Seloka: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia

10 (1) (2021) : 43 – 53

https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/seloka

Case Grammar in the Movie “The Gentlemen” Based on the

Perspective of Charles J. Fillmore

Abdul Basid , Devi Laila Maghfiroh

DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.15294/seloka. v10i1.45491

Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang Jawa Timur, Indonesia

Article Info Abstract

________________ ___________________________________________________________________
History Articles This research aims to identify the proposition in the movie "The Gentlemen"
Received: based on Charles J. Fillmore’s case grammar theory. This research is
26 January 2021
qualitative, descriptive, and literature research. The object of this research is
Accepted:
the movie "The Gentlemen" directed by Guy Ritchie. The data collection
14 February 2021
Published:
techniques used are watching techniques and note-taking techniques. Data
30 April 2021 analysis through three stages: data reduction, data display, and drawing
________________ conclusions. The result of the research is that the proposition in the movie "The
Keywords: Gentlemen" directed by Guy Ritchie based on Charles J. Fillmore's case
Case grammar, movie, grammar theory consists of nine types. They are agent (A), experiencer (E),
proposition, type instrument (I), object (O), source (S), goal (G), location (L), time (T), and
___________________ benefactive (B). Charles J. Fillmore’s case grammar theory in the movie “The
Gentlemen” shows that sentences always explain the correlation between verbs
and nouns semantically. Thus far, proposition must always exist in a sentence
because it is attached to the element of the sentence.


Correspondence address: p-ISSN 2301-6744
Jalan Gajayana Nomor 50, Malang, Jawa Timur, 65144, Indonesia
e-ISSN 2502-4493
E-mail: [email protected]

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 Abdul Basid, et al./Seloka: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 10 (1) (2021): 43 - 53

INTRODUCTION grammar by other linguists, such as Chafe,

Anderson, and Platt. Therefore, this theory
Grammar research is dynamic linguistic continues to experience refinement along with
research, means that it will not experience the increasing complexity of language problems
stagnation in its development. The rules of (Copeland, 1984).
grammar undergo continuous changes as a Fillmore declared that case grammar
language develops. Updates to this grammatical theory can analyze all languages without
theory are a form of dissatisfaction among exception. However, it cannot be denied, that
linguists with the previous theory. This aims to this theory was born for the first time as an
answer new problems that arise along with analytical approach to grammar in English.
human criticality and language development Some linguists have proven that this theory
(Agustin, 2015). One branch of grammar studies cannot be fully applied to other languages that
is case grammar, which is the third generation of have significant differences from the rules of
grammar theory renewal (Suparnis, 2012) English, especially the tense system (Fried &
(Indrawati et al., 2016). Östman, 2004).
Case grammar is a research approach or In the 1971 case grammar model,
language analysis instrument to focus on Fillmore breaks down the previous six cases in
exploring the inner structure of a sentence. The the 1968 model into nine hierarchies of cases.
inner structure of the sentence includes the The nine hierarchies of cases have a level order,
correlation or coherence (Pawarta & Santoso, AEIOSGLTB (Agent, Experiencer, Instrument,
2019) between the semantic and syntactic Object, Source, Goal, Location, Time, and
components inherent in a sentence. The Benefactive), Fillmore also states that the basic
sentences in the case grammar theory consist of sentence structure or deep structure consists of
nouns that are related to the verb semantically in two constituents, namely modality and
a case. In other words, this theory seeks to proposition. The modality consists of negation,
systematize grammatical meaning (Luthfiani, tense, mood, aspect, and adverb elements. While
Rustono, & Wagiran, 2020) in sentence analysis propositions consist of verbs and several cases,
(Royani & Mahyudin, 2020). which consist of nine hierarchies of cases that
Case grammar is an extension of the case- have been mentioned (Longacre, 2012;
based generative transformation grammar. The Geeraerts & Cuyckens, 2010).
case in this theory is the semantic function of the The object of this research is a movie in
correlation between nouns and verbs (Anderson, English entitled "The Gentlemen." The
1976). Case grammar theory is not limited to researchers interest in exploring the movie
focus on sentences from surface structures like because the power of this movie lies in the
the previous theory but requires sentences in dialogue and conversations of the characters
deep structures (Cook, 1989). So this theory which reflect the tactical intelligence and ways
succeeded in perfecting Chomsky's theory by of acting of the characters, not only in the battle
explaining the semantic function of the scenes between the characters. The movie was
correlation of nouns and verbs. directed by Guy Ritchie which was released in
Charles J. Fillmore is the person who February 15th, 2020.
came up with the theory of case grammar in his This case grammar research is not the first
essay “The Case for Case” in 1968 as the first research. Researchers found several previous
and returned to modification in 1971. Charles J. studies that used the same approach such as: (1)
Fillmore created a breakthrough in his theory by Mulae examined the role of the inflective verbs
creating conceptual constructs and clarifying the in Ternate Malay by utilizing the case grammar
differences between deep structure and surface theory of Charles J. Fillmore (Mulae, 2012); (2)
structure (Attardo, 2020). This new idea by Herlambang studied cases in the children's story
Fillmore sparked several theories of case of Nahru Az-Zahabi by describing the cases and
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 Abdul Basid, et al./Seloka: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 10 (1) (2021): 43 - 53

