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55 views24 pagesSQL Commands
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/ 24
114 SQL, PLISAL: THE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE OF ORACLE
au ee ape
[SECTION III: Structured Query Lanau SOL
7. INTERACTIVE SQL PART
TABLE FUNDAMENTALS
ink ofa table as a spreads
A table is database object that holds user data, ‘The simplest analogy 1810 INTE Chia sng sociated
The cells of the spreadsheet equate to the columns of a table nate ied storing letters (ie. character’
them. If the spreadshe a saci tt column. Each column of the table wi}
tm tatn, which is dentin! 10 the dita type gp
type bound to it
the column, will be stored within the colunn,
Oracle Data Types
Basic Data Types
ited to the
to create tables suited to the scope of
ss allowing the programmer to create tables suited 10 the
isions made in choosing proper data types greatly influence the performance of g
to have a detailed understanding of these concepts.
Oracle is capable of man
expe
. a ly
of the data types that even the novice programmer has probably already been
(10, Refer (0 table 7.1 for some of the more commonly used includ
__Data Type aa: =
~~ Description i
CHAR(si:
] This data type is use Graracter strings values of fixed length. The size in
? | brackets determ a lve nuaber a efactes the cell can hold. The maximum numberof |
j characters (i.e. the size) this data type can at is 255 characters. The data held is right. |
| padded with spaces to whatever length specified. .
| For exampl ih case of Name CHAR(0), if the data held in the varfable Name is only |
0 characters in length, then the eniry will be padded with 40 characters worth of spaces, |
| These spaces will be removed when the value is retrieved though. These entries will be |
j sorted and compared by MySQL in case-insensitive fashions unless the BINARY
keyword is associated with it, ,
The BINARY attribute means that column values are sorted and compared in case-
[sensitive fashion using the underlying character code values rather then a lexical
| ordering. BINARY doesn't affect how the column is stored or retrieved.
VARCHAR _ This data type is used to store variable length alphanumeric data. It is a more flexible
(size) / form of the CHAR data type. The maximum this data type can hold upto 4000 characters.
VARCHAR | One difference between this data type and the CHAR data type is ORACLE compares
2(size)
VARCHAR values using non-padded comparison semantics i.e. the inserted values will
not be padded with spaces. It also represents data of type String, yet stores this data in
variable length format. VARCHAR can hold 1 to 255 characters. VARCHAR is usually a
wiser choice than CHAR, due to it's variable length format characteristic. But, keep in
____mind, that CHAR is much faster than VARCHAR, sometimes up to 50%,
Table 7.1 y
pata Type
pate
NUMBER
ip.S)
LONG
RAW
LONG
RAW
INTERACTIVE SQL PARTI 15
Description
This data type is used to rey
as in 21-JUN.04.
Present date and time. The standard format is DD-MON-YY }
functions. DateTime sian gltes Other than the standard format, use the appropriate
12:00:00 arn, fy eres date in the 24-hour format. By default the time in a dine feld
is 12 am. if no time portion is specifi jor a date field is the first
day of the current month, Vath Tene ‘ified. The default date for a date fi
ATIZAD, ates range from January 1, 4712 B.C. to December 31,
The NUMBER di:
virtually
lata type
y magnity
positive and negative
expressed in two way
point (); second, in. scientif
determines the
number of pl
is used to store
le maybe stored up t
numbers (fixed or floating point). Numbers of
10 38 digits of precision. Valid values are 0, and
numbers with magnitude 1.08-130 to 9.9...£125. Numbers may be
® fist. with the numbers 0 to 9, the signs + and -, and a decimal
© notation, such as, 1.8SE3 for 1850, The precision (P).
seth length of the data, whereas the scale (S). determines the
be Fy He FiBL Of the decimal, If scale is omitted then the default is 7er0. If
Mediate Ned. values are stored with their original precision upto the maximum of
38 digits
Lote he i used (o store variable length character sirings eontaining upto 2 GB. |
LONG data can be used to store arrays of binary data in ‘ASCII format, Only ‘one LONG |
value can be defined per table. LONG values cannot be eed te subqueries, functions, |
CANRSHOnS. where clauses or indexes and the normal character functions such 39 |
SUBSTR cannot be applied to LONG values. A table containing a LONG value cannot
be clustered.
