FEE322 – E.C.

T IIB – Mar 2021

Lecture 3: 2-port network

parameters (2 hrs)
Lecturer: Prof H A Ouma

19/03/2021
 Overview
• Parameter sets (continued)
– z-parameters
– y-parameters
– ABCD-parameters
– h-parameters
– g-set
• Conversion from one set to another
• Determining parameters for given networks
• Equivalent networks from given parameters

19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 2

 Content
• Parameter sets (continued)
– z-parameters
– y-parameters
– ABCD-parameters
– h-parameters
– g-set

19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 3

 Parameter sets [9]
ABCD-parameters
• These are also known as the transmission parameters

1 = 2 − 2  2
⇒  1 =  
1 = 2 − 2 1 −2
• Defining equations:

For reciprocal networks, ∆ = − =1

For symmetrical networks, =
•

1
•

A=  V/V
• Individual parameters:
2  =0
open circuit reverse voltage gain
2

1 1 1
B=−  Ω C=  ℧ D=−  A/A
2  =0 2  2  =0
2 2 =0 2

short circuit transfer impedance open circuit transfer admittance

short circuit reverse current gain
• ABCD-parameters originally used to describe power transmission lines

19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 4

 Parameter sets [10]
ABCD-parameters (cont)
• Reverse transmission i.e. from Port 2 to Port 1;

1
• From the ABCD defining equations
  2 − 
 1 =  2   =   1
1 −2 −2 ∆ − 1

2 1 1 1
 =  
2 ∆ −1 ⇒ 2 = ∆  1 − 1 
1
2 =  1 − 1 
∆

• For reciprocal networks, ∆ = − =1

• And thus: 2 = 1 − 1
2 = 1 − 1

19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 5

 Parameter sets [11]
h-parameters

Defining equations: 1 = ℎ11 1 + ℎ12 2 1 ℎ11 ℎ12 1

• These are also known as the hybrid or mixed parameters

⇒  =  
2 = ℎ21 1 + ℎ22 2 2 ℎ21 ℎ22 2
•

For reciprocal networks ℎ12 = −ℎ21

For symmetrical networks ∆ℎ = 1
•

1
ℎ =  Ω
•
11
1  =0
• Individual parameters: short circuit input impedance
2

2 1 2
ℎ22 =  ℧ ℎ12 =  V/V ℎ21 =  A/A
2  2  1  =0
1 =0 1 =0 2

open circuit output admittance open circuit reverse voltage gain short circuit current gain

ℎ"# ℎ$# ℎ ℎ12

• h-parameters most commonly used with transistors, and are provided on transistor

  =  11 
data sheets from the manufacturer.
ℎ%# ℎ&# ℎ21 ℎ22
• For common x configuration
x = {base, emitter, collector}

Typical CE values at Ic = 1mA are: ℎ"' = 1(Ω, ℎ$' = 3 × 10−4 , ℎ&' = 3 × 10−6 ℧, ℎ%' = 250
• Transistor h-parameters vary with temperature and collector current
•
• The short circuit parameters are easily measured for transistors
19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 6
 Parameter sets [12]
g-set
• These are a dual of the hybrid parameters

 ℎ ℎ12 1  1 ℎ22 −ℎ12 1

• Considering h-parameter defining equations:

 1  =  11   ⇒  1 =   
2 ℎ21 ℎ22 2 2 ∆ℎ −ℎ21 ℎ11 2
/11 /12 1
= / /22   2 
21
For reciprocal networks /12 = −/21
For symmetrical networks ∆/ = 1
•
•

1 2
/11 =  ℧ /22 =  Ω
• Individual parameters:

1  =0 2  =0
1
2

1 2
open circuit input admittance short circuit output impedance

/12 =  A/A /21 =  V/V

2  =0 1  =0
1 2
short circuit reverse current gain open circuit voltage gain

19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 7

 Parameter sets [13]
Ideal Transformer
• Normally connected between two, 2-port networks; the primary circuit and the