classifying semantics of verbs (Herlambang, The primary data source in this research is
2019); and (3) Cahyadi focused the types of the dialogue in the form of sentences in the
semantic roles and semantic structures along movie “The Gentlemen” directed by Guy
with the types of verbs based on case research in Ritchie. The movie was released in Indonesia on
a short story entitled The Minister's Black Veil February 15, 2020 and had a duration of 1 hour
(Cahyadi, 2013). 53 minutes. The secondary data sources are
Based on the explanation of the previous books and journal article discussed on case
research above, researchers found that there are grammar based on the perspective of Charles J.
differences and similarities with current Fillmore. The data collection technique uses the
research. The similarity between previous watching technique (Margolis & Pauwels, 2011)
studies and current research lies in the approach and note-taking technique (Seliger & Shohamy,
or research analysis instrument used, namely the 2013). Data validation techniques through stages
Charles J. Fillmore’s case grammar theory. The of increasing persistence (Girija, 2003),
difference between previous studies and current triangulation (Egbert & Baker, 2019), and
research is that lies in the object being studied. discussion (Merriam & Grenier, 2019). Data
The present research uses the object of the movie analysis refers to the Miles and Huberman
"The Gentlemen" and specifically discusses case model through the stages: data reduction; data
grammar in English. exposure; and drawing conclusions (Miles et al.,
Based on the above similarities and 2018).
differences, the current position of researchers is
to adjust the research on case grammar based on RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
the perspective of Charles J. Fillmore,
specifically on case grammar in English. Examining a correlation between
Therefore, the specific objective of this research semantics and syntax in a sentence cannot be
is to identify the propositions in the movie “The derived from the Charles J. Fillmore’s case
Gentlemen” directed by Guy Ritchie based on grammar theory (Shibatani & Thompson, 1996).
Charles J. Fillmore's case grammar theory. Fillmore said that the basic sentence structure
which is nothing but a deep structure consists of
METHODS two constituents, namely propositions and
modalities (Rauh, 2010). The proposition
This research is included in modern containing in the movie “The Gentlemen” based
linguistic studies, namely case grammar. This on Charles J. Fillmore’s case grammar theory as
research is based on the thought of Charles J. follows:
Fillmore, the theory of case grammar to be
precise in the 1971 model with nine hierarchies Proposition
of cases. Case grammar theory aims to explore The proposition is a node consisting of a
sentence structure, especially inner structural predicate or an active verb as its center (central
which explains syntactic and semantic node) and several arguments including nouns,
correlations, both in written sentences and in adjectives, adverbs that are semantically bound
dialogue, including in a movie (Parret, 1976). in a case (Mayor & Pugh, 2005). Fillmore
This research is descriptive qualitative research mentioned that propositions consist of verbs and
and literature research (Hennink et al., 2020); several cases. The hierarchy of cases in a
(Monsen et al., 2007) because it aims to identify proposition consists of nine cases, which consist
case grammar in the dialogue or conversations of AEIOSGLTB (Agent, Experiencer,
contained in the movie “The Gentlemen” based Instrument, Object, Source, Goal, Location,
on the perspective of Charles J. Fillmore in Time, and Benefactive) (Malmkjaer, 2004) in
detail. detail as follows:

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 Abdul Basid, et al./Seloka: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 10 (1) (2021): 43 - 53

Tabel 1. Propositions
The element of Charles J. Types of propositions Propositions forms
Fillmore’s case grammar theory
Agent First-person pronouns
Second-person pronouns
Third-person pronouns
Experiencer Verb of sensation
Verb of emotion
Verb of cognition
Proposisi Instrument Kitchen tools
Human limb
Gun
Object Human
Game
Film
Source Human
Money
Goal Directional preposition
Location Farm
Market
Gym
Time Part of day
Day
Month
Benefactive Preposition of purpose

Based on Table 1. Propositions in the First-person pronouns

movie “The Gentlemen” consist of nine types of First-person pronouns that refer to the
propositions, consist of the agent (A), speaker himself. First-person pronouns consist of
experiencer (E), instrument (I), object (O), singular pronouns (I) or plural pronouns (we)
source (S), goal (G), location (L), time (T), and (Simon & Wiese, 2002).
benefactive (B). The detailed explanation of all (1) I'm warning you. I'm fucking powerful
propositions as follows: (Ritchie, 2020, 01:30:30).
(2) We've rung the bell here and we're gonna
Agent (A) include you, because you're our mentor
The agent is the case that reveals the (Ritchie, 2020, 00:39:01).
agent. The agent is the main trigger or actor as The first-person pronoun is presented in a
the actor who performs the verb. The agent is singular form “I” in the example (1) and “we” in
not a direct cause or nature but the main cause the example (2). The word “I” and “we” is
which is generally living things. The agent is positioned as an agent in the sentence. I'm
slightly different from the subject. The subject is fucking powerful, which is the main actor of the
more general, including referring to the actor in verb “color” which also embeds the adjective
a statement sentence who does not fully perform “powerful” personally. Whereas, the word “we”
the verb or is only a neutral verb actor. acts as an agent, which is the main trigger for the
Meanwhile, the agent is the actor in the active verb as a speaker.
verb. The agent is including the subject, but the
subject is not always the agent (Laurie, 1869). Second-person pronouns
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Second-person pronouns that refer to the The verb of sensation is a verb which
listener or the intended person consist of states a condition or action of a person related to
singular/plural pronouns (you) (Brooks & biological sense or five senses. The verb of
Kempe, 2014). sensation in the form of see, smell, hear, taste,
(3) You should share your thoughts with your and feel (Palmer, 2014).
friends (Ritchie, 2020, 00:53:45). (6) I can feel myself engorging (Ritchie, 2020,
The second-person pronoun is presented 00:06:27).
in a plural form. The word “you” in the sentence The verb of sensation in the example (6) is
above is in the position of an agent, the doer of “feel.” The example (6) describes a speaker's
the verb “share.” Based on the context in the experience through biological sense as a
movie, the word “you” means that you are the psychological event. The word “feel” refers to
second person as the listener of the speaker, a feeling. The word “feel” describes the sensation
group of young drug addicts, including Laura due to an event that befalls the speaker's
Pressfield, who should share problems with psychological feeling. Based on the context in
friends to get the best solution instead of falling the movie, the sentence is spoken as an
into depravity. expression of the heart based on the experience
of the speaker, accepting curses from the speech
Third-person pronouns partner, thereby stimulating the speaker to his
Third-person pronouns refer to a third psychology.
person who is not a speaker or listener and has
different masculine and feminine forms in the The verb of emotion
singular form. Third-person pronouns consist of The verb of emotion is a verb that
singular pronouns (he, she, it) and plural expresses a person's emotion and psyche. The
pronouns (they) (van Gelderen, 2000). verb of emotion in the form of like, want, love,
(4) He runs the bush game. He's a horrible fear, and others (Miura, 2015).
cunt (Ritchie, 2020, 01:03:22). (7) I fucking love you, babe (Ritchie, 2020,
(5) She's not picking up (Ritchie, 2020, 00:27:24).
01:20:56). The verb of emotion in the example (7) is
The third-person pronoun is presented in “love” which expresses the emotion, desire, and
a singular form. It is the word “he” in example psychic of the speaker who really loves the
(4). The word “he” is in the position of an agent. speech partner. The sentence shows speaker's
The word “she” in the example (5) is also an positive emotion of love for his partner. The
agent. The two third-person singular pronouns word “love” is an expression of deep love for the
above are in the third person neither the speaker partner. Based on the context in the movie, the
nor the listener. sentence was told by Mickey to his wife.
Expressions of Mickey's feelings sincerely
Experiencer (E) conveyed with full honesty to his wife. The wife
Experiencer cases are cases that show that Mickey described as an obsession, passion,
psychological events. The case of experiens and devotion.
relates to someone's experience or in short, there
is a sentence that answers the question “what The verb of cognition
happened to the doer?.” The experiencer case in The verb of cognition is a verb that
the movie "The Gentlemen" based on Charles J. belongs to the verb of thinking, knowing, and
Fillmore's perspective has three forms, which understanding. The verb of cognition in the form
consist of the verb of sensation, verb of emotion, of the word “think, belief, expect, know, and
and verb of cognition: others” (P et al., 2013).