The RAW /LONG RAW data t
picture or image. Data loaded int
ypes are used to store ary data, such as digitized
« to columns of these data types are stored without any
further conversion. RAW data type can have a maximum length of 255 bytes. LONG
RAW data type can contain up to 2 GB. Values stored in columns having LONG RAW
data type cannot be indexed.
"Table 7.1 (Continued)
Comparison Between Oracle 8: ‘or Various Oracle Data Types
Data Type Oracle 81 [Oracle 91 Explanation
[dec(p. 8) The maximum ‘The maximum) Where p is the precision and s is the scale.
precision is 38 precision is 38 For example, dec(3,1) is a number that has
digits, digits.
2 digits before the decimal and | digit after
decimal(p, s)
the decimal.
The maximum |The maximum | Where p is the precision and s Is the scale.
Precision is38 [precision is 38 |For example, decimal(3,1) is a number tha
digits. digits. hhas 2 digits before the decimal and | digit
after the decimal.
double precision
{float
int
[integer
real
(smallint
Table 7.2 =
116 SQL. PLIS@L: THE PROGRAMMING LANGUAG
char (size)
number(p, 2)
JOrncte 81
The maxinw
precision is 38,
digits,
um
imum
is 38
The mi
precisi
digits
Up to 32767 bytes
in PLSOL
Up to 2000 bytes in
ele Si,
fintot SOL.
Up to 4000 byt
Oracle 1 _
ip to 32767 bytes
The maximum
precision is 38 digits
The maximum
ion is 38 digits
Up to 32767 bytes
PLSOL.
Up to 2000 bytes in
jp to 32767 byt
PLSQL.
Up to 4000 bytes in
Oracle 9
n_ j )
je precision and v iethea=
hep the eae
where 1!
Where 7 rons
For example, numeric(?-2) 18.9 Imhep
its before the decimal ang 9
pat has 5d
Arne after te deel
< ie prec
Hv here p is th
Where nte. number 7.2) 18 number
€ the decimal a
re md |
For example
that has 5 dig!
‘after the deci: _
is the number of character =|
ngth strings. Space pada, |
Where size
store. Fixed-let
J |
=-size is the number of character j=
Whe r
tore, Variable-length strings,
Variable-length strings. (backward
Tong
Oracle Si,
Up to 2 gigabytes.
compatible) —__ _
Variable-length binary strings
raw
I ip to 2 gigabytes,
Up to 32767 bytes
in PLSQL.
Up to 2000 bytes in
Oracle 8,
Up t0 32767 bytes in
PLSQL.
‘Up to 2000 bytes in
Oracle 9i.
Varlable-length binary strings.
( (csize>), («si
ys:
. Note =
Each column must have a datatype. ‘The column should either be defined as null or not nul ng
=> i: value is left blank, the database assumes “null” as the default.
————
A Brief Checklist When Creat ing Table:
The following provides a small checklist for the issues that need to be considered before creating a table:
What are the attributes of the rows to be stored?
What are the data types of the attributes?
Should varchar? be used instead of char?
Which columns should be used to build the primary key?
Which columns do (not) allow null values? Which columns do / do not, allow duplicates?
Are there default values for certain columns that also allow null values?
So000g
Example 1: :
Create the BRANCH_MSTR table as shown in the Chapter 6 along with the structure for other ui
belonging to the Bank System.