1
secondary circuit

2 = 11 and 2 = − 1
1
• For primary-to-secondary turns ratio N:
 2  ℎ ℎ12 1
1
 1 =    1  =  11  
1 −2 2 ℎ21 ℎ22 2
1 ℎ ℎ12 0
02 ⇒  11 =3 14
⇒  = 01 ℎ21 ℎ22 1
0 1 − 0
and

1
 /11 /12 1
 1 = / /22   2 
2
/11 /12 0 −1
21

⇒ / /22  = 
21 1 0
and

• z-parameters and y-parameters would have undefined values, and thus not suitable

19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 8

 Parameter sets [14]
Gyrator
• For a gyrator with gyration resistance Ro in the direction from Port 1 to Port 2:

2 = 6& 1 and 1 = −6& 2

 2  811 812 1
 1 =    1 = 8 822  2 
1 −2 2 21

0 6& 811 812 0 −6&

⇒ =51 7 ⇒ 8 822  = 6& 
0
0 21
6&
and

 911 912 1
 1 = 9 922  2 
2 1
< 0 ?
21

911 912 6& >

⇒ 9 ;
922  = ; 1
0>
21
−
and

: 6& =
• h-parameters and g-set would have undefined values, and thus not suitable

• Similarly parameter values for any 2-port network may be determined

19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 9
 Content
• Introduction
• Parameter sets
– z-parameters
– y-parameters
– ABCD-parameters
– h-parameters
– g-set
• Conversion from one set to another

19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 10

 Conversion [1]
Method 1
• Starting from the defining equations for the two sets
• Apply the definitions of the individual parameters of the set being converted to
• Use the set being converted from to apply conditions and obtain the required ratios

1 = 911 1 + 912 2 1 = ℎ11 1 + ℎ12 2

• Example: Give y-parameters in terms of h-parameters:

2 = 921 1 + 922 2 2 = ℎ21 1 + ℎ22 2

1
911 =  2 = 0 ⇒ 1 = ℎ11 1 2 = ℎ21 1
1  =0
and

1 ℎ21
2

2 ⇒ 911 = and ⇒ 921 =

921 =  ℎ11 ℎ11
1  =0
2

1 ℎ12
912 =  1 = 0 ⇒ 0 = ℎ11 1 + ℎ12 2 and ⇒ 912 =−
2  =0
1
ℎ11
2 ℎ12 ∆ℎ
922 =  ⇒ 2 = −ℎ21 2 + ℎ22 2 ⇒ 922 =
2  =0 ℎ11 ℎ11
and
1

19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 11

 Conversion [2]
Method 2
• Starting from the defining equations for the two sets
• Rearrange the set being converted to so as to appear like the set being converted
from

1 = 2 − 2 1 = 811 1 + 812 2
• Example: Give ABCD-parameters in terms of z-parameters:

1 = 2 − 2 2 = 821 1 + 822 2

• The second equations in each set already contain the required quantities so rearrange

1 822 1 822
directly
2 = 821 1 + 822 2 ⇒  −  = 1 ⇒ = =
821 2 821 2 821 821
and

811 811 822 811 ∆8

1 = 811 1 + 812 2
• By substituting for I1 into the first equation and rearranging

⇒ 1 =  −  + 812 2 =  − 
821 2 821 2 821 2 821 2
811 ∆8
⇒ = =
821 821
and

19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 12

 Content
• Introduction
• Parameter sets
– z-parameters
– y-parameters
– ABCD-parameters
– h-parameters
– g-set
• Conversion from one set to another
• Determining parameters for given networks

19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 13

 Example 1[1]
• Solve the network ,given 6@ = 6A = BΩ ; 6C = 6D = EΩ ;
6F = 6G = HΩ ; IJ@ = KL M; N = OΩ
1

