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1.5 Algorithms

The document provides an introduction to algorithms and data structures. It discusses algorithm representation using flowcharts and pseudocode. Key points covered include: - Algorithms are step-by-step solutions to problems and must be unambiguous, finite, and produce the desired output. - Flowcharts use standardized symbols to visually represent algorithm logic and instruction order. Pseudocode resembles programming instructions but uses plain language. - Programs can be structured using sequence, selection, and iteration logic. Common structures include IF/THEN/ELSE, WHILE, FOR. - Examples demonstrate algorithms for basic math problems and grading student exam results represented as pseudocode and flowcharts. Assignments are provided to practice additional algorithm

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Aprajita Kumari
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31 views32 pages

1.5 Algorithms

The document provides an introduction to algorithms and data structures. It discusses algorithm representation using flowcharts and pseudocode. Key points covered include: - Algorithms are step-by-step solutions to problems and must be unambiguous, finite, and produce the desired output. - Flowcharts use standardized symbols to visually represent algorithm logic and instruction order. Pseudocode resembles programming instructions but uses plain language. - Programs can be structured using sequence, selection, and iteration logic. Common structures include IF/THEN/ELSE, WHILE, FOR. - Examples demonstrate algorithms for basic math problems and grading student exam results represented as pseudocode and flowcharts. Assignments are provided to practice additional algorithm

Uploaded by

Aprajita Kumari
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CS1101

Introduction to Computer Programming and


Data Structures
Dr. B Ramachandra Reddy
Outline

• Algorithm
• Flow Charts
• Pseudo Code
Program Planning

 To write a correct program, a programmer must write each and every


instruction in the correct sequence
 Logic (instruction sequence) of a program can be very complex
 Hence, programs must be planned before they are written to ensure
program instructions are:
 Appropriate for the problem
 In the correct sequence
Algorithm

 Refers to the logic of a program and a step-by-step description of how to


arrive at the solution of a given problem.
 In order to qualify as an algorithm, a sequence of instructions must
have following characteristics:
 Each and every instruction should be precise and unambiguous
 Each instruction should be such that it can be performed in a finite time
 One or more instructions should not be repeated infinitely. This ensures that the
algorithm will ultimately terminate
 After performing the instructions, that is after the algorithm terminates, the
desired results must be obtained
Representation of Algorithms

 As flowcharts
 As pseudocodes
Flowchart

 Flowchart is a pictorial representation of an algorithm


 Uses symbols (boxes of different shapes) that have
standardized meanings to denote different types of
instructions
 Actual instructions are written within the boxes
 Boxes are connected by solid lines having arrow marks
to indicate the exact sequence in which the instructions
are to be executed
 Process of drawing a flowchart for an algorithm is called
flowcharting
Basic Flowchart Symbols
Examples of Decision Symbol

No A<B Compare A>B


Is I = 10?
A&B

Yes A=B

(a) A two-way branch decision. (b) A three-way branch decision.


Examples of Decision Symbol

I=?

=0 =1 =2 =3 =4 =5 = Other

(c) A multiple-way branch decision.


Flowchart examples

To check the given number is odd or


even
Sample Flowchart
Pseudocode

 A program planning tool where program logic is written in


an ordinary natural language using a structure that
resembles computer instructions

 “ Pseudo” means imitation or false and “ Code” refers to


the instructions written in a programming language.
Hence, pseudocode is an imitation of actual computer
instructions

 Because it emphasizes the design of the program,


pseudocode is also called Program Design Language
(PDL)
Basic Logic (Control) Structures

• Any program logic can be expressed by using only


following three simple logic structures:

1. Sequence logic,
2. Selection logic, and
3. Iteration (or looping) logic

• Programs structured by using only these three logic


structures are called structured programs, and the
technique of writing such programs is known as structured
programming
Pseudocode
• read/get – indicates a user will be inputting something
• display/print/show – indicates that an output will appear on the screen
• SET, INIT: To initialize values
• Expressions
• ← Assignment (like = in C)
• = Equality testing (like = = in C)
• n2 superscripts and other mathematical formatting allowed
• Method call
• var.method (arg [, arg…])
• Return value
• return expression
Sequence Logic