RANCH_MSTR"(
CREATE TABLE "DBA_BANKSYS'
"BRANCH_NO" VARCHAR2(10),
"NAME" VARCHAR2(25));
Output:
Table created.
gle record. Therefore all the table column definitions are encl
All table columns belony to a
SS thin parenthesis,
EE —___—— ————————————— ee
Inserting Data into Table
S INTER,
Once a table is crentey, th :
When inserting a singe ,
D Creates a new rome
Loads the vatuee nae
n
sample 2: vPressiong
Insert the values ine th
Ne BRANC
NCH Misty
ORANG y
ORAS
ONAN =
R dean
(BRANC
BRANC
Output for cach oF the above pers.
1 row created, MOCINSERT |
Tip
Character ex;
O.
‘essions ph
Med within the
Inthe INSERT INT
value described ig jn,
column and so on),
© SOL sentene
Sentence, table columns
serted into the f iyi
st column, and
SNE A One to one relat
1 described is inse
the second valy,
Columns in the table then it is
In the absence of mapping a tabi
engine will not know which columns
integrity. Then the data held within the table will
Note
the remaining
Refer to the file Chap07_Adtn.paf, for the INSERT INTO statement belonging to
tables as mentioned in Chapter 6. These statements are built (on the test data mentioned in Chapter
6: Test Records For Retail Banking. ee a a?
1
20 SOL, PLISaL: THE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE OF ORACLE
_VIEWING DATA IN THE TABLES
neration would be
LECT command is w
Once da ;
inser 2 ta has been inserted into a table, the next most logical oP
Meerted The SELECT SQL verb is used to achieve this: The Si
selected from one or more tables.
All Rows And All Columns
In order to view global table data the syntax i i
SELECT TO FROM TableName:
jumn names.
ING ee
SEG Here. ColumnNamet to ColumnName N represents table col
Syntax:
SELECT * FROM :
e who work in the bank.
Example 3:
Show all employee numbers, first name, middle name and last nam
SELECT EMP_NO, FNAME, MNAME, LNAME FROM EMP_MSTR:
Outp:
El Bayross
E2 Amit Desai
E3 Maya Mahima Joshi
E4 Peter Iyer Joseph
ES Mandhar Dilip Dalvi
E6 Sonal Abdul Khan
E7 Anil Ashutosh Kambli
E8 Seema P. apte
E9 Vikram Vilas Randive
E10 Anjali Sameer = Pathak
10 rows selected.
Example 4:
Show all the details related to the Fixed Deposit Slab
SELECT * FROM FDSLAB_MSTR3
Output:
FDSLAB_NO
ve we Output: (
6
Comtiniteg)
Tate Mall
tering “able data a isnoreen he
The ways, OF filtering tae ta are, >
O Selected Columns and af Tous
F Selected rows ang
All colunng
O Selected column cl
Desai
Joshi
Joseph
Dalvi
Khan
Kambli
Apte
Randive
Pathak
10 rows selected, 122 SOL, PLISOL: THE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE OF ORACLE
Selected Rows And All Columns
If information of a particular et
condition
This #
«(or asp
to apply a filte
The SELECT statement teed tintil now dixplayed all rows
informed Oracle nbout how to choose a epecific cet of
Provides the option of using a WHERE Clange in ap SOL query
ach
cle engine compar
s only those records that
When a where clause is added to the SQL query. the Or
the condition specified in the where clause
specified condition
engine display
Syntax:
SELECT * FROM WHERE :
ied as
Here, is always qua
Example 6:
Display the branch details of the branch named Vile Parle (HO)
Vile Parle (HOY's
SELECT * FROM BRANCH_MSTR WHERE NAM|
Output:
CH
Bi
Note
such as
When specifying a condition in the where clause all standard operato
arithmetic, predicates and so on, can be used.
=>
an“ SS 390—0
Selected Columns And Selected Rows
To view a specific set of rows and columns from a table the syntax will be as follows:
Syntax:
SELECT , FROM
WHERE ;
Example 7:
List the savings bank account numbers and the branch to which they belong.