2 3

0
19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 14
 Example 1[2]
Using KCL , given 6@ = 6A = BΩ ; 6C = 6D = EΩ ; 6F = 6G =
HΩ ; IJ@ = KL M; N = OΩ
Node 1: Note "PQ = IC⁄6F 1
I1 − IS1 I1 − I2 I1 − I3 − NI2 ⁄63 
0= + +
61 62 64

Node 2:
I2 − I1 I2 − I3 I2 − I0
2 3
0= + +
62 65 63

Node 3:
I3 − I2 I3 − I0 I3 + NI2 ⁄63  − I1
0= + +
65 66 64
0
19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 15
 Example 1[3]
Given 6@ = 6A = BΩ ; 6C = 6D = EΩ ; 6F = 6G = HΩ ; IJ@ = KL M;
N = OΩ

I1 − IS1 I1 − I2 I1 − I3 − NI2 ⁄63 

Equations:
0= + +
1
61 62 64
I2 − I1 I2 − I3 I2 − I0
0= + +
62 65 63
I3 − I2 I3 − I0 I3 + NI2 ⁄63  − I1
0= + +
65 66 64 2 3
IS1 1 1 1 N 1 I3
Rewriting in standard form:
= I1 T + + U − I2 T + U−
61 61 62 64 63 64 62 64

I1 1 1 1 I3
0=− + I2 T + + U−
62 62 63 65 65

I1 N 1 1 1 1
0 = − + I2 T − U + I3 T + + U
0
64 63 64 65 64 65 66

19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 16

 Example 1[4]
Given 6@ = 6A = BΩ ; 6C = 6D = EΩ ; 6F = 6G = HΩ ; IJ@ = KL M;
N = OΩ IS1 1 1 1 N 1 I3
= I1 T + + U − I2 T + U−
61 61 62 64 63 64 62 64

I1 1 1 1 I3
0=− + I2 T + + U−
62 62 63 65 65

I1 N 1 1 1 1
0=− + I2 T − U + I3 T + + U
64 63 64 65 64 65 66
1 1 1 1 N 1
< + + − − − ?
Matrix equation:
IS1 ;61 62 64 62 63 64 64 > I1
; 1 1 1 1 1 >
3 61 4 = ; − + + − > 0I2 2
0 62 62 63 65 65
0 ; > I3
; 1 N 1 1 1 1>
− − + +
: 64 63 64 65 64 65 66 =

4 1.45 −1.5 −0.25 I1

V0W = 0 −1 1.45 −0.2 2 0I2 2
0 1.45 I3
Substituting values:
−0.25 0.3

19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 17

 Example 1[5]
4 1.45 −1.5 −0.25 I1
V0W = 0 −1 1.45 −0.2 2 0I2 2
0 −0.25 0.3 1.45 I3
Using Cramer’s rule
4 −1.5 −0.25
Y0 1.45 −0.2 Y
0 0.3 1.45 42.1025 + 0.06
I1 = =
1.45 −1.5 −0.25 1.452.1025 + 0.06 + 1.5−1.45 − 0.05 − 0.25−0.3 + 0.3625
Y −1 1.45 −0.2 Y
−0.25 0.3 1.45 8.65 8.65
= = = 9.9425 
3.135625 − 2.25 − 0.015625 0.87
1.45 4 −0.25
Y −1 0 −0.2 Y −4−1.45 − 0.05 = 6 = 6.8966 
=
I2 = −0.25 0 1.45 0.87 0.87
0.87
1.45 −1.5 4
Y −1 1.45 0Y 4−0.3 + 0.3625 = 0.25 = 0.2874 
=
I.3 = −0.25 0.3 0
0.87 0.87
0.87

19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 18

 Example 1[6]
1.0345 A 14.0806 V
9.9425 V

13.7932 V
3.0459 A

6.8966 V 0.2874 V
2.0115 A
1.3218 A

1.7242 A 0.2874 A

0V

19/03/2021
FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 19
 Example 2[1]
• Obtain the y-parameters of the circuit with input as the voltage