Process 1

Process 1
Process 2
Process 2

(a) Flowchart (b) Pseudocode


Algorithm- add two numbers
Algorithm- area of circle
Selection Logic

• Also known as decision logic, it is used for making decisions

• Three popularly used selection logic structures are


1. IF…THEN…ELSE
2. IF…THEN
3. CASE
Selection Logic (IF…THEN…ELSE Structure)

Yes No IF Condition THEN


IF (condition)
Process 1

THEN ELSE ELSE


Process 2
Process 1 Process 2
ENDIF

(a) Flowchart (b) Pseudocode


Selection Logic (IF…THEN Structure)

Yes No
IF (condition)
IF Condition THEN

THEN Process 1
Process 1 ENDIF

(a) Flowchart (b) Pseudocode


Sample Algorithm
Algorithm- Grade
Selection Logic (CASE Structure)

Yes
Type 1 Process 1

No
Yes
Type 2 Process 2 CASE Type

Case Type 1: Process 1


No
Case Type 2: Process 2

Yes
Type n Process n
Case Type n: Process n
No
ENDCASE

(a) Flowchart
(b) Pseudocode
Iteration (or Looping) Logic

 Used to produce loops in program logic when one or more instructions may
be executed several times depending on some conditions

 Two popularly used iteration logic structures are

1. DO…WHILE
2. REPEAT…UNTIL
Iteration (or Looping) Logic
(DO…WHILE Structure)

False
Condition?

True
Process 1 DO WHILE Condition
Process 1
Block
Process n

Process n ENDDO

(a) Flowchart (b) Pseudocode


Iteration (or Looping) Logic
(REPEAT…UNTIL Structure)

Process 1

REPEAT
Process 1
Process n

Process n
False
Condition? UNTIL Condition

True
(a) Flowchart (b) Pseudocode
Sample Algorithm (Example 1)

• There are 50 students in a class who appeared in their


final examination. Their mark sheets have been given to
you.

• The division column of the mark sheet contains the


division (FIRST, SECOND, THIRD or FAIL) obtained by the
student.

• Write an algorithm to calculate and print the total


number of students who passed in FIRST division.
Sample Algorithm (Example 1)
Step 1: Initialize Total_First_Division and
Total_Marksheets_Checked to zero.

Step 2: Take the mark sheet of the next student.

Step 3: Check the division column of the mark sheet to see if it is


FIRST, if no, go to Step 5.

Step 4: Add 1 to Total_First_Division.

Step 5: Add 1 to Total_Marksheets_Checked.

Step 6: Is Total_Marksheets_Checked = 50, if no, go to Step 2.

Step 7: Print Total_First_Division.

Step 8: Stop.
Flowchart Vs Pseudo code
Flowchart Pseudocode

Start/End Begin/End

Input/output Read: read x,y


Print: Print y
Process Computation: X<-y+6

Decision If/if-lse/case/while/
do-while/for
Connector Not Applicable

Predefined Process Not Applicable


Flowchart Vs Pseudo code

• Flowchart Advantages • Pseudocode Advantages


• Standard • Easily modified
• Visual • Implements structured concepts
• Done easy on Word Processor
• Flowchart Disadvantages • Pseudocode Disadvantages
• Hard to modify • Not Visual
• Structured design elements not • Not accepted standard, varies
implemented from company to company
• Special software required
Assignments

• Write a pseudo code and flowchart to find the factorial of the given
number
• Write a pseudo code and flowchart to find the given number is prime
or not?
• Write a pseudo code and flowchart to generate the Fibonacci series
upto n numbers.
• Write a pseudo code and flowchart to check the given number is
palindrome or not?

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