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Unit II - Module 6 - ENS181

This module discusses methods for solving first-order differential equations by substitution. It covers reducing homogeneous equations to separable form using substitutions like y=ux or x=vy. Bernoulli's equations, where dy/dx + P(x)y = f(x)n, can be reduced to linear equations using the substitution u=y1-n. Example problems demonstrate these methods, such as solving a homogeneous equation, reducing an equation to separable form, and solving a Bernoulli's equation.

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35 views12 pages

Unit II - Module 6 - ENS181

This module discusses methods for solving first-order differential equations by substitution. It covers reducing homogeneous equations to separable form using substitutions like y=ux or x=vy. Bernoulli's equations, where dy/dx + P(x)y = f(x)n, can be reduced to linear equations using the substitution u=y1-n. Example problems demonstrate these methods, such as solving a homogeneous equation, reducing an equation to separable form, and solving a Bernoulli's equation.

Uploaded by

Anyanna Munder
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ENS181 – Engineering Mathematics

UNIT II. SOLUTIONS OF FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Module 6. Solutions by Substitution

Engr. Lhemar Jon M. Violango


Instructor
Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, you must be able to:


✓ Solve homogeneous equation by reducing it to a variable separable
differential equation.
✓ Solve Bernoulli’s equation by reducing it to linear differential
equation.
✓ Solve differential equation by other substitution methods.
HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS

If a function 𝑓 possesses the property 𝑓 𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦 = 𝑡 𝛼 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) for some real number 𝛼, then 𝑓 is a
homogeneous function of degree 𝛼. For example,

𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 is said to be homogeneous if
𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 and 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 are of the same degree.

From the given equation, if 𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 and 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 are homogeneous of


𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = −𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 degree n, then

𝑴(𝒕𝒙, 𝒕𝒚) 𝒕𝒏 𝑴(𝒙, 𝒚)


𝒇 𝒕𝒙, 𝒕𝒚 = − =− 𝒏
𝒅𝒚 𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 𝑵(𝒕𝒙, 𝒕𝒚) 𝒕 𝑵(𝒙, 𝒚)
=− = 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)
𝒅𝒙 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚
𝑴(𝒙, 𝒚)
𝒇 𝒕𝒙, 𝒕𝒚 = −
𝑵(𝒙, 𝒚)
HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS

Example 6.1 Determine if 2𝑦 4 + 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is homogeneous or not. If homogeneous,


give the degree of homogeneity.
Solution:
HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS

Example 6.2 Determine if 2𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is homogeneous or not. If homogeneous, give


the degree of homogeneity.
Solution:
HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS

In addition, if 𝑴 and 𝑵 are homogeneous functions of degree 𝜶, we can also write

(6.1)

(6.2)

This suggest the substitutions that can be used to solve a homogeneous differential equation.
Specifically, either of the substitutions 𝒚 = 𝒖𝒙 or 𝒙 = 𝒗𝒚, where 𝑢 and 𝑣 are new dependent variables, will
reduce a homogeneous equation to a separable first-order differential equation.
HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS

Example 6.3 Solve 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0.

Solution:
REDUCTION TO SEPARATION OF VARIABLES

A differential equation of the form

𝒅𝒚 (6.3)
= 𝒇(𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑪)
𝒅𝒙

can always be reduced to an equation with separable variables by means of the substitution

𝒖 = 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑪 , 𝑩 ≠ 𝟎 (6.4)
REDUCTION TO SEPARATION OF VARIABLES

Example 6.4 Solve 𝑑𝑦 − (𝑦 − 4𝑥)2 = 0.

Solution:
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

The differential equation


𝒅𝒚
+ 𝑷 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 𝒚𝒏 (6.5)
𝒅𝒙

where 𝑛 is any real number, is called Bernoulli’s equation.

Note that for 𝑛 = 0 and 𝑛 = 1, the above equation is linear.

For 𝑛 ≠ 0 and 𝑛 ≠ 1 the substitution

𝒖 = 𝒚𝟏−𝒏 (6.6)

reduces any Bernoulli’s equation to a linear equation.


BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
𝑑𝑦
Example 6.5 Solve 𝑥 = 𝑦(𝑥 2 𝑦 − 1).
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
References

1. Zill, Dennis G. A First Course in Differential Equations with Modeling Applications.


10th edition. 2012. Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, USA.
2. Kreyzig, Erwin. Advanced Engineering Mathematics. 10th edition. 2011. John Wiley
& Sons, Inc.

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