6@ = 6A = BΩ ; 6C = 6D = EΩ ; 6F = 6G = HΩ ; IJ@ = KL M;
source (internal resistance R1), and the load as resistor R6. Assume

N = OΩ
1

3
2

19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 20

 Example 2[2]
Using KCL:
Node 1: Note "PQ = IF ⁄6F

I1 − I3 I1 − I2 − NI3 ⁄63 
1
0 = −"1 + +
62 64

Node 2:
I2 − I3 I2 + NI3 ⁄63  − I1
3
0 = −"2 + +
65 64
2

Node 3:
I3 − I1 I3 − I2 I3
0= + +
62 65 63 0

19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 21

 Example 2[3]
I1 − I3 I1 − I2 − NI3 ⁄63 
Consolidating Equations:
0 = −"1 + +
62 64
1

I2 − I3 I2 + NI3 ⁄63  − I1
0 = −"2 + +
65 64
I3 − I1 I3 − I2 I3
0= + +
62 65 63 3 2
Eliminate v3 using 3rd eqn
I1 I2 1 1 1
I3 = T + U]T + + U
62 65 62 63 65
I1 I2 62 63 65
= T + UT U
62 65 62 63 + 62 65 + 63 65 0
1 N 65
1 1 N 65 "2 = −I1 T −  
Substitute and put in standard form
"1 = I1 T + −   64 64 62 63 + 62 65 + 63 65
62 64 64 62 63 + 62 65 + 63 65 1 62 63
1 63 65 +  U
62 62 63 + 62 65 + 63 65
−  U
62 62 63 + 62 65 + 63 65 1 N 62
N 62 + I2 T +  
64 64 62 63 + 62 65 + 63 65
− I2 T  
64 62 63 + 62 65 + 63 65 1 62 63 1
−  + U
1 63 65 1 65 62 63 + 62 65 + 63 65 65
+   + FEEU 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma
65 62 63 + 62 65 + 63 65 64
19/03/2021 22
 Example 2[4]
1 1 N 65 1 63 65
These equations are now in a form allowing deduction of the y-parameters
"1 = I1 T + −  −  U
62 64 64 62 63 + 62 65 + 63 65 62 62 63 + 62 65 + 63 65
N 62 1 63 65 1
− I2 T  +  + U
64 62 63 + 62 65 + 63 65 65 62 63 + 62 65 + 63 65 64
1 N 65 1 62 63
"2 = −I1 T −  +  U
64 64 62 63 + 62 65 + 63 65 62 62 63 + 62 65 + 63 65
1 N 62 1 62 63 1
+ I2 T +  −  + U
64 64 62 63 + 62 65 + 63 65 65 62 63 + 62 65 + 63 65 65
Given 6@ = 6A = BΩ ; 6C = 6D = EΩ ; 6F = 6G = HΩ ; IJ@ = KL M; N = OΩ

1 1 8 5 1 20 8 1 1 20 1 25 53
"1 = I1 T + −   −  U − I2 T   +   + U = I1 T U + I2 T− U
1 4 4 29 1 29 4 29 5 29 4 116 116
1 5 4 1 1 1 4 1 −5 57
"2 = −I1 T − 2   +  U + I2 T + 2   −   + U = I1 T U + I2 T U
4 29 29 4 29 5 29 5 116 116

25 53
−
"
 1  = 3116 1164 I1 
"2 −5 57 I2
Thus

116 116
19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 23
 Example 2[5]
25 53
−
"
 1  = 3116 1164 I1  911 912 I1
"2 −5 57 I2 = 921 922  I2 
116 116

Equivalent π-network not possible with passive elements alone,

because parameters indicate network is not reciprocal
Similarly for equivalent T-network

Network is also not symmetrical

19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 24

 25 53
−
"
 1  = 3116 1164 I1 
Example 2[6] "2 −5 57 I2
116 116
We however note that I1 = S − "1 61 = 20 − 5"1  and I2 = −"2 66 = −"2 
25 53
Equation thus becomes " − 20 − 5"
 1  = 3116 1164  1