SELECT ACCT_NO, BRANCH_NO FROM ACCT_MSTR WHERE TYP! "TAG
SO Papp,
ta
ELIMINATING OUP Lica
A table could hog op E Rows
Me
Thi oT
Ins,
fcr tlause ata, 8
* Statemen
The DISTINGY g
Stem,
ts, MN
lca
clans,
from amongst then,
© Scans “hough
Syntax:
SELECT OISTINey «
The SELECT pig 7) iC
the same contents jn ch colony,
Syntax:
SELEcT DISTINCT +
Example 8:
Community Weltare
Executive
Information Technology
Retail Business
Self Employed
Service
7 rows selected,
First insert one more record
?
in the table BRANCH MTR so 3 ose the cua rte Bet query
example,
INSERT INTO BRANCH, MSTR| (BRANCH_NO, NAME) VALUES(BS, Maung); N
424 SQL, PLISOL: THE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE OF ORACLE
Example 9:
Show only unique branch details
SELECT DISTINCT * FROM BRANCH MSTR:
nly once even though entered twice in the tay
The following output shows the entry for BO
NO
Vile Parle’ (HO)
Andheri
Churchgate
Sion
Borivali
Be Matunga
6 rows selected.
SORTING DATA IN A TABLE
in a sorte
data from a table to be viewed |
escending order depending on t
ted order is as follows:
1d order, The rows retrieved from the ty
he condition specified in he ¢
EL ae:
Oracle allows
sorted in cither ascending or descen¢
sentence. The syntax for viewing data in a so
Syntax:
SELECT * FROM
<[Sort Order]>;
ORDER BY ,
he columns specified. The ORDER BY ¢ja,,,
The ORDER BY clause sorts the result set based on tl
only be used in SELECT statements.
Example 10:
Show details of the branch according to the branch’s name.
BY NAME;
SELECT * FROM BRANCH_MSTR ORDER
Andheri
Borivali
Churchgate
Matunga
Matunga
Sion
Vile Parle (HO)
7 rows selected.
For viewing data in descending sorted order the word DESC must be mentioned after the column:
and before the semi colon in the order by clause. In case there is no mention of the sort order, the 0
engine sorts in ascending order by default. peample 11:
pave the details of the
sh the beamed ae
7 word
SELECT * FROM RR Ag, :
st ANeH Msy
Rr
Outpt
CREATING A TABLE FRom
AT,
syntax: ABLE
" CREATE TABLE «Tabi
AS SELECT «Column ? (-Coluanta,
me > aa
a, “€ Col
Example 12: “umnNames Frog eine)
Create a table named ACCT Tr TeBleNames
DTLS hav
the source table named Acros having 4
poath named ACCT nignit ee enc e, Ace NO, BRAN
E TABLE A ae, ORBAL iw BaLaNcen! CU
CRE SELECT acer NDE RAACCT No, BRan siebauaver ORAL
-NO, RANCH No. cuts AL ENO BALANCE)
Vl ; FRom ACCT _Mstr;
rable created.
Note :
“Bete Ut the Source Table ace
SF ye popuiated with the same YS Poulatd ip “cords then the target tab
st table Acet_Dtls will also
The Source table is the table identified inthe SELE
Source ta CT section ofthis §
one identified in the CREATE section of tie Soe is SQL staat, The Target table is
dota Home Seulbetchie QL sentence, This SQK ar Populates the Target table
To create a Target table without the re:
fk . he selec
cords from the source table (i.e. tructure only)
WHERE clause. (i.e. create the st nly), 1
me ~ The WHERE clause must specify s condition that cannot
satisfied.
This means the SELECT statement in the CREATE TABLE detinition wil
ti Nl not retrieve any rows from t
source table, it will just retrieve the table structure thus the target table wi
ill be created empty. 126 ie
SQL, PLISOL: THE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE OF ORAC!
