements like inductors and resistors that do not need much power, where as DSP chip
containing over 4 lakh transistors dissipates more power.
 APPLICATIONS OF DSP
• Bio-Medical Engineering
• Acoustics
• Military, Radar
• Speech Communication
• Data Communication
• Image processing
• Nuclear Science
• Telecommunication
• Consumer electronics
• Seismology
Classification of Signals
Lecture 02
Elementary Signals
Unit Step Function
• Continuous time unit step function is defined as

1, 𝑡 > 0 1, 𝑡 > 0
1
u(t) = 2 , 𝑡 = 0 Or u(t) = 0, 𝑡 = 0
0, 𝑡 = 0 0, 𝑡 = 0

Area under the unit step is infinity Both Functional representations are valid
Impulse Signal
Unit impulse can be regarded as a rectangular
pulse with a width that has become infinitesimally
small, a height that has become infinitely large and
an overall area that has been maintained as unity

∞, 𝑡 = 0
ʆ(t) = 0, 𝑡 ≠ 0
Area under the unit impulse is one

+∞

න ʆ(t)dt=1
−∞
Area under the ramp function is infinity
 A rect[t/T]

T is the time period

t is the variable
T is the time period
t is the variable
Operations on Signal
Do the subtraction of same signals x1(t) and
x2(t)
See the transformation
Transformation of the Independent Variable
(Time)
Shifting advances the sequence
Shifting delays the sequence
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
Q7
Q8
Q8
Q9
Classification of Signals
Lecture 05
Analog to Digital Conversion
Sampling of Analog Signal
Analog to Digital Conversion

Examples
Sketch the CTS x(t)=2e^(-2t) for an interval 0<=t<=2. Sample the
continuous signal with time period T=0.2s and sketch the DTS
Sketch the CTS x(t)=2e^(t^2/2) for an interval -
1<=t<=1. Sample the continuous signal with
time period T=0.1s and sketch the DTS
Even Signal
ODD Signal
Solve
• X(t)=e^(-5t)
• X(t)=sin2t
• X(t)=cos(5t)
Properties of even and odd signal
Examples
Exercise
Solution
Even and Odd component of Signals
Even and Odd component of Signals
Example
Example
Periodic Signal
Periodic Signal
Find Fundamental Time Period of the Signal
Find Fundamental Time Period of the Signal
Find Fundamental Time Period of the Signal
Find Fundamental Time Period of the Signal
Find Fundamental Time Period of the Signal
Find Fundamental Time Period of the Signal
Sum of Periodic Function
Calculation of FTP of sum of two or
more signals
Example
Example
FTP Calculation
To
Second Method