"2 −5 57 −"2
116 116

25 53 500 125 53
Giving us
"1 = 20 − 5"1  + " = − "1 + "
116 116 2 116 116 116 2

116 500 116 53 500 53

⇒ "1 = × + × "2 = + "
241 116 241 116 241 241 2
1
next
100 25 57
"2 = − + "1 − "
3 2 116 116 116 2

116 100 116 25 100 25

⇒ "2 = − × + × "1 = − + "
173 116 173 116 173 173 1

0
19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 25
 Example 2[6]
500 53 100 25
"1 = + " "2 = − + "
241 241 2 173 173 1

100 25 500 53 100 25 500

⇒ "2 = − + T + "2 U ⇒ "2 = − × 1.0328 + × × 1.0328
173 173 241 241 173 173 241
= −0.2873

500 53
⇒ "1 = + −0.2873 = 2.0115
241 241

These values agree with earlier ones 1

3 2

19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 26

 Example 2[7]
1.0345 A 14.0806 V
9.9425 V

13.7932 V
3.0459 A

6.8966 V 0.2874 V
2.0115 A
1.3218 A

1.7242 A 0.2874 A

0V

19/03/2021
FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 27
 Example 3[1]
• Obtain the z-parameters of the circuit with input as the voltage

6@ = 6A = BΩ ; 6C = 6D = EΩ ; 6F = 6G = HΩ ; IJ@ = KL M;
source (internal resistance R1), and the load as resistor R6. Assume

N = OΩ
1

3
2

19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 28

 Example 3[2]
KVL loops: 1
Loop 1:
0 = −I1 + "1 + "3 62 + "1 + "2 63
"@ "F
⇒ I1 = "1 62 + 63  + "2 63  + "3 62 
3
Loop 2:
0 = −I2 + "2 − "3 65 + "2 + "1 63
2

⇒ I2 = "1 63  + "2 63 + 65  + "3 −65 

Loop 3: Note: "63 = "1 + "2 "C

0 = "3 64 + "3 + "1 62 + "3 − "2 65 − N"1 + "2 
0
⇒ 0 = "1 62 − N + "2 −65 − N + "3 62 + 64 + 65 

62 − N 65 + N
"3 = −"1 T U + "2 T U
62 + 64 + 65 62 + 64 + 65
Eliminate i3 by substituting

19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 29

 Example 3[3]
62 − N 65 + N
"3 = −"1 T U + "2 T U
Thus: 62 + 64 + 65 62 + 64 + 65
Loop 1: I1 = "1 62 + 63  + "2 63  + "3 62 

62 − N 65 + N
I1 = "1 62 + 63  + "2 63  + 62  ^−"1 T U + "2 T U_
62 + 64 + 65 62 + 64 + 65

62 − N 65 + N
I1 = "1 ^62 + 63 − 62 T U_ + "2 ^63 + 62 T U_
62 + 64 + 65 62 + 64 + 65

Loop 2: I2 = "1 63  + "2 63 + 65  + "3 −65 

62 − N 65 + N
I2 = "1 63  + "2 63 + 65  + −65  ^−"1 T U + "2 T U_
62 + 64 + 65 62 + 64 + 65
62 − N 65 + N
I2 = "1 ^63 + 65 T U_ + "2 ^63 + 65 − 65 T U_
62 + 64 + 65 62 + 64 + 65

19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 30

 Example 3[4]
62 − N 65 + N
I1 = "1 ^62 + 63 − 62 T U_ + "2 ^63 + 62 T U_
62 + 64 + 65 62 + 64 + 65
62 − N 65 + N
I2 = "1 ^63 + 65 T U_ + "2 ^63 + 65 − 65 T U_
62 + 64 + 65 62 + 64 + 65
The z-parameters can be deduced from these equations
With 6@ = 6A = BΩ ; 6C = 6D = EΩ ; 6F = 6G = HΩ ; IJ@ = KL M; N = OΩ
1−8 5+8
I1 = "1 `1 + 4 − T Ua + "2 ^4 + T U_ = 5.7"1 + 5.3"2
1+4+5 10