The verb of sensation

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(8) But, I think it's quite clear that they're not The human limb is a member of the
just mah-jongg partners, are they? (Ritchie, human body consisting of organs, systems,
2020, 01:17:50). tissues, and others (Guyot et al., 2012).
The verb of cognition in the example (8) is (10) Grown-ups fight with their heads (Ritchie,
indicated by the word “think.” The word 2020, 00:38:27).
“think” is included in the verb of cognition not The human limb in the example (10) is
only means thinking without basis but also indicated by the word “head.” The word “head”
based on experience, the result of observations, is identified as an instrument that is the direct
and judgments with full consideration or based cause of the verb “fight.” The use of the word
perception by the speaker. Based on the context “with” also makes it clear that head is the cause
in the movie, the speakers say “think” based on of the fight. Based on contextual meaning, the
the long-term observational data, not just head means the brain as a center for thinking.
baseless personal perceptions. The speaker is Therefore, based on the context in the movie,
Fletcher, a cunning detective, who of course this statement shows that the mind can also be
pronounces each of his remarks based on the used as a tool or direct cause of the verb “fight.”
results of his investigations. Therefore, speakers The fight does not refer to physical fights but in
really understand their speech. the form of competition which involves
intelligences, plans, attitudes, and systematic
Instrument (I) actions.
The instrument case is a case that reveals
the direct cause of an event which is generally in Gun
the form of natural forces. The instrument Gun is a weapon to launch an attack
controls the object case and is controlled by the (Utter, 2000).
agent case (Nilsen, 2019). (11) So the Toddlers spray the car with bullets
(Ritchie, 2020, 01:46:30).
Kitchen tools The shape of gun in the example (11) is
Kitchen tools are important appliances in indicated by the word “bullet.” The word
the kitchen that are used to make all activities “bullet” was identified as an instrument that is
easier and more productive in terms of cooking the direct cause of the verb “spray.” The use of
(Hutton, 2020). the word “with” also makes it clear that bullets
(9) I should stab you with that fucking rolling are the cause of spray. Based on the context in
pin (Ritchie, 2020, 00:04:47). the movie, the word “bullets” shows a large
The kitchen tool in the example (9) is number of bullets being fired at the car holding
indicated by the word “rolling pin.” The word Mickey and killing the Russian, the captor.
“rolling pin” is identified as an instrument that is
the direct cause of the verb “stab.” The use of Object (O)
the word ‘with’ also makes it clear that a rolling The object is a case which states that the
pin is a tool that causes stab. The rolling pin is affected nouns/patient is an incident by the verb
an important cylindrical tool for forming all and is interpreted by the verb itself (Cook, 1989).
kinds of baked goods. Rolling pin is identical
with its solid and hard shape. Based on the Human
context in the movie, therefore, a speaker uses a Human means an animate who has a
rolling pin pointing at the kitchen utensils that reason and is attached to the nature of
are in his view. The speaker was so upset that he materiality (Ramachandran, 2012).
wanted to stab the speech partner with a rolling (12) I do not know that man (Ritchie, 2020,
pin that was strong enough to hurt. 01:37:26).

