Introduction To Analog

Filters
 Filters
Background:
• Filters may be classified as either digital or analog.
• Analog filters are used to filter out unwanted bands of frequency.
• It may be classified as either passive or active and are usually implemented with
R, L, and C components and operational amplifiers.

• Digital filters
 are implemented using a digital computer or special purpose digital
hardware.
 A digital filter, in general, is a computational process, or algorithm that
converts one sequence of numbers representing the input signal into another
sequence representing the output signal.
 Accordingly, a digital filter can perform functions as differentiation,
integration, estimation, and, of course, like an analog filter, it can filter out
unwanted bands of frequency.
 Filters
Background

. An active filter is one that, along with R, L, and C

components, also contains an energy source, such
as that derived from an operational amplifier.

. A passive filter is one that contains only R, L, and

C components. It is not necessary that all three be
present. L is often omitted (on purpose) from
passive filter design because of the size and cost
of inductors – and they also carry along an R that
must be included in the design.
 Classification of Filters

Signal Filter

Analog Filter Digital Filter

Element Type Frequency Band

Active Passive Low-Pass Band-Pass All-Pass

(phase shift filter)
High-Pass
Band-Reject
(Band-Elimination)
 Passive Analog Filters

Four types of filters - “Ideal”

V0/Vi
lowpass V0/Vi highpass

w w

V0/Vi bandpass V0/Vi Bandstop (band−elimination)

w w
 Realistic Filters:

lowpass highpass
V0/Vi V0/Vi

w w

V0/Vi bandpass V0/Vi bandstop

w w
 Passive Analog Filters

It will be shown later that the ideal filter, sometimes

called a “brickwall” filter, can be approached by
making the order of the filter higher and higher.

The order here refers to the order of the polynomial(s)

that are used to define the filter. Matlab examples will
be given later to illustrate this.
 Filter Terms

• Passband - range of signal frequencies that pass through filter relatively

unimpeded.
• Stopband - range of frequencies that pass through filter and undergo a
relatively strong attenuation.
• Cut-off frequency - the end of the passband region. For the band-pass and
band-reject filters there are 2 cut-off frequencies.
• Cut-off (or half power) frequency - the frequency where the magnitude to of
the transfer function is 0.707 down from its maximum value.
• Passive filter – filter circuit without amplifier elements (no external power).
The gain for passive filters is always less than or equal to 1 for all
frequencies.
• Active filter – filter circuit requires power external to the input signal . Thes
filters use an amplifier element (i.e. an op amp).
 Simple low-pass filter
RC L.P.F
1
V jw C 1
Gv  0  
V1 1 1  jwRC
R
jw C
1
Gv  ;   RC
1  jw 0 dB
1
-3 dB . Bode
M (w ) | Gv |
1  w 
2

Gv   (w )  0  tan 1 w 1/RC w

 1 1 1
M max  1, M  w    x
Linear Plot
At w = 0   2 0.707

1
w   half power frequency BW 
1
0 1/RC w
 
 Simple low-pass filter ( RC L.P.F )

w=0:0.02:10;
RC=1;
magGjw=1./sqrt(1+w.*RC);
semilogx(w,magGjw);
xlabel('Frequency in rad/sec − log scale');
ylabel('Magnitude of Vout/Vin');
title('Magnitude Characteristics of basic RC low−pass filter');
grid
 Semi log Curves

60

40

20

-20

-40

-60
0.1 1 10 100 1000

w (rad/sec)
 Simple low-pass filter ( RC L.P.F )

w=0:0.02:10;
RC=1;
phaseGjw=−atan(w.*RC).*180./pi;
semilogx(w,phaseGjw);
xlabel('Frequency in rad/sec − log scale');
ylabel('Phase of Vout/Vin − degrees');
title('Phase Characteristics of basic RC low−pass filter');
grid
 Simple low-pass filter
RL L.P.F

V0 R 1
Gv   
V1 R  jwl L
1  jw
R

1
Gv  ;   L
1  jw R
 1 1
M max  1, M  w   
  2
1
M (w ) | Gv |
1  w 2 1
w   half power frequency

Gv   (w )   tan 1 w
1
BW 

 Simple high-pass filter
RC H.P.F
V0 R jwCR
Gv   
V1 R  1 1  jwCR
jwC
0 dB
Gv 
jw
1  jw
;   RC . -3 dB
Bode
w
M (w ) | Gv | 1/RC
1  w 
2

 1 1/RC w
Gv   (w )   tan 1 w  tan 1
2 w 1
0.707 x.
 1 1
M max  1, M  w   
  2 Linear
1
w   half power frequency
 w
0 1/RC
Simple high-pass filter
RC H.P.F
 Simple high-pass filter
RL H.P.F

V0 jwL jwL / R
Gv   
V1 R  jwL 1  jwL / R

jw
Gv  ;   L/ R  1 1
1  jw M max  1, M  w   
  2

1
w w   half power frequency
M (w ) | Gv | 
1  w 2

Gv   (w )   tan 1 w
2
Simple band-pass filter

V R 1
Gv  0  M (w LO )   M (w HI )
V1  1  2
R  j  wL  
 w C 
wRC  ( R / L)   R / L2  4w 20
M (w )  w LO 
 
2 2
wRC 2  w 2 LC  1
( R / L)   R / L2  4w 20
w HI 
 1  M (w  0)  M (w  )  0 2
Mw  1
 LC  R
BW  w HI  w LO 
w0 
1 L
LC
Simple band-pass filter
 RLC Band−Elimination Filter

 we can make use of the abs(x) and angle(x)

MATLAB functions for the magnitude and phase
plots.

For Example if :

w=0:0.02:100;
magG=abs((w.^2−1)./(w.^2−j.*w−1);
semilogx(w,magG);
grid
 Active Filters

 Active filters employ Op-Amps to attenuate select

frequencies and amplify signal during filtering process.

 Q factor of a filter is defined as the ratio of the center

frequency fc to the bandwidth fH - fL :

fC
Q
 fH  fL 
 Design of Low Pass Active Filters

V0 RF / R1
T .F .  
C2 Vin 1  jwRF C

The cut-off frequency:

RF
R1
- wc  1 R C
Vin A  F 2
Vout
B
+
The DC gain:
V0 RF //(  jX c ) RF
T .F .   K LP 
Vin R1 R1

T.F. is the Transfer Function

 Designing a Butterworth Filter using Matlab
 To design an analog low-pass Butterworth filter using MATLAB:

• The ’s’ tells MATLAB to design an analog filter.

• The vectors a and b hold the coefficients of the denominator and the numerator
(respectively) of the filter’s transfer function.

bodemag used to plot the magnitude response

from 30 rad/s out to 3,000 rad/s.
 At 100 rad/s the response seems
to have decreased by about 3 dB

 From 100 rad/s to 1,000 rad/s the

response seems to drop by about 80
dB. As this is a fourth order filter its
rolloff should be 4 × 20 dB/decade.