I2 = 0.5"1 + 2.5"2 I1 5.7 5.3 "1 = 811 812 "1

⇒ I  =
2
 
0.5 2.5 "2 821 822  "2 

" 1 2.5 −5.3 I1 = 911 912 I1

⇒  1 =
"2 11.6 −0.5
 
5.7 I2 921 922  I2 

Equivalent T-network not possible with only passive elements,

because parameters indicate network is not reciprocal
Similarly for equivalent passive π -network
Network is also not symmetrical
19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 31
 I1 5.7 5.3 "1
 =  
Example 3[5] I2 0.5 2.5 "2

Solving for currents I1 = S − "1 61 = 20 − 5"1  and I2 = −"2 66 = −"2 

Equation thus becomes 20 − 5"1  = 5.7 5.3 "1 

−"2 0.5 2.5 "2
5.7 20 − 5"1
  −5.7"2 − 10 + 2.5"1 57 100 25
0.5 −"2
"2 = = =− "2 − + "
5.7 5.3 11.6 116 116 116 1
b b
And
0.5 2.5
116 100 116 25 100 25
⇒ "2 = − × + × "1 = − + "1
173 116 173 116 173 173

20 − 5"1 5.3
 
−"2 2.5 = 25 20 − 5"  + 53 "
"1 =
1

5.7 5.3 116 1

116 2
b b
0.5 2.5
500 125 53
= − "1 + "
3 2

116 116 116 2

116 500 116 53 500 53

⇒ "1 = × + × "2 = + "
0 241 116 241 116 241 241 2
19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 32
 Example 3[6]
500 53 100 25
"1 = + " "2 = − + "
241 241 2 173 173 1

100 25 500 53 100 25 500

⇒ "2 = − + T + "2 U ⇒ " = − × 1.0328 + × × 1.0328
173 173 241 241
2
173 173 241
= −0.2873

500 53
⇒ "1 = + −0.2873 = 2.0115
241 241

These values agree with earlier ones 1

3 2

19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 33

 Example 3[7]
1.0345 A 14.0806 V
9.9425 V

13.7932 V
3.0459 A

6.8966 V 0.2874 V
2.0115 A
1.3218 A

1.7242 A 0.2874 A

0V

19/03/2021
FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 34
 Content
• Introduction
• Parameter sets
– z-parameters
– y-parameters
– ABCD-parameters
– h-parameters
– g-set
• Conversion from one set to another
• Determining parameters for given networks
• Equivalent networks from given parameters
19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 35
 Equivalent Networks[1]
Method
• Equivalent networks can be obtained by using the same
parameter set to characterize the network being converted and
the network to which it is being converted
• Corresponding parameters are then equated
• Simultaneous equations, in a maximum of 4 unknowns, are then
solved for the equivalent network components
• The most basic 2-port network has 3 devices (i.e. T-network or π-
network)
• Often we want to represent given networks with their equivalent
T-network or π-network
• Note that the original network must be a reciprocal network for
equivalent T-network or π-network to exist
• This is how we obtained the π ↔ ∇ conversions
• KCL and KVL are handy tools in obtaining the equations
19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 36
 Example 1[1]
• Solve the network, given 6@ = 6A = BΩ ; 6C = 6D = EΩ ;
6F = 6G = HΩ ; IJ@ = KL M
1

2 3

0
19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 37
 Example 1[2]
Using KCL, given 6@ = 6A = BΩ ; 6C = 6D = EΩ ; 6F = 6G =
HΩ ; IJ@ = KL M
Node 1: 1
I1 − IS1 I1 − I2 I1 − I3
0= + +
61 62 64