Human limb
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The human in the example (12) is Human

indicated by the word “man.” The word “man” Human is animate who has a reason and
represents an object because it is a noun that is attached to the nature of materiality
becomes the patient of the verb “know” and (Ramachandran, 2012).
denotes his neutrality. Based on the context in (15) When he buys it from Michael (Ritchie,
the movie, the sentence is a statement by 2020, 01:24:53).
Matthew as a defense that he is not friend with The word “human” in the example (15) is
the traitor man, Mickey. indicated by the word “Michael.” The word
“Michael” became the source of the action of
Game the agent (he) doing the verb (buy). The use of
Game is a game that aims to have fun. the preposition “from” strengthens the source
Generally, the game is a competition and function in Michael's word. It shows that
involves a certain strategy (Spector, 2015). Michael is the source of the verb buys. The
(13) I said play a fucking game with me, Ray sentence indicates that Michael is the source of
(Ritchie, 2020, 00:06:54). the purchase or is referred to as the seller.
The game in the example (13) occupies
the object function directly from the verb “play.” Money
The example (13) has two objects, “game” as Money is a means of payment in
direct object and “me” as indirect object. In the transactions that are legal and protected by law
case of Fillmore's perspective grammar, the (Putong, 2015).
object is not differentiated directly or indirectly, (16) Their parents have money, lots of money.
so the two objects above are positioned as Money can be a problem. Shit! (Ritchie,
objects. 2020, 00:58:04).
“Money” in the example (16) is a source
Film and denotes the source of the problem. Based on
The film is the work of cultural art in the the context in the movie, Mickey's words are
form of a series of still images that create the conveyed as both an affirmation and an
illusion of moving images and are displayed on awareness that money will create many
the screen and based on cinematographic problems. Because of Raymondo, Mickey's men
principles (KN, 2018). have made a mistake in completing Laura's
(14) Last night I made a film with an pickup mission, killing the son of a Russian,
impressively sized farmyard pig (Ritchie, named Aslan, as the son of a rich person. This
2020, 01:31:25). sentence gave off the effect of annoyance as well
The film in the example (14) occupies the as worry which was indicated by the curse of the
object function directly from the verb “made.” speaker, Shit.
Based on the context in the film, the sentence
was told by Coach to Boss Dave who was Goal (G)
unconsciously involved in making a film that The goal is a case which states the
aims to punish for the actions of Boss Dave endpoint of an action which refers to the final
himself in his involvement with Mickey, who direction of the event (Cook, 1989). In English
sent Coach to punish him. this case is marked by prepositions to, towards,
into, onto, etc.
Source (S) (17) Sit down, Power, before you get yourself
The source case is a case which states the into more trouble (Ritchie, 2020,
starting point of an action which refers to the 00:50:34).
origin of the incident. In English, this case is The directional preposition in the
marked by prepositions such as from, away example (17) is indicated by the word “into.”
from, out off, off of, etc (Cook, 1989). The into specifies the intent of the action the
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verb shows, which is get. The word “into” is one Gym