Example 1a:
Crente a inti.
the sour aa pitned ACCT_DTLS havi :
mee table named ACC ee
ACCT DTL ST, med ACCT MSTR m
Hd not be populated with any records
ANCH_NO and ¢
felds ic. ACCT_NO. BRANC nd CUR
Fields ce eid CURBAL to BALANCE
CREATE TanLE ; BALANCE)
BLE ACCT_DTLS (ACCT_NO, BRANCH NO. r VERE
ASSELECT ACCT NO, ARANCIL NO, CURBAL FROM ACCT. MSTR WHERE 1-7,
Output:
Table ¢
reate,
INSERTING DATA INTO A TABLE FROM ANOTHER TABLE
In addition
that alte
" 10 inserting data one row a
ossible to populate a t
ime into a quite p al
sts table, Th
yntas for doing so is as follows?
Syntax:
INSERT INTO
SELECT FROM ;
Example 14:
{nsert data in the fable ACCT_DTLS using the table ACCT_MSTR as a source of data,
INSERT INTO ACCT_DTLS SELECT ACCT_NO, BRANCI_NO, CutBal FROM AC
Output:
10 rows created,
Insertion Of A Data Set Into A Table From Another Table
Synts
INSERT INTO SELECT ,
FROM WHERE ;
Example 15:
Insert only the savings bank accounts details in the target table ACCT_DTLS.
INSERT INTO ACCT_DTLS SELECT ACCT_NO, BRANCH_NO, CurBal FROM ACCT_MSTR
WHERE ACCT_NO LIKE 'SB%';
Output:
6 rows created.
DELETE OPERATIONS
The DELETE command deletes rows from the table that satisfies the condition provided b;
clause, and returns the number of records deleted, caution
The verb DEL Ey ing
o AM Me roves fay SOL is
oR able
OD Asetoftor, fron,
ay
able
Removal of All Rows
Syntax:
DELETE FROm
Example 16:
Ta
Names.
Empty the AC
PTS table
DELETE FROM acc; Dns,
Output:
16 TOWS deleteg,
Removal Of Spec}
fic Row(s)
Syntax:
DELETE FROM “TableNames WHERE
cae “Conditions,
CCT NO LIKE gpo,.
Output: SB;
6 rows deleteg,
Removal Of Specific Row(s) Bas,
ited to delete eee
than one table in
‘ed On The Data Held B,
Ords in one tab}
the FROM claus
Sometimes it is desir
possible to list more
be used,
'y The Other Table
Values in another
forming a delete,
le based on ble. Since it is aot
Se While pe the EXISTS clause caz
Example 18:
Remove the address details of the customer named Ivan,
DELETE FROM ADDR_DTLS WHERE EXISTS(SELECT FNAME FROM CUST_MSTR
WHERE CUST_MSTR.CUST NO= ADDR_DTLS.CODE_NO
AND CUST_MSTR.FNAME= ‘Wan’); oN
oF ORACLE
128 SQL, PLISAL: THE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
Output:
Tow deleted,
Explanation:
This win
ecord in the CUS
here there is a record in Tw
whose f
delete all records in the ADDR_DTES table where MUTT uct MsTR is
mi NAME is Ivan, and the CUST NO field belonging
CODE NO belonging to the table ADDR. DTLS.
Tp,
UPDATING THE CONTENTS OF A TABLE
: ina table
The UPDATE command is used! to change oF modify data values
The verb update in SQL is used to cither update:
7 AT the rows froma table
OA select set of rows from a table
Updating All Rows
: ie +s rows with new values, The
The UPDATE statement updates columns in the existing table’ i ae rol Te
indicates which column data should be modified and the new val ie all table rows are updated
clause, if given, specifies which rows should be updated. Otherwise,
Syntax:
UPDATE 2> =
SET = , DROP coLy;
NN («NewSize
NAME field to hold maximum of
P30 char,
1_MSTR table to allow the
Example 23;
H_MSTR MODIFY (NAME varchar2(30));
Alter the BR.