Node 2:
I2 − I1 I2 − I3 I2 − I0
2 3
0= + +
62 65 63

Node 3:
I3 − I2 I3 − I0 I3 − I1
0= + +
65 66 64
0
19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 38
 Example 1[3]
Given 6@ = 6A = BΩ ; 6C = 6D = EΩ ; 6F = 6G = HΩ ; IJ@ = KL M
Equations:
I1 − IS1 I1 − I2 I1 − I3
0= + +
61 62 64
1
I2 − I1 I2 − I3 I2 − I0
0= + +
62 65 63
I3 − I2 I3 − I0 I3 − I1
0= + +
65 66 64
2 3
Rewriting in standard form:
IS1 1 1 1 I2 I3
= I1 T + + U− −
61 61 62 64 62 64
I1 1 1 1 I3
0=− + I2 T + + U−
62 62 63 65 65

I1 I2 1 1 1
0=− − + I3 T + + U
64 65 64 65 66
0
19/03/2021 FEE 322 - Lecture by Prof H A Ouma 39
 Example 1[4]
Given 6@ = 6A = BΩ ; 6C = 6D = EΩ ; 6F = 6G = HΩ ; IJ@ = KL M
IS1 1 1 1 I2 I3
= I1 T + + U− −
61 61 62 64 62 64
I1 1 1 1 I3
0=− + I2 T + + U−
62 62 63 65 65
I1 I2 1 1 1
0=− − + I3 T + + U
64 65 64 65 66

1 1 1 1 1
Matrix equation:
< + + − − ?
IS1 ;61 62 64 62 64 > I1
; 1 1 1 1 1 >
3 61 4 = ; − + + − > 0I2 2
0 62 62 63 65 65
0 ; > I3
; 1 1 1 1 1>
− − + +
: 64 65 64 65 66 =

4 1.45 −1 −0.25 I1
V0W = 0 −1 1.45 −0.2 2 0I2 2
0 −0.25 −0.2 1.45 I3
Substituting values:

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 Example 1[5]
4 1.45 −1 −0.25 I1
V0W = 0 −1 1.45 −0.2 2 0I2 2
0 −0.25 −0.2 1.45 I3
Using Cramer’s rule
4 −1 −0.25
Y0 1.45 −0.2 Y
0 −0.2 1.45 42.1025 − 0.04 − 0 + 0
I1 = =
1.45 −1 −0.25 1.452.1025 − 0.04 + 1−1.45 − 0.05 − 0.250.2 + 0.3625
Y −1 1.45 −0.2 Y
−0.25 −0.2 1.45 8.25 8.25
= = = 6.1111 
2.990625 − 1.5 − 0.140625 1.35
1.45 4 −0.25
Y −1 0 −0.2 Y −4−1.45 − 0.05 + 0 − 0 = 6 = 4.4444 
=
I2 = −0.25 0 1.45 1.35 1.35
1.35

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 Example 1[6]
1.45 −1 4
Y −1 1.45 0Y
40.2 + 0.3625
I3 = −0.25 −0.2 0 =
1.35
1.35
2.25
1.1111 A
= = 1.6667 
1.35
6.1111 V

1.6667 A
1.6667 V
4.4444 V
2.7778 A
0.5555 A

1.1111 A
1.6667 A
0V

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 Example 2[1]
given 6@ = 6A = BΩ ; 6C = 6D = EΩ ; 6F = 6G = HΩ ;
• Solve the network by first obtaining the T-network equivalent,

IJ@ = KL M

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 Example 2[2]
Using KCL, given 6@ = 6A = BΩ ; 6C = 6D = EΩ ; 6F = 6G =
HΩ ; IJ@ = KL M
Node 1:
I1 − I3 I1 − I2
0 = −1 + +
62 64