of directional prepositions that aims to describe A gym is a place as a fitness center used
changes in position, motion, direction, or for various activities such as sports for fitness
convey meaning (Bruckfield, 2011). So the and physical health (Schwarzenegger &
meaning of the sentence above is that your Dobbins, 2012)
agent, if you choose to get involved, will lead to (20) We're at the gym now unloading the van
more trouble or problems. (Ritchie, 2020, 00:39:13).
Gym in the example (20) shows a location
Location (L) where an event occurs by involving nouns doing
Location is a case that identifies the verbs. The use of the preposition “at” also
location of the scene by the verb (Cook, 1989). confirms that the gym is a location, because “at”
The location in the movie “The Gentlemen” is used to denote a specific place. The gym here
based on Charles J. Fillmore's perspective has refers to a place where the gangsters train with
three forms which consist of farm, market, and the Coach. Based on the context in the movie,
gym. the sentence states a toddler or gangster who is
lowering his loot in the form of marijuana from
Farm Mickey's business field from the van to be
Farm in the English dictionary is precise at the gym where they practice.
agricultural land, which is land to produce or
breed agricultural crops. Farm in the movie Time (T)
identifies business fields. Time is a case which states the time when
(18) Because it's fight porn at one of my farms an event occurs which is expressed by the verb.
(Ritchie, 2020, 00:40:13).
Farm in the example (18) is a locative Part of day
proposition because the farm shows a location or Night is a period of time starting from the
place where an event occurs by involving nouns sun below the horizon until the sun rises in the
doing an action, a fight. The use of the morning (Macey, 2013).
preposition “at” also confirms that the farm is (21) Last night I made a movie with an
location, because “at” is used to denote a impressively sized farmyard pig (Ritchie,
specific place. 2020, 01:31:25).
Last night in the example (21) shows the
Market time when an event occurs by involving the
The market is a system that is a place for nouns doing the verb, the agent “I” and made.
sellers and buyers to make transactions. The phrase last night in the sentence indicates a
(19) They're gonna get Michael when he comes past time and has an effect on the verb form,
out of his meeting at the fish market ‘made’ which changes from ‘make’, first verb
(Ritchie, 2020, 01:44:45). form.
Market in the example (19) is indicated by
the phrase of “fish market.” The phrase of “fish Day
market” shows a location or place where an Day is the period of time during the
event occurs by involving nouns doing verbs, earth's rotation which consists of 24 hours. As
they and get. The use of the preposition “at” for the names of the seven days in a week (Birx,
also confirms that the fish market is location, 2009).
because “at” is used to denote a specific place. (22) So, I've got a meeting on Saturday at your
The market here refers to Matthew's business favorite newspaper (Ritchie, 2020,
place where Mickey meets his business partner, 00:04:56).
Matthew to discuss a major transaction between
the two.
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The day in the example (22) is indicated The propositions in in the movie "The
by the word “Saturday” as the name of the day. Gentlemen" based on Charles J. Fillmore’s case
Saturday shows the time when an event occurs grammar theory consists of nine types. They are
by involving nouns doing a verb, agent “I,” and agent (A), experiencer (E), instrument (I), object
got a meeting. The use of the preposition “on” (O), source (S), goal (G), location (L), time (T),
also confirms that Saturday is the time because and benefactive (B). Charles J. Fillmore’s case
the preposition “on” is used to denote a specific grammar theory shows that sentences explain
time. the correlation between semantic and syntactic
components in the relationship between verbs
Month and nouns. So, it can be ensured that sentences
Month is a period of time that always explain the correlation between verbs
corresponds to the movement of the month. The and nouns semantically and often brings up
one-month calculation generally consists of 30 modalities and propositions simultaneously.
days (Macey, 2013).
(23) I calculate what was worth 400 million a ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
month ago must now be valued at an
anemic, mm... 130 (Ritchie, 2020, The researchers dedicate this research to
01:35:38). The Forum of Young Researchers, Department
The word “month” in the example (23) of Arabic Language and Literature, Faculty of
shows the time when an event occurred Humanities, UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim,
involving nouns doing the verb, agent “I” and Malang, Indonesia: where we studied together,
calculate. conducted various academic activities together,
and pursued the best future together.
Benefactive (B)
Benefactive case is a case where a verb REFERENCES
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