ALTER TABLE BRANC!
ANC!
Output:
rable altered.
n the ALTER TABLE
be performed when using the AT
Jause:
Restrictions ©!
wing tasks cannot
name of the table
column
lumn if table data exists
‘The follo
a Change the
Change the name of the
Decrease the size of a col
RENAMING TABLES
aming of tables. TI
‘any of the tables while the r
Oracle allows ren he rename operation is done atomically, which
ename process is running. Means that
a
w*
thread can access
| DROP privileges on the original table, and th
and the G
name a table the ALTER an
Tr
Note
= is
INSERT privileges on the new table are required.
To rename a table, the syntax is
Syntax:
me> TO
RENAME ;
Example 26:
Remove the table BRANCH _MstR
along with the data held.
DROP TABLE BRANCH_mstR;
Output:
Table droppea.
CREATING SYNONYMS
A synonym is an alternat
tive name for objects such as tables, views, sequences, stored Procedures, and
latabase objects.
eee [OR REPLACE] [PUBLIC] SYNONYM, TSCHEMA .}
SYNONYM_NAME FoR [SCHEMA .]
OBJECT_NAME [@ DBLINK]; > |
132
SQL, PLISQL: THE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE OF ORACLE
In the syntay
a 7 D
Hak replace phrase allows to recreate the synonym (if it already exists) without hayin, ,
synonym command, itty
a c Pl x el + i
The PUBLIC phrase means that the synonym is a public synonym and is accessible yy
ite privileges (0 the object.
thy
Ren
ember though that the user must first have the anpronrt
onym
a SCHEMA phrase is the appropriate schema, If this phrase is omitted, Oracle assin,,
a Tyree mind to the user's ow seem. i ; 2
JECT _NAME phrase is the name of the abject for which you are creating the gy,
can be one of the following: S
+ Table
. ized View
* Sequence
* Java Class Schema Object
* Stored Procedure
* User-Defined Object
* Funetion
* Synonym
Example 27:
Create a synonym to a table named EMP held by the user SCOTT.
CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM EMPLOYEES FOR SCOTT.EMP;
Output:
Synonym created.
Explanation:
Now, users of other schemas can reference the table EMP, which is now called as EMPLOYEES witn,
having to prefix the table name with the schema named SCOTT. For example:
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES;
Dropping Synonyms
Syntax:
DROP [PUBLIC] SYNONYM [SCHEMA.]SYNONYM_NAME [FORCE];
In the syntax,
The PUBLIC phrase allows to drop a public synonym. If public is specified, then there is no ne
specify a schema.
Q The FORCE phrase will force Oracle to drop the synonym even if it has dependencies. It is pbs
not a good idea to use the force phrase as it can cause invalidation of Oracle objects
Example 28:
Drop the public synonym named EMPLOYEES
DROP PUBLIC SYNONYM EMPLOYEES; x,
EXAMINING BIKE < rnc
Finding o, ae
= 9 Out The Tablon, 7 REATED ' es
he COMMANT shown 4, Toateg u
nder the curren lew ig s
os MY setectea tea te te” SUae, eR
Example 20: Mespnce eT
MsPtayeet |e te
“hich
ADDR _DTL:
BRANCH_MSTR
TLS
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE
TABLE,
14 rows selectea,
Displaying The Table Structure
To display information
Syntax: the following syntax
DESCRIBE ;
This command displays the column names, the data
» types and the special attribute
tes Connected to the table.
Example 30:
Show the table structure of table BRANCH_MSTR
DESCRIBE BRANCH_MSTR;
Null? Type
VARCHAR2 (10) 7
VARCHAR2 (25) 5 OF ORACLE
q34
SOL, PLISOL: THE PROGRAMING LANGUAG
SELF REVIEW QUESTIONS
ayes
PULLIN THE BLANKS
1
A ic m dntahince object that holds meer
2. Table creation ie done ucing the