Node 3:
I3 − I1 I3 − I2 I3
0= + +
62 65 63

Node 2:
I2 − I3 I2 − I1
0 = −2 + +
65 64

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 Example 2[3]
Given 6@ = 6A = BΩ ; 6C = 6D = EΩ ; 6F = 6G = HΩ ; IJ@ = KL M
Equations: I1 − I2 I1 − I3
1 = +
64 62
I3 − I1 I3 − I2 I3
0= + +
62 65 63
I2 − I3 I2 − I1
2 = +
65 64

1 1 I2 I3
Rewriting in standard form:
1 = I1 T + U − −
62 64 64 62
I1 I2 1 1 1
0=− − + I3 T + + U
62 65 62 63 65
I1 1 1 I3
2 = − + I2 T + U −
64 64 65 65
Middle equation is then used to eliminate v3 from the other 2
equations

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 Example 2[4]
Given 6@ = 6A = BΩ ; 6C = 6D = EΩ ; 6F = 6G = HΩ ; IJ@ = KL M
1 1 I2 I3
1 = I1 T + U − −
62 64 64 62 1 = 1.25I1 − 0.25I2 − I3
0=−
I1 I2
−
1
+ I3 T +
1
+ U
1 ⇒ 0 = −I1 − 0.2I2 + 1.45I3
I 0.2I
⇒ I3 = 1.45 + 1.45
1 2
62 65 62 63 65
I1 1 1 I3 2 = −0.25I1 + 0.45I2 − 0.2I3
2 = − + I2 T + U −
64 64 65 65
65 45 45 49
1 = I1 − I2 and 2 = − I1 + I
Equations become:
116 116 116 116 2

 1 65 −45 I1
 1 =  
2 116 −45 49 I2
y-parameter equation:

I1 1 49 45 1
I2  =  
10 45 65 2
x-parameter equation:

c1 = 811 − 812 = 0.4Ω

T-network equivalent as defined earlier:
c3 = 812 = 4.5Ω c2 = 822 − 812 = 6.5 − 4.5 = 2Ω

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 Example 2[5]
Given 6@ = 6A = BΩ ; 6C = 6D = EΩ ; 6F = 6G = HΩ ; IJ@ = KL M

c3 = 812 = 4.5Ω c2 = 822 − 812 = 6.5 − 4.5 = 2Ω c1 = 811 − 812 = 0.4Ω

Equivalent circuit:

3 × 4.5 20 25
cT = + 5.4 = 7.2Ω 1 = = = 2.7778
3 + 4.5 7.2 9

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 Example 2[6]
6.1111 V 5.0000V 1.6667 V

2.7778 A

1.6667 A
1.1111 A

0V

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 Example 2[7]
1 65 −45 I1
The π-network equivalent could also have been used
1
y-parameter equation: 2 116 −45 49  I2 
  =

π -network equivalent as seen earlier:

45 4 20
eB = −912 = ℧ eC = 922 + 912 = ℧ eA = 911 + 912 = ℧
116 116 116

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  1 65 −45 I1
 1 =  
Example 2[8] 2 116 −45 49 I2

Given 6@ = 6A = BΩ ; 6C = 6D = EΩ ; 6F = 6G = HΩ ; IJ@ = KL M

45 4 20
Equivalent circuit:
eB = −912 = ℧ eC = 922 + 912 = ℧ eA = 911 + 912 = ℧
116 116 116
116 1 × 29 319
cT 1 = + = Ω
45 1 + 29 90

5.8 × 319/90
cT = 5 + = 7.2Ω
5.8 + 319/90

20 25
1 = = = 2.7778
7.2 9

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 Example 2[9]
6.1111 V 1.7241 A 1.6667 V

2.7778 A

0.0575 A
1.0536 A 1.6667 A

0V

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 Review
• Parameter sets
– z-parameters
– y-parameters
– ABCD-parameters
– h-parameters
– g-set
• Conversion from one set to another
• Determining parameters for given networks
• Equivalent networks from given parameters

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 QUESTIONS?

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